food labeling fda nutrition facts fda nutrition facts originalproposed
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Food Labeling
FreeFree LowLow ReducedReduced Light/LiteLight/Lite
All-NaturalAll-Natural Whole grainWhole grain OrganicOrganic
Minerals
Inorganic substancesInorganic substances CofactorsCofactors MacromineralsMacrominerals
Na, K, ClNa, K, Cl--, Mg, P, Mg, P CaCa
MicromineralsMicrominerals CrCr MnMn Cu, Zn, I, FeCu, Zn, I, Fe
Acrodermatitis enteropathicaAcrodermatitis enteropathica GoiterGoiter
FF
Vitamins
Organic compoundsOrganic compounds Necessary for Necessary for
metabolic processesmetabolic processes Insufficient synthesis Insufficient synthesis
in the bodyin the body Recommended Daily Recommended Daily
ValuesValues
Fat-solubleFat-soluble Water-solubleWater-soluble
Figure from Lippincott’s Biochemistry, 2nd ed., 1994
Vitamins
Water-solubleWater-soluble ThiamineThiamine RiboflavinRiboflavin NiacinNiacin PyridoxinePyridoxine BiotinBiotin Folic acidFolic acid CobalaminCobalamin Ascorbic acidAscorbic acid Pantothenic acidPantothenic acid
Fat-solubleFat-soluble Vitamin AVitamin A Vitamin DVitamin D Vitamin KVitamin K Vitamin EVitamin E
Thiamine Vitamin BVitamin B11 Biologically active formBiologically active form
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) Also can have TTPAlso can have TTP
FunctionFunction cofactor in oxidative decarboxylation of cofactor in oxidative decarboxylation of
-keto acids (TCA, AA degradation)-keto acids (TCA, AA degradation) RC(O)COOH to RC(O)OH + CORC(O)COOH to RC(O)OH + CO22 Other coenzymes also involved in Other coenzymes also involved in
processprocess Role of BRole of B11: H between S and N is very : H between S and N is very
acidic; when removed makes an ylideacidic; when removed makes an ylide SourcesSources
pork, whole grains, legumes, tuna, soy pork, whole grains, legumes, tuna, soy milkmilk
RDVRDV 1.5 mg/day1.5 mg/day req. increase with high carb diet or req. increase with high carb diet or
elevated metabolic needselevated metabolic needs DeficiencyDeficiency
decreased ATP productiondecreased ATP production impaired cellular functionimpaired cellular function Beri-BeriBeri-Beri Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, aka Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome, aka
“cerebral Beri-Beri”“cerebral Beri-Beri”
HOH2N
N+
S
N
N
H2N
N+
S
N
N
PO
O
O
O
O
P
O
O
ATP
AMP
H
Riboflavin Vitamin BVitamin B22; vit G (formerly); vit G (formerly) Biologically active formsBiologically active forms
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)
FunctionFunction Electron transferElectron transfer FMNHFMNH22, FADH, FADH22
Redox reactions (TCA, glycolysis, etc.)Redox reactions (TCA, glycolysis, etc.) Needed for good vision and healthy Needed for good vision and healthy
skinskin SourcesSources
Milk, mushrooms, tomatoes, liver, Milk, mushrooms, tomatoes, liver, green leafy vegetablesgreen leafy vegetables
RDvRDv 1.7 mg/day1.7 mg/day
DeficiencyDeficiency Growth retardationGrowth retardation AriboflavinosisAriboflavinosis
CheilosisCheilosis Glossitis Glossitis StomatitisStomatitis
N
NH
O
N
OH
OH
OH
OH
N O
Niacin Nicotinic acid, Vitamin BNicotinic acid, Vitamin B33 Biologically active formsBiologically active forms
NADNAD++, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide , Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADPNADP++
Nicotinamide (readily deaminated, also in Nicotinamide (readily deaminated, also in diet)diet)
FunctionFunction Coenzymes in redox reactions (TCA, FA Coenzymes in redox reactions (TCA, FA
synthesis, gluconeogenesis, etc.)synthesis, gluconeogenesis, etc.) DNA repairDNA repair
SourcesSources Unrefined grains, fortified cereal, meat, Unrefined grains, fortified cereal, meat,
fish, tomatoes, mushrooms, milk, liver, ricefish, tomatoes, mushrooms, milk, liver, rice Metabolism of tryptophan when AA is Metabolism of tryptophan when AA is
abundant (needs riboflavin and Babundant (needs riboflavin and B66)) RDVRDV
20 NE/day (NE = niacin equivalents = 1 mg 20 NE/day (NE = niacin equivalents = 1 mg niacin or 60 mg tryptophan)niacin or 60 mg tryptophan)
DeficiencyDeficiency Pellagra = “rough skin” in ItalianPellagra = “rough skin” in Italian
ToxicityToxicity Skin inflammation, heartburn, nausea, liver Skin inflammation, heartburn, nausea, liver
damagedamage
HN O
O
HN O
NH2
Pyridoxine Vitamin BVitamin B66, pyridoxal, , pyridoxal,
pyridoxaminepyridoxamine Biologically active formBiologically active form
pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) FunctionFunction
