fig. 16-12b
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Fig. 16-12b
0.25 µm
Origin of replication Double-stranded DNA molecule
Parental (template) strandDaughter (new) strand
Bubble Replication fork
Two daughter DNA molecules
(b) Origins of replication in eukaryotes
Eukaryotic replication
Fig. 16-19
Ends of parental DNA strands
Leading strandLagging strand
Lagging strand
Last fragment Previous fragment
Parental strand
RNA primer
Removal of primers and replacement with DNA where a 3 end is available
Second round of replication
New leading strand
New lagging strand
Further rounds of replication
Shorter and shorter daughter molecules
5
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
Fig. 16-19
Ends of parental DNA strands
Leading strandLagging strand
Lagging strand
Last fragment Previous fragment
Parental strand
RNA primer
Removal of primers and replacement with DNA where a 3 end is available
Second round of replication
New leading strand
New lagging strand
Further rounds of replication
Shorter and shorter daughter molecules
5
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
5
5
Fig. 16-20
1 µm
Staining of telomeres Florescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
“probe” = (5’-CTAACC-3’)100
08_Figure37.jpg
Fig. 16-7a
Hydrogen bond 3 end
5 end
3.4 nm
0.34 nm
3 end
5 end
(b) Partial chemical structure(a) Key features of DNA structure
1 nm
Fig. 16-21a
DNA double helix (2 nm in diameter)
Nucleosome(10 nm in diameter)
Histones Histone tailH1
DNA, the double helix Histones Nucleosomes, or “beads on a string” (10-nm fiber)
Fig. 16-21b
30-nm fiber
Chromatid (700 nm)
Loops Scaffold
300-nm fiber
Replicated chromosome (1,400 nm)
30-nm fiber Looped domains (300-nm fiber)
Metaphase chromosome
What are genes?DNA
How do genes work?
Mutant phenotypesShortaristae
Blackbody
Cinnabareyes
Vestigialwings
Browneyes
0 48.5 57.5 67.0 104.5
What are genes?DNA
How do genes work?
1909- Garrod -“Inborn errors of metabolism in man” e.g. Alkaptonuria: presence of alkapton in urine due to lack of enzyme -underappreciated at the time….
A gene specifies the action of an enzyme(The “one-gene, one-enzyme” hypothesis)
1942- Beadle and Tatum - Genetic studies in Bread Mold (Neurospora) show that biochemical reactions are controlled by genes
Complete media(contains amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, etc.)
Minimal Media
(lacks amino acids, nucleotides, vitamins, etc.)
Wild type Neurospora grows on minimal media
Complete media
1. X-rays2. Set up 1000 multiple
single spore cultures (in complete media)
A
B
C
wt
Complete media
Minimal Media
1. X-rays2. Set up 1000 multiple
single spore cultures (in complete media)
3. Test each for growth on minimal media
wt
Complete media
A
B
C
A
B
C
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
1. X-rays2. Set up 1000
multiple single spore cultures (in complete media)
3. Test each for growth on minimal media
4. Retest on minimal media plus one component
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
+His +Leu +Arg
+Asp +Glu +Asn
A
A
+Lys
+Gln
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
A
A
+Trp
+Tyr
A
A
+Phe
+Gly
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
A A A
+Ser +Thr +Met
A
+Ile
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
Min. media
A
+Ala
A
+Pro
Min. media
Min. media
A
A
+Val
+Cys
Min. media
Min. media
Fig. 17-2c
CONCLUSION Class I mutants(mutation in
gene A)
Class II mutants(mutation in
gene B)
Class III mutants(mutation in
gene C)Wild type
Precursor Precursor Precursor PrecursorEnzyme AEnzyme AEnzyme AEnzyme A
Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine OrnithineEnzyme BEnzyme B Enzyme BEnzyme B
Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline CitrullineEnzyme CEnzyme CEnzyme CEnzyme C
Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
Multiple enzymes are required for arginine biosynthesis
Fig. 17-2c
CONCLUSION Class I mutants(mutation in
gene A)
Class II mutants(mutation in
gene B)
Class III mutants(mutation in
gene C)Wild type
Precursor Precursor Precursor PrecursorEnzyme AEnzyme AEnzyme AEnzyme A
Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine OrnithineEnzyme BEnzyme B Enzyme BEnzyme B
Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline CitrullineEnzyme CEnzyme CEnzyme CEnzyme C
Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
Multiple enzymes are required for arginine biosynthesis
If we have an Arg requiring mutant, which gene is affected?
