fire prevention and control services
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Erman Nordin
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FIRE SAFETY
MANAGEMENT
SISTEM
PROTEKSI
AKTIF
SISTEM
PROTEKSI
PASIF
FITUR SISTEM
PROTEKSI
KEBAKARAN
BERKELANJUTAN
Air daur ulang untuk
hidran / pemadam
kebakaran
Teknologi kabut air
untuk pengganti halon
Memakai bahan
pemadam dengan ODP
/ GWP0
Bahan daur ulang
untuk
kompartemenisasi
Bahan penghambatapi
Bahan-bahan insulasi
termal dan akustik
yang aman terhadap
bahaya kebakaran Pemeriksaan & pemeliharaane
Latihan kebakaran & evakuasi
Menyusun fire emergency plan
Duplikasi files & data penting lainnya
Manning system
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REAL FIRE
ARSON FIRE
COMPARTMENT
FIRE
Peat fire
OPEN FIRE
Forest fire
Industrial fire
Perumahan
Perkantoran
Perhotelan / apartmen
Pusat Perbelanjaan
Rumah sakit
Bangunan industri
Oil & gases
Coal / cement
Textile / cotton
Electrical power
Aviasi / penerbangan
Building fire
- mostly cellulosic fires- The danger of flashover
or back draft
- mostly hydrocarbon fires
- danger of explosion, bleve
- Smoke cloud / awan asap
- Underground fires (nat.deep seat)
Ada unsur kesengajaan
3. TIPOLOGI
KEBAKARAN DI
Suprapto (2004)
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The Strategy of Preventing a Fire
A fire must have three things to ignite and maintain
combustion:
Fuel
Heat
Oxygen
The basic strategy of fire prevention is to control or isolate
sources of fuel and heat in order to prevent combustion.
If all three are not present in sufficient quantities afire will not ignite or a fire will not be able to
sustain combustion
3 unsur utama penyebab kebakaran
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TOTAL FIRE SAFETY
SISTEM AKTIF ENERGIZED SYSTEM SISTEM PASIF BUILT-IN SYSTEM FIRE SAFETY MANAGEMENT HUMAN SYSTEM
Sistem proteksi aktif Sistem proteksi pasif
Fire safety management
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Compartmentalization in structures, such as land-
based buildings, traffic tunnels, ships, aerospace vehicles,or submarines, is the fundamental basis and aim ofpassive fire
protection.
The idea is to divide a structure into "fire compartments," which
may contain single or multiple rooms, for the purpose of limiting
the spread of fire, smoke and flue gases, in order to enable the
three goals offire protection:
-life safety
-property protection
-continuity of operations
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacecrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building -
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Ubbl Bahagian VII 162. Pintu Api Dalam Dinding Petak Dan Dinding Pengasing
(1) Pintu-pintu api daripada tempoh ketahanan api yang berpatutan
hendaklah disediakan.
(2) Ruang buka dalam dinding petak dan dinding pengasing hendaklah
dilindungi dengan suatu pintu api yang mempunyai TKA mengikut kehendak-
kehendak bagi dinding itu yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual Kesembilan Undang-
Undang Kecil ini.
(3) Ruang buka dalam struktur pelindung hendaklah dilindungi dengan
pintu api yang mempunyai TKA tidak kurang daripada setengah daripada
kehendak bagi dinding sekeliling yang dinyatakan dalam Jadual KesembilanUndang-Undang Kecil ini tetapi dalam mana-mana hal tidak kurang daripada
setengah jam.
(4) Ruang buka dalam dinding sekat yang mengepungi suatu koridor atau
ruang terlindung hendaklah dilindungi dengan pintu api yang mempunyai TKAselama setengah jam.
(5) Pintu-pintu api termasuk bingkai hendaklah dibina mengikut
spesifikasi yang boleh ditunjukkan sebagai memenuhi kehendak-kehendak TKA
yang relevan apabila diuji mengikut seksyen 3 PB 476: 1951.
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Dinding petakdinding pangsa dan lantai petak masing-masing ertinya sesuatu dinding dan
sesuatu lantai yang mematuhi undang-undang kecil 148, dan yang diadakan
sedemikian bagi maksud undang-undang kecil 136 untuk membahagikan
sesuatu bangunan kepada petak-petak bagi apa-apa maksud berhubungandengan undang-undang kecil 213 atau 147;
147:(1)Sesuatu dinding pengasing, lain daripada dinding yang mengasingkan
bangunan yang tidak dibahagikan kepada petak dalam had-had saiz yang
ditandakan dengan huruf "x" dalam Bahagian I Jadual Kesembilan Undang-Undang Kecil ini, hendaklah dibina keseluruhannya daripada bahan tak boleh
terbakar, tidak termasuk sesuatu permukaan kemas sesuatu dinding yang
mematuhi kehendak-kehendak Undang-Undang Kecil ini dan kehendak TKA
bagi dinding itu hendaklah diperolehi tanpa bantuan daripada bahan tak
boleh terbakar itu.
