fiber and laminar composites
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8/20/2019 Fiber and Laminar Composites
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FIBER AND LAMINAR
COMPOSITES
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FIBERS
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COMPOSITE MATERIALS
• Composite materials have two or morephysically and chemically faces on amicroscopic scale separated by a distinct
interface• In composites! the constit"ent which
present in lar#er $"antities are termed as“Matrix”.
• The constit"ents which present in smaller$"antities as compared to matri% aretermed as ”Reinforcement”.
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REI&'ORCEME&T
• The p"rpose of addin# thereinforcement is to #et the desirableproperties of matri%
• Types of reinforcements "sed incomposites are (
)* 'ibers
+* ,his-ers
.* 'la-es
/* Partic"lates
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'I0ERS
• 'ibers are similar to the thread which are "sed
as principle load resistin# members incomposite
materials• 'ibers are #enerally "sed as reinforcement in the
composite materials to prevent the penetration
of the crac-
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T1PES O' 'I0ER2based on reinforcement*
'I0ER REI&'ORCE3COMPOSITES
Sin#le layered M"ltilayered
LaminatesSandwich 4ybrid
panels
Contin"o"s 5bers 3iscontin"o"s 5bers
6ni 7 directional 0i7 directional Random Ali#ned
orientation
orientation
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CLASSI'ICATIO& O' 'I0ERS
20ased on materials*
Classi5cation of 5bers based on thematerials
"sed for the 5bers(
)* 8lass 5bers
+* Carbon 5bers
.* Aramide 5bers /* 0oron 5bers
9* Ceramic 5bers
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8LASS 'I0ERS
• 8lass 5bers are the most common ofall reinforcin# 5bers for polymericcomposites2PMC:s*
• The types of #lass 5bers "sed in the5ber reinforced plastics 2'RP:s * are (
)* E7 #lass
+* S7 #lass .* C7 #lass
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GLASS FIBER
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E-GLASS:
• E7#lass has the lowest cost of allcommercially available reinforcin#5bers! which is the reason for itswidespread "se in 'RP in the
ind"stryAPPLICATIOS:
• E7#lass 5bers mainly "sed where the
electrical ins"lations are re$"ired
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S-GLASS:
• S7#lass has the hi#hest tensile stren#th
amon# all the #lass 5bers
• 4owever! the compositional di;erenceand hi#her man"fact"rin# cost ma-e it
more e%pense than E7#lass APPLICATIOS:
• S7#lass mainly "sed for the aircraft
components and missile casin#s
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C-GLASS:
• C7#lass has better chemical propertiesthan E7#lass and S7#lass
APPLICATIOS:
• C7#lass are "sed where thereresistance is re$"ired a#ainst acid andcorrosion
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CAR0O& 'I0ERS
• Carbon 5bers are commercially available with
a variety of tensile mod"l"s val"es ran#in#
from
+<= 8pa2.<%)<>? psi* on the low side to )<.98pa 2)9<%)<?? psi*
• In #eneral! the low7mod"l"s 5bers have the
lower density! lower cost! hi#her tensile andthe
compressive stren#ths
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• Carbon is very li#ht element with thedensity of ++?@ # cc
• 8enerally amon# crystalline forms ofCarbon #raphite str"ct"re is "sed ascomposites
• In the carbon! the atoms are
arran#ed in the form of he%a#onallayers
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CAR0O& 'I0ERS
©2003 Brooks/Co le, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark sed herein nder license.