Fig. 17-2b
RESULTS Classes of Neurospora crassa
Wild type Class I mutants Class II mutants Class III mutants
Minimalmedium(MM)(control)
MM +ornithine
MM +citrulline
MM +arginine(control)
Cond
ition
Fig. 17-2c
CONCLUSION Class I mutants(mutation in
gene A)
Class II mutants(mutation in
gene B)
Class III mutants(mutation in
gene C)Wild type
Precursor Precursor Precursor PrecursorEnzyme AEnzyme AEnzyme AEnzyme A
Ornithine Ornithine Ornithine OrnithineEnzyme BEnzyme B Enzyme BEnzyme B
Citrulline Citrulline Citrulline CitrullineEnzyme CEnzyme CEnzyme CEnzyme C
Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine
Gene A
Gene B
Gene C
RNA ProteinDNA
Replication Transcription Translation
Fig. 17-3a-1
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
mRNA
(a) Bacterial cell
Fig. 17-3a-2
(a) Bacterial cell
TRANSCRIPTION DNA
mRNA
TRANSLATIONRibosome
Polypeptide
ATGACCATGATTACGGATTCACTGGCCGTCGTTTTACAACGTCGTGACTGGGAAAACCCTGGCGTTACCCAACTTAATCGCCTTGCAGCACATCCCCCTTTCGCCAGCTGGCGTAATAGCGAAGAGGCCCGCACCGATCGCCCTTCCCAACAGTTGCGCAGCCTGAATGGCGAATGGCGCTTTGCCTGGTTTCCGGCACCAGAAGCGGTGCCGGAAAGCTGGCTGGAGTGCGATCTTCCTGAGGCCGATACTGTCGTCGTCCCCTCAAACTGGCAGATGCACGGTTACGATGCGCCCATCTACACCAACGTGACCTATCCCATTACGGTCAATCCGCCGTTTGTTCCCACGGAGAATCCGACGGGTTGTTACTCGCTCACATTTAATGTTGATGAAAGCTGGCTACAGGAAGGCCAGACGCGAATTATTTTTGATGGCGTTAACTCGGCGTTTCATCTGTGGTGCAACGGGCGCTGGGTCGGTTACGGCCAGGACAGTCGTTTGCCGTCTGAATTTGACCTGAGCGCATTTTTACGCGCCGGAGAAAACCGCCTCGCGGTGATGGTGCTGCGCTGGAGTGACGGCAGTTATCTGGAAGATCAGGATATGTGGCGGATGAGCGGCATTTTCCGTGACGTCTCGTTGCTGCATAAACCGACTACACAAATCAGCGATTTCCATGTTGCCACTCGCTTTAATGATGATTTCAGCCGCGCTGTACTGGAGGCTGAAGTTCAGATGTGCGGCGAGTTGCGTGACTACCTACGGGTAACAGTTTCTTTATGGCAGGGTGAAACGCAGGTCGCCAGCGGCACCGCGCCTTTCGGCGGTGAAATTATCGATGAGCGTGGTGGTTATGCCGATCGCGTCACACTACGTCTGAACGTCGAAAACCCGAAACTGTGGAGCGCCGAAATCCCGAATCTCTATCGTGCGGTGGTTGAACTGCACACCGCCGACGGCACGCTGATTGAAGCAGAAGCCTGCGATGTCGGTTTCCGCGAGGTGCGGATTGAAAATGGTCTGCTGCTGCTGAACGGCAAGCCGTTGCTGATTCGAGGCGTTAACCGTCACGAGCATCATCCTCTGCATGGTCAGGTCATGGATGAGCAGACGATGGTGCAGGATATCCTGCTGATGAAGCAGAACAACTTTAACGCCGTGCGCTGTTCGCATTATCCGAACCATCCGCTGTGGTACACGCTGTGCGACCGCTACGGCCTGTATGTGGTGGATGAAGCCAATATTGAAACCCACGGCATGGTGCCAATGAATCGTCTGACCGATGATCCGCGCTGGCTACCGGCGATGAGCGAACGCGTAACGCGAATGGTGCAGCGCGATCGTAATCACCCGAGTGTGATCATCTGGTCGCTGGGGAATGAATCAGGCCACGGCGCTAATCACGACGCGCTGTATCGCTGGATCAAATCTGTCGATCCTTCCCGCCCGGTGCAGTATGAAGGCGGCGGAGCCGACACCACGGCCACCGATATTATTTGCCCGATGTACGCGCGCGTGGATGAAGACCAGCCCTTCCCGGCTGTGCCGAAATGGTCCATCAAAAAATGGCTTTCGCTACCTGGAGAGACGCGCCCGCTGATCCTTTGCGAATACGCCCACGCGATGGGTAACAGTCTTGGCGGTTTCGCTAAATACTGGCAGGCGTTTCGTCAGTATCCCCGTTTACAGGGCGGCTTCGTCTGGGACTGGGTGGATCAGTCGCTGATTAAATATGATGAAAACGGCAACCCGTGGTCGGCTTACGGCGGTGATTTTGGCGATACGCCGAACGATCGCCAGTTCTGTATGAACGGTCTGGTCTTTGCCGACCGCACGCCGCATCCAGCGCTGACGGAAGCAAAACACCAGCAGCAGTTTTTCCAGTTCCGTTTATCCGGGCAAACCATCGAAGTGACCAGCGAATACCTGTTCCGTCATAGCGATAACGAGCTCCTGCACTGGATGGTGGCGCTGGATGGTAAGCCGCTGGCAAGCGGTGAAGTGCCTCTGGATGTCGCTCCACAAGGTAAACAGTTGATTGAACTGCCTGAACTACCGCAGCCGGAGAGCGCCGGGCAACTCTGGCTCACAGTACGCGTAGTGCAACCGAACGCGACCGCATGGTCAGAAGCCGGGCACATCAGCGCCTGGCAGCAGTGGCGTCTGGCGGAAAACCTCAGTGTGACGCTCCCCGCCGCGTCCCACGCCATCCCGCATCTGACCACCAGCGAAATGGATTTTTGCATCGAGCTGGGTAATAAGCGTTGGCAATTTAACCGCCAGTCAGGCTTTCTTTCACAGATGTGGATTGGCGATAAAAAACAACTGCTGACGCCGCTGCGCGATCAGTTCACCCGTGCACCGCTGGATAACGACATTGGCGTAAGTGAAGCGACCCGCATTGACCCTAACGCCTGGGTCGAACGCTGGAAGGCGGCGGGCCATTACCAGGCCGAAGCAGCGTTGTTGCAGTGCACGGCAGATACACTTGCTGATGCGGTGCTGATTACGACCGCTCACGCGTGGCAGCATCAGGGGAAAACCTTATTTATCAGCCGGAAAACCTACCGGATTGATGGTAGTGGTCAAATGGCGATTACCGTTGATGTTGAAGTGGCGAGCGATACACCGCATCCGGCGCGGATTGGCCTGAACTGCCAGCTGGCGCAGGTAGCAGAGCGGGTAAACTGGCTCGGATTAGGGCCGCAAGAAAACTATCCCGACCGCCTTACTGCCGCCTGTTTTGACCGCTGGGATCTGCCATTGTCAGACATGTATACCCCGTACGTCTTCCCGAGCGAAAACGGTCTGCGCTGCGGGACGCGCGAATTGAATTATGGCCCACACCAGTGGCGCGGCGACTTCCAGTTCAACATCAGCCGCTACAGTCAACAGCAACTGATGGAAACCAGCCATCGCCATCTGCTGCACGCGGAAGAAGGCACATGGCTGAATATCGACGGTTTCCATATGGGGATTGGTGGCGACGACTCCTGGAGCCCGTCAGTATCGGCGGAATTCCAGCTGAGCGCCGGTCGCTACCATTACCAGTTGGTCTGGTGTCAAAAATAA
E. Coli LacZ DNA sequence (1 strand shown)- 3075 base pairs
AUGACCAUGAUUACGGAUUCACUGGCCGUCGUUUUACAACGUCGUGACUGGGAAAACCCUGGCGUUACCCAACUUAAUCGCCUUGCAGCACAUCCCCCUUUCGCCAGCUGGCGUAAUAGCGAAGAGGCCCGCACCGAUCGCCCUUCCCAACAGUUGCGCAGCCUGAAUGGCGAAUGGCGCUUUGCCUGGUUUCCGGCACCAGAAGCGGUGCCGGAAAGCUGGCUGGAGUGCGAUCUUCCUGAGGCCGAUACUGUCGUCGUCCCCUCAAACUGGCAGAUGCACGGUUACGAUGCGCCCAUCUACACCAACGUGACCUAUCCCAUUACGGUCAAUCCGCCGUUUGUUCCCACGGAGAAUCCGACGGGUUGUUACUCGCUCACAUUUAAUGUUGAUGAAAGCUGGCUACAGGAAGGCCAGACGCGAAUUAUUUUUGAUGGCGUUAACUCGGCGUUUCAUCUGUGGUGCAACGGGCGCUGGGUCGGUUACGGCCAGGACAGUCGUUUGCCGUCUGAAUUUGACCUGAGCGCAUUUUUACGCGCCGGAGAAAACCGCCUCGCGGUGAUGGUGCUGCGCUGGAGUGACGGCAGUUAUCUGGAAGAUCAGGAUAUGUGGCGGAUGAGCGGCAUUUUCCGUGACGUCUCGUUGCUGCAUAAACCGACUACACAAAUCAGCGAUUUCCAUGUUGCCACUCGCUUUAAUGAUGAUUUCAGCCGCGCUGUACUGGAGGCUGAAGUUCAGAUGUGCGGCGAGUUGCGUGACUACCUACGGGUAACAGUUUCUUUAUGGCAGGGUGAAACGCAGGUCGCCAGCGGCACCGCGCCUUUCGGCGGUGAAAUUAUCGAUGAGCGUGGUGGUUAUGCCGAUCGCGUCACACUACGUCUGAACGUCGAAAACCCGAAACUGUGGAGCGCCGAAAUCCCGAAUCUCUAUCGUGCGGUGGUUGAACUGCACACCGCCGACGGCACGCUGAUUGAAGCAGAAGCCUGCGAUGUCGGUUUCCGCGAGGUGCGGAUUGAAAAUGGUCUGCUGCUGCUGAACGGCAAGCCGUUGCUGAUUCGAGGCGUUAACCGUCACGAGCAUCAUCCUCUGCAUGGUCAGGUCAUGGAUGAGCAGACGAUGGUGCAGGAUAUCCUGCUGAUGAAGCAGAACAACUUUAACGCCGUGCGCUGUUCGCAUUAUCCGAACCAUCCGCUGUGGUACACGCUGUGCGACCGCUACGGCCUGUAUGUGGUGGAUGAAGCCAAUAUUGAAACCCACGGCAUGGUGCCAAUGAAUCGUCUGACCGAUGAUCCGCGCUGGCUACCGGCGAUGAGCGAACGCGUAACGCGAAUGGUGCAGCGCGAUCGUAAUCACCCGAGUGUGAUCAUCUGGUCGCUGGGGAAUGAAUCAGGCCACGGCGCUAAUCACGACGCGCUGUAUCGCUGGAUCAAAUCUGUCGAUCCUUCCCGCCCGGUGCAGUAUGAAGGCGGCGGAGCCGACACCACGGCCACCGAUAUUAUUUGCCCGAUGUACGCGCGCGUGGAUGAAGACCAGCCCUUCCCGGCUGUGCCGAAAUGGUCCAUCAAAAAAUGGCUUUCGCUACCUGGAGAGACGCGCCCGCUGAUCCUUUGCGAAUACGCCCACGCGAUGGGUAACAGUCUUGGCGGUUUCGCUAAAUACUGGCAGGCGUUUCGUCAGUAUCCCCGUUUACAGGGCGGCUUCGUCUGGGACUGGGUGGAUCAGUCGCUGAUUAAAUAUGAUGAAAACGGCAACCCGUGGUCGGCUUACGGCGGUGAUUUUGGCGAUACGCCGAACGAUCGCCAGUUCUGUAUGAACGGUCUGGUCUUUGCCGACCGCACGCCGCAUCCAGCGCUGACGGAAGCAAAACACCAGCAGCAGUUUUUCCAGUUCCGUUUAUCCGGGCAAACCAUCGAAGUGACCAGCGAAUACCUGUUCCGUCAUAGCGAUAACGAGCUCCUGCACUGGAUGGUGGCGCUGGAUGGUAAGCCGCUGGCAAGCGGUGAAGUGCCUCUGGAUGUCGCUCCACAAGGUAAACAGUUGAUUGAACUGCCUGAACUACCGCAGCCGGAGAGCGCCGGGCAACUCUGGCUCACAGUACGCGUAGUGCAACCGAACGCGACCGCAUGGUCAGAAGCCGGGCACAUCAGCGCCUGGCAGCAGUGGCGUCUGGCGGAAAACCUCAGUGUGACGCUCCCCGCCGCGUCCCACGCCAUCCCGCAUCUGACCACCAGCGAAAUGGAUUUUUGCAUCGAGCUGGGUAAUAAGCGUUGGCAAUUUAACCGCCAGUCAGGCUUUCUUUCACAGAUGUGGAUUGGCGAUAAAAAACAACUGCUGACGCCGCUGCGCGAUCAGUUCACCCGUGCACCGCUGGAUAACGACAUUGGCGUAAGUGAAGCGACCCGCAUUGACCCUAACGCCUGGGUCGAACGCUGGAAGGCGGCGGGCCAUUACCAGGCCGAAGCAGCGUUGUUGCAGUGCACGGCAGAUACACUUGCUGAUGCGGUGCUGAUUACGACCGCUCACGCGUGGCAGCAUCAGGGGAAAACCUUAUUUAUCAGCCGGAAAACCUACCGGAUUGAUGGUAGUGGUCAAAUGGCGAUUACCGUUGAUGUUGAAGUGGCGAGCGAUACACCGCAUCCGGCGCGGAUUGGCCUGAACUGCCAGCUGGCGCAGGUAGCAGAGCGGGUAAACUGGCUCGGAUUAGGGCCGCAAGAAAACUAUCCCGACCGCCUUACUGCCGCCUGUUUUGACCGCUGGGAUCUGCCAUUGUCAGACAUGUAUACCCCGUACGUCUUCCCGAGCGAAAACGGUCUGCGCUGCGGGACGCGCGAAUUGAAUUAUGGCCCACACCAGUGGCGCGGCGACUUCCAGUUCAACAUCAGCCGCUACAGUCAACAGCAACUGAUGGAAACCAGCCAUCGCCAUCUGCUGCACGCGGAAGAAGGCACAUGGCUGAAUAUCGACGGUUUCCAUAUGGGGAUUGGUGGCGACGACUCCUGGAGCCCGUCAGUAUCGGCGGAAUUCCAGCUGAGCGCCGGUCGCUACCAUUACCAGUUGGUCUGGUGUCAAAAAUAA
E. Coli LacZ RNA sequence - 3075 nucleotides
MTMITDSLAVVLQRRDWENPGVTQLNRLAAHPPFASWRNSEEARTDRPSQQLRSLNGEWRFAWFPAPEAVPESWLECDLPEADTVVVPSNWQMHGYDAPIYTNVTYPITVNPPFVPTENPTGCYSLTFNVDESWLQEGQTRIIFDGVNSAFHLWCNGRWVGYGQDSRLPSEFDLSAFLRAGENRLAVMVLRWSDGSYLEDQDMWRMSGIFRDVSLLHKPTTQISDFHVATRFNDDFSRAVLEAEVQMCGELRDYLRVTVSLWQGETQVASGTAPFGGEIIDERGGYADRVTLRLNVENPKLWSAEIPNLYRAVVELHTADGTLIEAEACDVGFREVRIENGLLLLNGKPLLIRGVNRHEHHPLHGQVMDEQTMVQDILLMKQNNFNAVRCSHYPNHPLWYTLCDRYGLYVVDEANIETHGMVPMNRLTDDPRWLPAMSERVTRMVQRDRNHPSVIIWSLGNESGHGANHDALYRWIKSVDPSRPVQYEGGGADTTATDIICPMYARVDEDQPFPAVPKWSIKKWLSLPGETRPLILCEYAHAMGNSLGGFAKYWQAFRQYPRLQGGFVWDWVDQSLIKYDENGNPWSAYGGDFGDTPNDRQFCMNGLVFADRTPHPALTEAKHQQQFFQFRLSGQTIEVTSEYLFRHSDNELLHWMVALDGKPLASGEVPLDVAPQGKQLIELPELPQPESAGQLWLTVRVVQPNATAWSEAGHISAWQQWRLAENLSVTLPAASHAIPHLTTSEMDFCIELGNKRWQFNRQSGFLSQMWIGDKKQLLTPLRDQFTRAPLDNDIGVSEATRIDPNAWVERWKAAGHYQAEAALLQCTADTLADAVLITTAHAWQHQGKTLFISRKTYRIDGSGQMAITVDVEVASDTPHPARIGLNCQLAQVAERVNWLGLGPQENYPDRLTAACFDRWDLPLSDMYTPYVFPSENGLRCGTRELNYGPHQWRGDFQFNISRYSQQQLMETSHRHLLHAEEGTWLNIDGFHMGIGGDDSWSPSVSAEFQLSAGRYHYQLVWCQK
E. Coli LacZ protein sequence – 1024 amino acids
Fig. 17-5Second mRNA base
Firs
t mRN
A ba
se (5
end
of c
odon
)
Third
mRN
A ba
se (3
end
of c
odon
)
Beta-galactosidase protein (E. coli)LacZ (Beta-galactosidase) gene (DNA)
LacZ mRNA