(2)Sesuatu rasuk atau tiang yang menjadi sebahagian daripada, dan sesuatu
struktur yang menanggung, suatu dinding pengasing yang dikehendaki dibina
daripada bahan tak boleh terbakar hendaklah sendirinya mematuhi
kehendak-kehendak perenggan (1) mengenai hal tak boleh terbakar.
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quiz
Below are the purpose of compartment wall inbuilding(CLO1)?
a. To prevent fire and smoke transmission
b. To prevent smoke and heat transmission
c. To isolate high risk area
d. To integrate risk between rooms
Answer=d
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quiz
Below are the functions of the fire doorexcept:(CLO2)?
a. To delay the spread of the fire from the 1
area to anotherb. To form a barrier to fire spread
c. To provide a mean of escape
d. To spread the water form fire engine
Answer=b
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quiz
Below are the 3 main objective in fireprevention system in building except:(CLO2)?
a. User safety protection
b. Asset protection
c. Building operation
d. High cost operation
Answer=d
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quiz
Ubbl 1984 states that the party wal shall be(CLO3)?
a. Not less than 100 thick
b. Not less than 150 thick
c. Not less than 200 thick
d. Not more than 150 thick
Answer=c
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quiz
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quiz
The design of the emergency lane must
facilitate the movement for the fire brigadevehicle. The route of fire engine vehicles
should be provide with the width _____
(CLO3)
a. 2m
b. 4m
c. 5md. 6m
Answer=d
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quiz
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quizTable show the class of fire with source of
combustion substance. Which of the
following is not true about the class of fire?(CLO1)
Answer=c
answer Class of fire Source of combustion substance
a Class A fires Fire involving organic solids like paper, wood, etc
b Class B fires Fire involving flammable liquids
c Class C fires Fire involving electricity
d Class D fires Fire involving metals
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Additional Fire Protection Measures
Increased Alarm andDetection (up to 15%)
Greater Ceiling Heights(up to 30%)
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Tindakan mengawal api merebak
Pembuangan bahan api
- Pembuangan bahan api boleh dilakukan bagi mengelak kebakaran kecil. Jika
kebakaran kecil ini disebabkan oleh gas, ia boleh dipadamkan dengan
menutup injap utama salur gas tersebut.- Pengasingan bahan api daripada unsur oksigen dan haba juga menghalang
kemarakan api.
Cth: -mencurahkan pasir ke dalam tin yang terbakar.
-Mengasingkan minyak sedang terbakar dengan
mencurahkan air sabun ke atasnya.
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vd
jenis pemadam kebakaran jenis mudah alih yang
sering terdapat dalam bangunan
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Sistem bantuan kebakaran dalam bangunan
Pengesan kebakaran
-penting untuk bangunan tidak berpenghuni-alat utk memberitahu dan mengesan tentang berlakunya kebakaran seperti mengesan asap, haba dapa
sprinkler yang akan menyebabkan bebuli pecah lalu mengeluarkan air secara automatik.
Memadam api
-mengawal dengan membuang salah satu unsur penyebab kebakaran
-jika kebakaran disebabkan oleh bahan binaan seperti kayu, maka kayu mestilah
dialihkan sejauh mungkin dari kawasan kebakaran
Jalan pelepasan api
menyediakan laluan kepada penghuni untuk turun dan keluar dari bangunandengan selamat.
-menyediakan lampu pada jalan keluar untuk elak panik.
Kawalan struktur
Mengikut spesifikasi yang ditetapkan oleh jabatan bomba dalam pelan bangunan
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Cement grouting (not spray paint)Specialist work, xpaint, coloured ,
St t
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Structure
There are a number of ways fire canspread through a building and effectingadjacent buildings:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
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Length?
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Installation in building
The installing of the wet
riser system is almost same
with dry riser system.
The different between this
system is wet riser have own
to supply water compare to
dry riser have no tank at the
installation.
