fig. 11-00. fig. 11-01 gene for a glycolysis enzyme hemoglobin gene antibody gene insulin gene white...

Fig. 11-00

Fig. 11-01

Gene for a glycolysis enzyme

Hemoglobin gene

Antibody gene

Insulin gene

White blood cellPancreas cell Nerve cell

Activegene

Key

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Co

lori

zed

TE

M

Co

lori

zed

SE

M

Fig. 11-02

Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)

Lactose

Protein

mRNA

Lactose enzymes

DNA

Protein

mRNA

DNA

Operon turned off (lactose absent)

Translation

Inactiverepressor

RNA polymerasebound to promoter

Transcription

Active repressor

RNA polymerasecannot attach topromoter

Regulatory gene

Promoter Operator

Operon

Genes for lactose enzymes

Fig. 11-02a

Protein

mRNA

DNA

Operon turned off (lactose absent)

Active repressor

RNA polymerasecannot attach topromoter

Regulatory gene

Promoter Operator

Operon

Genes for lactose enzymes

Fig. 11-02b

Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor)

Lactose

Protein

mRNA

Lactose enzymes

DNA

Translation

Inactiverepressor

RNA polymerasebound to promoter

Transcription

Fig. 11-03-1

DNA

Unpackingof DNA

Chromosome

Gene

Fig. 11-03-2

DNA

Transcription of gene

Unpackingof DNA

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

Intron Exon

Fig. 11-03-3

DNA

Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope

Processingof RNA

Transcription of gene

Unpackingof DNA

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

Intron Exon

mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap

mRNA in cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Fig. 11-03-4

DNA

Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope

Processingof RNA

Transcription of gene

Unpackingof DNA

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

Intron Exon

mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap

mRNA in cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Breakdownof mRNA

Fig. 11-03-5

DNA

Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope

Processingof RNA

Transcription of gene

Unpackingof DNA

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

Intron Exon

mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap

mRNA in cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Breakdownof mRNA

Translationof mRNA

Polypeptide

Fig. 11-03-6

DNA

Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope

Processingof RNA

Transcription of gene

Unpackingof DNA

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

Intron Exon

mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap

mRNA in cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Breakdownof mRNA

Translationof mRNA

Various changesto polypeptide

Active protein

Polypeptide

Fig. 11-03-7

DNA

Flow of mRNAthrough nuclearenvelope

Processingof RNA

Transcription of gene

Unpackingof DNA

Chromosome

Gene

RNA transcript

Intron Exon

mRNA in nucleus Tail Cap

mRNA in cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Breakdownof mRNA

Translationof mRNA

Breakdownof protein

Various changesto polypeptide

Active protein

Polypeptide

Fig. 11-04

Cell divisionand X chromosomeinactivation

Allele fororange fur

Early embryo:

X chromosomes

Allele forblack fur Inactive X

Active X

Inactive X

Active X Orange fur

Two cell populationsin adult cat:

Black fur

Fig. 11-04a

Cell divisionand X chromosomeinactivation

Allele fororange fur

Early embryo:

X chromosomes

Allele forblack fur Inactive X

Active X

Inactive X

Active X Orange fur

Two cell populationsin adult cat:

Black fur

Fig. 11-05

Bend in the DNA

Enhancers (DNA control sequences)

Transcription factor

Transcription Promoter Gene

RNA polymerase

Fig. 11-06-1

Exons

DNA 1 2 3 54

Fig. 11-06-2

RNA transcript

Exons

DNA

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 5

5

4

Fig. 11-06-3

RNA transcript

Exons

RNA splicing

mRNA

DNA

or

1 2 3 5 1 2 4 5

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 5

5

4

Fig. 11-07-1

Initial polypeptide

Fig. 11-07-2

Initial polypeptide

Cutting

Insulin (active hormone)