ATGAAATTTACCGTAGAACGTGAGCATTTATTAAAACCGCTACAACAGGTGAGCGGTCCGTTAGGTGGTCGTCCTACGCTACCGATTCTCGGTAATCTGCTGTTACAGGTTGCTGACGGTACGTTGTCGCTGACCGGTACTGATCTCGAGATGGAAATGGTGGCACGTGTTGCGCTGGTTCAGCCACACGAGCCAGGAGCGACGACCGTTCCGGCGCGCAAATTCTTTGATATCTGCCGTGGTCTGCCTGAAGGCGCGGAAATTGCCGTGCAGCTGGAAGGTGAACGGATGCTGGTACGCTCCGGGCGTAGCCGTTTTTCGCTGTCTACCCTGCCAGCGGCGGATTTCCCGAACCTCGATGACTGGCAGAGTGAAGTCGAATTTACCCTGCCGCAGGCAACGATGAAGCGTCTGATTGAAGCGACCCAGTTTTCTATGGCGCATCAGGACGTTCGCTATTACTTAAATGGTATGCTGTTTGAAACCGAAGGTGAAGAACTGCGCACCGTGGCAACCGACGGCCACCGTCTGGCGGTCTGTTCAATGCCAATTGGTCAATCTTTGCCAAGCCATTCGGTGATCGTACCGCGTAAAGGCGTGATTGAACTGATGCGTATGCTCGACGGCGGCGACAATCCGCTGCGCGTACAGATTGGCAGCAACAACATTCGCGCCCACGTTGGCGACTTTATCTTCACCTCCAAACTGGTGGATGGTCGCTTCCCGGATTATCGCCGCGTTCTGCCGAAGAACCCGGACAAACATCTGGAAGCTGGCTGCGATCTGCTCAAGCAGGCGTTTGCTCGCGCGGCGATTCTCTCTAACGAGAAATTCCGCGGCGTACGTCTTTATGTCAGCGAAAACCAGCTGAAAATCACCGCCAACAACCCGGAACAGGAAGAAGCGGAAGAGATCCTCGACGTTACCTATAGCGGTGCGGAGATGGAAATCGGCTTCAACGTCAGTTATGTGCTGGATGTTCTGAACGCGCTGAAATGCGAAAACGTCCGCATGATGCTGACCGATTCGGTTTCCAGCGTGCAGATTGAAGATGCGGCCAGCCAGAGCGCGGCTTATGTTGTCATGCCAATGAGACTGTAA
E. Coli Sliding Clamp DNA sequence (1 strand shown)- 1101 base pairs
E. Coli Sliding Clamp Protein sequence- 366 amino acids
MKFTVEREHLLKPLQQVSGPLGGRPTLPILGNLLLQVADGTLSLTGTDLEMEMVARVALVQPHEPGATTVPARKFFDICRGLPEGAEIAVQLEGERMLVRSGRSRFSLSTLPAADFPNLDDWQSEVEFTLPQATMKRLIEATQFSMAHQDVRYYLNGMLFETEGEELRTVATDGHRLAVCSMPIGQSLPSHSVIVPRKGVIELMRMLDGGDNPLRVQIGSNNIRAHVGDFIFTSKLVDGRFPDYRRVLPKNPDKHLEAGCDLLKQAFARAAILSNEKFRGVRLYVSENQLKITANNPEQEEAEEILDVTYSGAEMEIGFNVSYVLDVLNALKCENVRMMLTDSVSSVQIEDAASQSAAYVVMPMRL
Fig. 16-15bOrigin of replication
RNA primer
“Sliding clamp”
DNA pol IIIParental DNA
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
Sliding clamp protein (E. coli)- shown with DNA double helix
Fig. 17-4
DNAmolecule
Gene 1
Gene 2
Gene 3
DNAtemplatestrand
TRANSCRIPTION
TRANSLATION
mRNA
Protein
Codon
Amino acid
Fig. 5-27c-2
Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Sugars
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27c-1
(c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases
Purines
Guanine (G)Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Nitrogenous basesPyrimidines
Fig. 16-5 Sugar–phosphate backbone
5 end
Nitrogenous bases
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
DNA nucleotide
Sugar (deoxyribose) 3 end
Phosphate
Chemical structure of DNA
Fig. 16-5 Sugar–phosphate backbone
5 end
Nitrogenous bases