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DISADVANTAGE OF WET RISER
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This type of system requires that water be
provided and pressurized up to each hose
cabinet at all times
accidental water damage may occur risk of leaking pipe
high maintainance
Need to control the pressure. The pressures aremonitored at the pump room to control the
pumps.
DISADVANTAGE OF WET RISER
SYSTEM
UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
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UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
Part VIIIFIRE ALARM, FIRE DETECTION, FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT, & FIRE
FIGHTING ACESS
By Law;
231. Installation and Testing of Wet Rising System.
(1) Wet rising system should be provided in every building in
which the topmost floor is more than 30.5m above fire appliance
access level.
(2) A hose connection shall be provided in each fire fighting
access lobby.
(3) Wet risers shall be minimum 152.4mm diameter and shall
be hydrostatically tested at pressure 50% above the workingpressure required and not less than 14 bars for at least 24 hours.
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Bahagian VIII 231. Pemasangan Dan Ujian Sistem Pancur Basah
(1) Sistem pancur basah hendaklah disediakan dalam tiap-tiap
bangunan yang mana tingkat paling tingginya adalah lebih daripada30.5 meter di atas paras akses perkakas bomba.
(2) Suatu sambungan hos hendaklah disediakan dalam tiap-tiap
ruang akses menentang kebakaran.
(3) Pancur basah hendaklah mempunyai diameter 152.4 meter
pada minimumnya dan hendaklah diuji secara hidrostatik padatekanan 50% lebih tinggi daripada tekanan kerja yang dikehendaki
dan tidak kurang daripada 14 bar selama sekurang-kurangnya dua
puluh empat jam.
UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
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UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
(4) Each wet riser outlet shall comprise standard 63.5mminstantaneous coupling fitted with a hose nit less than 38.1mm
diameter equipped with an approved typed cradle and a
variable fog nozzle.
(5) A wet riser shall be provided in every staircase whichextends from the ground floor level to the roof and shall be
equipped with a three-way 63.5mm outlet above the roof line.
(6) Each stage of wet riser shall not exceed 61m , unless
expressly permitted by D.G.F.S. but in no case exceeding
70.15m.
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(4) Tiap-tiap alir keluar pancur basah hendaklah
mengandungi kupling segera 63.5 milimeter yang
standard dipasang dengan hos yang diameternya tidakkurang daripada 38.1 milimeter dilengkapkan dengan
suatu penakung daripada jenis yang diluluskan dan
suatu muncung kabus yang boleh berubah.
(5) Suatu pancur basah hendaklah disediakan di
tiap-tiap tangga yang melanjut daripada paras tingkatbawah ke bumbung dan hendaklah dilengkapkan
dengan alir keluar 63.5 milimeter tiga hala di bahagian
atas garisan bumbung itu.
(6) Setiap peringkat pancur basah itu hendaklah
tidak melebihi 61 meter, melainkan dibenarkan dengan
nyata oleh K.P.P.B. tetapi dalam mana-mana hal tidak
melebihi 70.15 meter.
UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
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UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
By Law;232. Wet or Dry Rising System for Building Under
Construction.(1) Where either dry or wet riser is required, at least one riser
shall be installed when the building under construction has reacheda height of above the level of the fire brigade pumping inlet with
connections there to located adjacent to a useable staircase.(2) Such riser shall be extended as construction progresses to
within two floors of the topmost floor under construction and wherethe designed height of the building requires the installation of a wetriser system fire pumps, water storage tanks and water mainconnections shall be provided to serve the riser.
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Bahagian VIII 232. Sistem Pancur Basah Atau Kering Bagi
Bangunan Yang Sedang Dibina
(1) Jika sama ada sistem pancur basah atau kering dikehendaki,
sekurang-kurangnya satu pancur hendaklah dipasang apabila bangunan yang
sedang dibina itu telah sampai setinggi 18.3 meter di atas paras alir masuk
pam bomba dengan sambungannya ditempatkan bersempadanan dengan
tangga yang boleh digunakan.
(2) Pancur itu hendaklah dilanjutkan mengikut kemajuan binaan hinggake takat dua tingkat daripada tingkat paling tinggi yang sedang dibina dan jika
tinggi yang dirancangkan bagi bangunan itu menghendaki pemasangan sistem
pancur basah, maka pam bomba, tangki storan air, dan sambungan sesalur air
hendaklah disediakan bagi kegunaan pancur itu.
UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
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UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW
By Law;
248. Marking on Wet Riser, etc.
(1) Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkler and other fire installation pipes
and fittings shall be painted red.
(2) All cabinets and areas recessed in walls for location of fire
installations and extinguishers shall be clearly identified to the
satisfaction of the Fire Authority or otherwise clearly identified.