Coenzyme for transamination Coenzyme for transamination reactions, esp. AAs reactions, esp. AAs (neurotransmitters)(neurotransmitters)
Decarboxylation of carboxylic acidsDecarboxylation of carboxylic acids SourcesSources
Wheat, corn, egg yolk, liver, potato, Wheat, corn, egg yolk, liver, potato, banana, fish, chickpeasbanana, fish, chickpeas
RDVRDV 2 mg2 mg
DeficiencyDeficiency Induced by TB drug isoniazid Induced by TB drug isoniazid
(supplement given)(supplement given) Dermatitis, fatigueDermatitis, fatigue Depression, confusionDepression, confusion Convulsions, seizuresConvulsions, seizures Microcytic hypochromic anemiaMicrocytic hypochromic anemia Epidemic in 1950sEpidemic in 1950s
ToxicityToxicity Neurological disorders at > 2 g /dayNeurological disorders at > 2 g /day
Biotin BB77 Biologically active formBiologically active form
Binds to lysine residue of enzymeBinds to lysine residue of enzyme FunctionFunction
Cofactor in carboxylation reactions, Cofactor in carboxylation reactions, carrier of COcarrier of CO2 2 (acetyl-CoA to malonyl-(acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, synthesis of fatty acids)CoA, synthesis of fatty acids)
Regulation of gene expressionRegulation of gene expression SourcesSources
Almost all food, esp. milk, egg yolk, Almost all food, esp. milk, egg yolk, tomato, almond, peanuts, avocado, tomato, almond, peanuts, avocado, mushroommushroom
Also synthesized by intestinal Also synthesized by intestinal bacteriabacteria
RDVRDV 300 300 g/dayg/day
DeficiencyDeficiency Deficiency does not occur naturally Deficiency does not occur naturally
unless eat 20 raw egg whites per day unless eat 20 raw egg whites per day (protein avidin binds biotin (protein avidin binds biotin irreversibly and excreted)irreversibly and excreted)
Why raw? Why raw?
OH
NO H
N
H
S
O
H
H
Folic acid Biologically active formBiologically active form
Tetrahydrofolate (THF)Tetrahydrofolate (THF) FunctionFunction
Stimulates digestive acids; appetiteStimulates digestive acids; appetite Receive one carbon fragments from Receive one carbon fragments from
donors and transfer them in AA donors and transfer them in AA synthesis and nucleotide synthesissynthesis and nucleotide synthesis
SourcesSources Green leafy veggies (“foliage”), organ Green leafy veggies (“foliage”), organ
meats, legumes, okra, whole grain meats, legumes, okra, whole grain cerealscereals
RDVRDV 400 400 g/day, more during pregnancy and g/day, more during pregnancy and
lactationlactation DeficiencyDeficiency
Megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia and Megaloblastic/macrocytic anemia and growth failuregrowth failure
Once, most common vitamin deficiency Once, most common vitamin deficiency in US; now fortified cerealsin US; now fortified cereals
Absorption inhibited by many medicines, Absorption inhibited by many medicines, so a problem with the elderlyso a problem with the elderly
Cobalamin Vitamin BVitamin B1212
Corrin ring system with Co in centerCorrin ring system with Co in center FunctionFunction
Synthesis of MetSynthesis of Met Methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoAMethylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA
Degradation of odd-chain FA, enter Degradation of odd-chain FA, enter TCATCA
Transfer of methyl groupsTransfer of methyl groups Produce red blood cellsProduce red blood cells
SourcesSources Liver, whole milk, cottage cheese, Liver, whole milk, cottage cheese,
oysters, salmon, clams, eggs, oysters, salmon, clams, eggs, shrimp, pork, chicken (animal shrimp, pork, chicken (animal sources)sources)
Semi-synthetic food additive: Semi-synthetic food additive: cyanocobalamincyanocobalamin
RDVRDV 6 6 g/dayg/day
DeficiencyDeficiency Caused by pernicious anemiaCaused by pernicious anemia Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA)
Ascorbic Acid Vitamin CVitamin C FunctionFunction
Reducing agent, readily oxidized by OReducing agent, readily oxidized by O22 React with free radicals that can damage React with free radicals that can damage
DNA, proteins, lipids, etc.DNA, proteins, lipids, etc. Reduces Fe(III) to Fe(II) for absorptionReduces Fe(III) to Fe(II) for absorption Hydroxylation processes (synthesis of Hydroxylation processes (synthesis of
collagen)collagen) SourcesSources
Citrus, potato skins, tomatoes, green veggies, Citrus, potato skins, tomatoes, green veggies, blueberries, peppers, papaya, strawberriesblueberries, peppers, papaya, strawberries
RDVRDV 10 mg/day to prevent scurvy10 mg/day to prevent scurvy 60 mg/day recommended; more if you smoke 60 mg/day recommended; more if you smoke