Thymine (T)
Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C)
Guanine (G)
DNA nucleotide
Sugar (deoxyribose) 3 end
Phosphate
Uracil (U)OH
OH
OH
OH
RNA
Chemical structure ofRNA
-ribose instead of deoxyribose
Uracil instead of thymine
Cytosine (C)
RNA ProteinDNA
Replication Transcription Translation
Polymerase
Monomers
DNA Pol III (and I)
dNTPs
Direction of synthesis
5’ to 3’
Template ssDNA
Product polynucleotide
RNA ProteinDNA
Replication Transcription Translation
Polymerase
Monomers
DNA Pol III (and I)
RNA Pol
dNTPs NTPs
Direction of synthesis
5’ to 3’ 5’ to 3’
Template ssDNA ssDNA
Product polynucleotide polynucleotide
Fig. 17-7a-1Promoter Transcription unit
DNAStart pointRNA polymerase
553
3
Fig. 17-7a-2Promoter Transcription unit
DNAStart pointRNA polymerase
553
3
Initiation
33
1
RNAtranscript
5 5
UnwoundDNA
Template strandof DNA
Fig. 17-7a-3Promoter Transcription unit
DNAStart pointRNA polymerase
553
3
Initiation
33
1
RNAtranscript
5 5
UnwoundDNA
Template strandof DNA
2 Elongation
RewoundDNA
5
5 5 3 3 3
RNAtranscript
Fig. 17-7a-4Promoter Transcription unit
DNAStart pointRNA polymerase
553
3
Initiation
33
1
RNAtranscript
5 5
UnwoundDNA
Template strandof DNA
2 Elongation
RewoundDNA
5
5 5 3 3 3
RNAtranscript
3 Termination
5
5 5 33
3Completed RNA transcript
Fig. 17-7b
Elongation
RNApolymerase
Nontemplatestrand of DNA
RNA nucleotides
3' end
Direction oftranscription(“downstream”) Template
strand of DNANewly madeRNA
3'
5'
5'
Fig. 17-8A eukaryotic promoterincludes a TATA box
3
1
2
3
Promoter
TATA box Start point
Template
TemplateDNA strand
535
Transcriptionfactors
Several transcription factors mustbind to the DNA before RNApolymerase II can do so.
5533
Additional transcription factors bind tothe DNA along with RNA polymerase II,forming the transcription initiation complex.
RNA polymerase IITranscription factors
55 53
3
RNA transcript
Transcription initiation complex
RNA ProteinDNA
Replication Transcription Translation
Polymerase
Monomers
DNA Pol III (and I)
RNA Pol
dNTPs NTPs
Direction of synthesis
5’ to 3’ 5’ to 3’
Template ssDNA ssDNA
Product polynucleotide polynucleotide
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