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Bahagian VIII 248. Tanda Pada Pancur
Basah, dll
(1) Pancur basah, pancur kering,
semburan dan pemasangan paip bomba dan
pasangan-pasangan bomba lain hendaklah
dicat merah.(2) Semua kabinet dan kawasan ceruk
dalam dinding bagi penempatan
pemasangan bomba dan pemadam api
hendaklah ditunjukkan dengan jelassehingga memuaskan Pihak Berkuasa
Bomba.
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MENCARI BAHAN ALTERNATIF YANG SE-
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MENCARI BAHAN ALTERNATIF YANG SE
KOMPATIBEL DENGAN HALON
AlternatiF untuk fixed systems : FM-
200, AF-11e, NAFS-III, IG-541,
Water-mist, Hi-Fog, CO2 systems
Alternatif untuk pemadamtabung / APAR : Dry
chemical, CO2, triodide,
halotron, solfaklam
Acuan : NFPA-2001, Clean agent extinguishing systems
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quiz Installed in high risk area or room such ass
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Installed in high risk area or room such ass
switch room and generator room.
Works automatically by producing a type ofgas that helps to reduce fire.
The statement above (CLO1)?
a. Smoke detector
b. Halon system
c. Wet riser
d. Dry riser
Answer=b
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WHAT IS SPRINKLER??
DEFINITION
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DEFINITIONA FIRE SPRINKLER is the part of a fire sprinkler
system that discharges water when the effects of afire have been detected, such as when apredetermined temperature has been reached.
Is an active fire protection measure
The system operates automatically without humanintervention.
Used in factories and large commercial buildings,home and small building systems are now availableat a cost-effective price.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system -
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T i l di
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Typical diagram
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ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
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ADVANTAGES
Immediate identification and control of a developing fire:
-Sprinkler systems respond at all times.
- Control is generally instantaneous.
Immediate alert:
-automatic sprinkler systems will notifyoccupants and emergency response personnelof the developing fire.
Reduced heat and smoke damage:-Significantly less heat and smoke will begenerated when the fire is extinguished at anearly stage.
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Enhanced life safety:
-Staff, visitors and fire fighters will be subject to less danger
when fire growth is checked.
Design flexibility:
-Greater utilization of exhibition and assembly spaces is usually
a benefit.
Decreased insurance expenditure:
-Sprinkler controlled fires are less damaging than fires in non-sprinkle red buildings.
-Insurance underwriters will usually offer reduced premiums in
sprinkler protected properties which can save a large amount
of capital.
DISADVANTAGES
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DISADVANTAGES
Wind may distort the sprinkling pattern.
Water must be clean and free from sand.
Power requirement is high.
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Sprinklers
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the leading light in fire safety design
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Factors Influencing System Design
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the leading light in fire safety design
Smoke Buoyancy
Wind Conditions
Stack EffectExpansion
StackEffect
Buoyancy
Smoke Buoyancy
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Smoke will rise due to having a lowerdensity than the surrounding air.
Smoke on hitting a horizontal barrierwill induce lateral travel.
Smoke moving away will reduce in
temperature and entrain cool air.
Therefore buoyancy of the smoke willgenerally decrease the further fromthe source it travels.
Stack Effect
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With a low ambient temperaturethere is often an upward movementof air within a building.
The air within a building has abuoyant force because it is warmer
and less dense than the outside air.
This buoyant force causes air to risewithin any shaft of the building.
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Smoke Control
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Why Smoke Control?
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The purpose of Smoke control will fall into one ofthe following categories:
Life Safety
Property Protection
Protection of goods
Compliance with Building Regulation
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Allow occupants to escape and maintain a clear breathablelayer at floor level, whilst evacuation is in progress
Maintenance of this clear layer will aid fire fighters
Reduce the build up of heat and toxic gases which can lead toflashover by allowing to pass to the atmosphere - Protect thebuilding structure from heat
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Special Fire Protection
With the incorporation of additional fire protection
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Reduced Fire Protection (Structure)
Increased Unprotected Areas of External Facade
Smoke Control
Increased Detection
Management Controls
With the incorporation of additional fire protectionmeasures into a building it could enable a relaxation in
other areas!