b/c of free radicals in smokeb/c of free radicals in smoke DeficiencyDeficiency
Scurvy = swollen and bleeding gums, loose Scurvy = swollen and bleeding gums, loose teeth, red spots on skin from internal teeth, red spots on skin from internal bleedingbleeding
Weakened connective tissue, slow-healing Weakened connective tissue, slow-healing wounds, anemiawounds, anemia
ToxicToxic Metabolize to oxalateMetabolize to oxalate GI problems, so cap dosage at 2 g/dayGI problems, so cap dosage at 2 g/day
OH
OH
HO
OO
HO
Pantothenic acid Vitamin BVitamin B55 FunctionFunction
Component of CoA (transfer of Component of CoA (transfer of acyl groups, most commonly acyl groups, most commonly acetyl)acetyl)
Component of fatty acid Component of fatty acid synthase complexsynthase complex
SourcesSources Eggs, liver, yeast, yogurt, Eggs, liver, yeast, yogurt,
salmon, turkey, sunflower salmon, turkey, sunflower seeds, mushroomsseeds, mushrooms
RDVRDV 10 mg/day10 mg/day
DeficiencyDeficiency Rare due to abundance in Rare due to abundance in
foodsfoods Not well characterizedNot well characterized Burning feet syndromeBurning feet syndrome
HNHO
HO O
O
OH
Vitamin A Collective term for retinol, retinal, retinoic acidCollective term for retinol, retinal, retinoic acid Formed from oxidative cleavage of Formed from oxidative cleavage of -carotene (in liver)-carotene (in liver) FunctionFunction
Alcohol, carboxylic acid: growth, reproductionAlcohol, carboxylic acid: growth, reproduction Aldehyde: visual cycle/processAldehyde: visual cycle/process
SourcesSources Liver, kidney, cream, butter, egg yolk (animal sources)Liver, kidney, cream, butter, egg yolk (animal sources) Pumpkin, sweet potato, carrots: carotene precursors Pumpkin, sweet potato, carrots: carotene precursors
RDVRDV 1500 RE 1500 RE RE = retinol equivalent =RE = retinol equivalent =
1 1 g retinol or 6 g retinol or 6 g g -carotene-carotene DeficiencyDeficiency
HyperkeratosisHyperkeratosis Night blindnessNight blindness XerophthalmiaXerophthalmia
ToxicityToxicity Levels over 7500 RELevels over 7500 RE
Vitamin D Group of compounds, steroids with open B Group of compounds, steroids with open B
ringsrings Most prevalent = DMost prevalent = D33 DD33 active form = 1,25- active form = 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferoldihydroxycholecalciferol FunctionFunction
Regulate Ca and P absorption during bone Regulate Ca and P absorption during bone growthgrowth
SourcesSources Diet: DDiet: D22 (milk additive, plant sources) and D (milk additive, plant sources) and D33
(animal sources)(animal sources) Precursor: intermediate in cholesterol Precursor: intermediate in cholesterol
synthesissynthesis Formed in skin non-enzymatically from Formed in skin non-enzymatically from
steroid 7-dehydrocholesterolsteroid 7-dehydrocholesterol RDVRDV
10 10 g Dg D33
DeficiencyDeficiency Soft bones, impaired growth and skeletal Soft bones, impaired growth and skeletal
deformities in children (Rickets)deformities in children (Rickets) Also caused by antiepileptic drugsAlso caused by antiepileptic drugs
ToxicityToxicity Most toxic (stored, slowly metabolized)Most toxic (stored, slowly metabolized)
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Vitamin E -Tocopherol-Tocopherol FunctionFunction
Antioxidant, prevent oxidation of Antioxidant, prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated FAs in polyunsaturated FAs in membranes by Omembranes by O22 and free and free radicalsradicals
SourcesSources Vegetable oils, liver, eggs, nuts, Vegetable oils, liver, eggs, nuts,
seeds, spinach, tomatoesseeds, spinach, tomatoes RDVRDV
20 mg20 mg DeficiencyDeficiency
Associated with defective lipid Associated with defective lipid transport/absorptiontransport/absorption
Hemolytic anemiaHemolytic anemia ToxicityToxicity
Least toxic of fat-soluble vitaminsLeast toxic of fat-soluble vitamins
O
CH3
HO
H3C
CH3
CH3
CH3
CH3 CH3 CH3
Vitamin K Phylloquinone or menaquinonePhylloquinone or menaquinone FunctionFunction
Synthesis of blood-clotting Synthesis of blood-clotting proteinsproteins
SourcesSources KK11 = plants = plants
KK22 = animals, bacteria in intestine = animals, bacteria in intestine Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, egg
yolk, liveryolk, liver RDVRDV
80 80 g/dayg/day DeficiencyDeficiency
Unlikely due to synthesis and wide Unlikely due to synthesis and wide distribution in fooddistribution in food
Injection for infantsInjection for infants ToxicityToxicity
JaundiceJaundice
O
O
3
O
O
n
Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone)
Vitamin K2 (menaquinone)
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