Fig. 11-08-1

SIGNALING CELL

Plasma membrane Signal molecule

Secretion

TARGETCELL

Nucleus

Fig. 11-08-2

SIGNALING CELL

Plasma membrane Signal molecule

Secretion

Receptor protein

Reception

TARGETCELL

Nucleus

Fig. 11-08-3

SIGNALING CELL

Plasma membrane Signal molecule

Secretion

Receptor protein

Reception

Signal transductionpathway

TARGETCELL

Nucleus

Fig. 11-08-4

SIGNALING CELL

Plasma membrane Signal molecule

Secretion

Receptor protein

Transcription factor(activated)

Reception

Signal transductionpathway

TARGETCELL

Nucleus

Fig. 11-08-5

SIGNALING CELL

mRNA

Plasma membrane Signal molecule

Secretion

Receptor protein

Transcription factor(activated)

Reception

Signal transductionpathway

TARGETCELL

Nucleus

TranscriptionResponse

Fig. 11-08-6

SIGNALING CELL

mRNA

Plasma membrane Signal molecule

Secretion

Receptor protein

Transcription factor(activated)

Reception

Signal transductionpathway

TARGETCELL

Nucleus

TranscriptionResponse

Translation

New protein

Fig. 11-09

Normal fruit fly

Mutant fly with extra wings

Normal head

Mutant fly with extra legsgrowing from head

Fig. 11-09a

Normal fruit fly

Mutant fly with extra wings

Fig. 11-09b

Normal head

Mutant fly with extra legsgrowing from head

Fig. 11-10Fruit fly chromosome

Fruit fly embryo(10 hours)

Mouse chromosomes

Mouse embryo(12 days)

Adult fruit fly Adult mouse

Fig. 11-10aFruit fly chromosome

Fruit fly embryo(10 hours)

Adult fruit fly

Fig. 11-10bMouse chromosomes

Mouse embryo(12 days)

Adult mouse

Fig. 11-11-1

mRNAisolated

Fig. 11-11-2

mRNAisolated

cDNA madefrom mRNA

Reverse transcriptase and fluorescentlylabeled DNA nucleotides

Fluorescent cDNA

Fig. 11-11-3

mRNAisolated

cDNA madefrom mRNA

cDNA mixtureadded to wells

DNA microarray

Reverse transcriptase and fluorescentlylabeled DNA nucleotides

Fluorescent cDNA

Fig. 11-11-4

mRNAisolated

DNA of anexpressed gene

cDNA madefrom mRNA

cDNA mixtureadded to wells

Unbound cDNArinsed away

Fluorescentspot

FluorescentcDNA

DNA of anunexpressed gene

DNA microarray(6,400 genes)

Nonfluorescentspot

DNA microarray

Reverse transcriptase and fluorescentlylabeled DNA nucleotides

Fluorescent cDNA

Fig. 11-11a

DNA microarray (6,400 genes)

Fig. 11-12-1

Root ofcarrot plant

Fig. 11-12-2

Root cells ingrowth medium

Root ofcarrot plant

Fig. 11-12-3

Cell divisionin culture

Root cells ingrowth medium

Root ofcarrot plant

Singlecell

Fig. 11-12-4

Youngplant

Cell divisionin culture

Root cells ingrowth medium

Root ofcarrot plant

Singlecell

Fig. 11-12-5

Adultplant

Youngplant

Cell divisionin culture

Root cells ingrowth medium

Root ofcarrot plant

Singlecell

Fig. 11-13-1

Removenucleusfrom eggcell

Fig. 11-13-2

Donorcell

Removenucleusfrom eggcell

Add somaticcell fromadult donor

Fig. 11-13-3

Donorcell Nucleus from

donor cell

Removenucleusfrom eggcell

Add somaticcell fromadult donor

Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo

Fig. 11-13-4

Donorcell Nucleus from

donor cell

Removenucleusfrom eggcell

Add somaticcell fromadult donor

Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo

Implant embryoin surrogatemother

Clone ofdonor is born

Reproductive cloning

Fig. 11-13-5

Donorcell Nucleus from

donor cell

Removenucleusfrom eggcell

Add somaticcell fromadult donor

Grow in cultureto produce anearly embryo Remove

embryonicstem cells fromembryo andgrow in culture

Induce stemcells to formspecializedcells fortherapeutic use

Implant embryoin surrogatemother

Clone ofdonor is born

Reproductive cloning

Therapeutic cloning

Fig. 11-13a

Fig. 11-14

(a) The first cloned cat (right)