Sprinklers
Extending Travel Distances
Time based approach - ASET
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Available
Safe
Egress
Time
Time
Fire
Growth
Available Time
Alarm
UntenableConditions
Ignition
Detection
People
React
Travel time
Time Based Escape Strategy
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Benefits
Extending the travel distance
Reduced numbers of escaperoutes
Utilising more floor area
An appropriate designsolution
ANALISIS FLASHOVER
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Pertumbuhan kebakaran dalam
ruang
Fenomena flashover
Tg = 500o
-600o
C, fluks ke lantai 20kW/m2
Flashover di bangunan tokoKurva suhu-waktu
Means of Escape
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Means of Escape based on Distance
Time base analysis to escape
Distance
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18m where escape isin one direction
45m where escape isin more than onedirection
Direct Travel Distances
Indirect Travel Distances
Risk Assessment
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the leading light in fire safety design
Risk = Frequency x Consequence
Frequency = number of fires in a given period
Consequence = the damage caused by the fire
Fire Growth Rate
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Category Fire GrowthRate
Examples Fire Growth RateParameter kJ/m3
1 Slow Banking Hall, limitedcombustible materials
0.0029
2 Medium Stacked cardboardboxes, wooden pallets
0.012
3 Fast Baled thermoplastic chip,stacked plastic products
0.047
4 Ultra Fast Flammable liquids, foam 0.188
Risk Profiles
Occupancy Characteristics Fire Growth rate Risk Profile
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Occupancy Characteristics Fire Growth rate Risk Profile
A A Occupants who are awake
and familiar with the building
1 Slow A1
2 Medium A2
3 Fast A3
4 Ultra Fast A4
B Occupants who are awakeand unfamiliar with thebuilding
1 Slow B1
2 Medium B2
3 Fast B3
4 Ultra Fast B4
C Occupants who are likely tobe asleep
1 Slow C1
2 Medium C2
3 Fast C3
4 Ultra Fast C4
Common Examples Risk Profiles
Assembly Hall B2 Leisure Centre B2
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Assembly Hall
Office
Business Centre
Classroom
Shopping Mall
Exhibition Area
Factory Production Area
Club
Amusement Arcade
Bedrooms/ study bedroom
B2
A2
B2
A2
B2
B2/B3
A2/A3
B2
B2
Cii2
Leisure Centre
Workshop
Theatre
Storage & Warehouse
Shop Sales Area
Office (closed plan)
Plant Room
Kitchen
Meeting Room
Dinning Room
B2
A3
B2
A4
B3
B2
A4
A3
B2
B1
BS 9999 Travel Distances
Risk Profile Travel Distances
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Risk Profile Travel Distances
Two way travel One way travel
A1 65 26
A2 55 22
A3 45 18
A4 30 14
B1 60 24
B2 50 20B3 40 16
B4 Not Allowed Not Allowed
Ci1 27 13
Cii2 18 9
Ciii3 14 7
Achievable travel distances when minimum fire protection measures are installed
90 30
75 24
60 22
45 18
90 28
75 24
60 20
37 18
27 13
18 9
Additiona
l
General Housekeeping Guidelines
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Work areas, aisles, walkways, stairways, and equipmentshould be kept clear of loose materials, trash, scraps, etc.
Never block aisles, fire exits, emergency equipment, or alarm
pull stations with equipment or materials.
Avoid build up of combustible trash and waste such as paper,wood, cardboard, etc.
Keep use and storage of flammables and combustibles to a
minimum.
Clean up all spills such as grease, oil, or water immediately. Adelay could result in accidents.
Storage Guidelines
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All storage must be
at least 3 ft from
electrical panels. In
some emergency
situations it will benecessary to access
these panels
quickly.
Maintain at least a 3ftclearance from heating
surfaces, air ducts, heaters, and
lighting fixtures.
Storage of combustible
materials in mechanical rooms
is prohibited.
Improper Storage in
front of Electrical Panel
ImproperMechanical Room
Storage
Wind Effect
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Vents should be positioned so thatthey are not affected by externalwind conditions.
In determining natural ventilationof a building consideration is
required to its:
Building heightSurrounding terrainPrevailing wind
-ve
+ve
-ve
Choose either TRUE or FALSE
An automatic fire alarm system is
designed to detect the unwanted
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designed to detect the unwanted
presence of fire by monitoringenvironmental change associated
with combustion. (CLO2)
TRUE or FALSE
answer: T
Choose either TRUE or FALSE
Install a smoke detector in building
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is one of the passive designstrategies for fire protection.
(CLO2)
TRUE or FALSE
answer: F
Choose either TRUE or FALSE
Maximum travel distance for
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Maximum travel distance for
unsprinklered school hall is 60meters (CLO2)
TRUE or FALSE
answer: T
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