(c) Clones of endangered animals

(b) Cloning for medical use

Gray wolfGaurBantengMouflon calfwith mother

Fig. 11-14a

(a) The first cloned cat (right)

Fig. 11-14b

(b) Cloning for medical use

Fig. 11-14c(c) Clones of endangered animals

Gray wolfGaur

BantengMouflon calfwith mother

Fig. 11-15

Adult stemcells in bone marrow

Culturedembryonic stem cells

Different cultureconditions

Different types ofdifferentiated cells

Heart muscle cells

Nerve cells

Blood cells

Fig. 11-16

Fig. 11-17

New promoter

Normal growth-stimulatingproteinin excess

Normal growth-stimulatingproteinin excess

Hyperactivegrowth-stimulatingprotein

Gene moved tonew DNA position,under new controls

Multiple copiesof the gene

DNA

Mutation within the gene

Proto-oncogene(for protein that stimulates cell division)

Oncogene

Fig. 11-18

Defective,nonfunctioningprotein

Cell divisionunder control

(b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)

Normal growth-inhibiting protein

Cell division notunder control

(a) Normal cell growth

Tumor-suppressor gene Mutated tumor-suppressor gene

Fig. 11-18a

Cell divisionunder control

Normal growth-inhibiting protein

(a) Normal cell growth

Tumor-suppressor gene

Fig. 11-18b

Defective,nonfunctioningprotein

(b) Uncontrolled cell growth (cancer)

Cell division notunder control

Mutated tumor-suppressor gene

Fig. 11-19-1

Oncogeneactivated

DNAchanges:

Cellularchanges:

Increasedcell division

Fig. 11-19-2

Tumor-suppressorgene inactivated

Oncogeneactivated

DNAchanges:

Cellularchanges:

Increasedcell division

Growth ofbenign tumor

Colon wall

Fig. 11-19-3

Second tumor-suppressorgene inactivated

Tumor-suppressorgene inactivated

Oncogeneactivated

DNAchanges:

Cellularchanges:

Increasedcell division

Growth ofbenign tumor

Growth ofmalignant tumor

Colon wall

Fig. 11-20-1

Normal cell

Chromosomes

Fig. 11-20-2

1mutation

Normal cell

Chromosomes

Fig. 11-20-3

1mutation

Normal cell

2mutations

Chromosomes

Fig. 11-20-4

1mutation

Normal cell

3mutations

2mutations

Chromosomes

Fig. 11-20-5

1mutation

Normal cell Malignant cell

4mutations

3mutations

2mutations

Chromosomes

Fig. 11-21

Fig. 11-22

Fig. 11-T01

Fig. 11-T02

Fig. 11-UN01

Fig. 11-UN02

Fig. 11-UN03

Fig. 11-UN04

Fig. 11-UN05

Regulatorygene

A typical operon

Promoter Operator

Gene 3 Gene 2

Gene 1

Switches operonon or off

RNApolymerasebinding site

Produces repressorthat in active formattaches to operator

DNA

Fig. 11-UN06

Protein breakdown

Protein activation

mRNA breakdown

RNA transport

Translation

Transcription

DNA unpacking

RNA processing

Fig. 11-UN07

Nucleus fromdonor cell

Embryo implantedin surrogate mother

Clone ofnucleusdonor

Early embryoresulting fromnucleartransplantation

Fig. 11-UN08

Nucleus from donor cell

Embryonicstem cellsin culture

Specializedcells

Early embryoresulting fromnucleartransplantation

Fig. 11-UN09Proto-oncogene

(normal) Oncogene

Mutation

Normal protein

Mutant protein

Defective protein

Mutation

Normal regulationof cell cycle

Normal growth-inhibitingprotein

Out-of-controlgrowth (leadingto cancer)

Mutatedtumor-suppressor

gene

Tumor-suppressorgene (normal)