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APPLICATIOS:
• 4i#h temperat"re applications li-espace and air crafts
• Electrical and thermal cond"ctin#applications
• Aerospace and sportin# #ood
Ind"stries
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ARAMI3E 'I0ERS
• Aramide 5bers are prod"ced from thechemical
called Aromatic and Polyamide and so itcalled
as the Aramide 5bers
• It is a man"fact"re 5ber in which 5berformin#
s"bstance is a lon# chain syntheticpolyamide in
which at least @9B of amide lin-a es or
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• Commercial names of Aramide 5bers are as
EDELAR and &ome%
• O"t of these EDELAR is "sed for thereinforcement
in r"bbers
!E"ELAR-#$:
• EDELAR7+ is "sed for ropes!cables! coatedand architeched fabrics
!E"ELAR-%$ :
•It is mainly "sed for reinforcement of the Epo%ypolyesters and other resins for "se in theAerospace machine ! A"tomative and Sportsind"stry
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0ORO& 'I0ER
• 0oron is coated on a s"bstance which is called
as s"bstrate "s"ally made of t"n#sten
• 0oron is deposited on t"n#sten and the
processis contin"ed "ntil the desired thic-ness of 5ber
obtained
• Properties of the boron 5bers #enerally
chan#es
with the diameter of the t"n#sten
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PROPERTIES
• 3ensity of boron is +./ #cc
• 0oron 5ber with t"n#sten core has adensity
of +? #cc for a 5ber )<<"m
• Meltin# point is +</<o Celsi"s
•
Thermal e%pansion co7eFcient of@.%)<>7?
"p to .)9 de#ree Celsi"s
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CERAMIC 'I0ERS
The ceramic 5bers for notable hi#hertemperat"re
applications are(
)* Silicon Carbide
+* Al"min"m o%ide
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SILICO& CAR0I3E 'I0ER
• Silicon carbide can be created over fewmetals and their room temperat"re! tensilestren#th and tensile mod"le are li-e those of
boron and t"n#sten• Elevated temperat"re properties are #ood
• They show only .9B loss of stren#th
• Silicon carbide coated on t"n#sten or Siliconcarbide coated on carbon ! both have veryhi#h
•
Stress at ))<<o
C and ).<<o
C
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AL6MI&A 'I0ERS
• Al"mina 5bers are commonly employed inmetal matrices
• Ma#nesi"m and Al"min"m matrices "seAl"min"m 5bers reinforced composites as theydo not dama#e the 5ber even in the li$"idstate
• It o;ers #ood compressive stren#th rather
than tensile stren#th• It has hi#h meltin# point of abo"t +<<<o C
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LAMIAR COMPOSITES
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LAMI&AR COMPOSITES
• Laminar composites involves two or more Layersof the same or the di;erent materials
• The layers can be arran#ed in di;erent directions
to #ive the stren#th where needed• Li-e all composites laminar composites aim at
combinin# the constit"ents to prod"ce properties
neither constit"ents alone wo"ld have
In laminar composites there are t o
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• In laminar composites there are twoimportant
terms they are(
)* 'ace
+* 0ase
'ACE(
• The face in laminar composites are o"termetal which is similar to that of the matri%in the
Composites0ASE(
• The inner metal of the laminar composites
are called as base
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LAMI&ATE3 STR6CT6RE
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LAMI&A
LAMI&A(• A lamina is a Gat 2or some times
c"rved*arran#ement of "nidirectional or
woven 5bers in a s"spended in a matri%material
• The thic-ness of lamina depends "pon the
material from which it made• 'or the p"rpose of analysis! a lamina is
typically modeled as havin# one layer of5bers thro"#h the thic-ness
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STR6CT6RE O' LAMI&A
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LAMI&ATE
LAMI&ATE(• A laminate is a stac-in# of lamina!
where oriented in a speci5c manner to
achieve the desired res"lt • Individ"al lamina is bonded to#ether by
a c"rin# proced"re that depends on the
material "sed• The mechanical response of a laminate is
di;erent from that of individ"al lamina
that forms the laminate
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The laminate:s propertiesdepends "pon the
properties of each lamina! as well as orderin which
the lamina are stac-ed
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STR6CT6RE O' A LAMI&ATE
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T1PES O' LAMI&ATES
'ew special type oflaminates and the
standard lamination code are as #iven asfollows(
)* 6nidirectional laminate
+* An#le7ply laminate
.* Cross7ply laminate
/* Systematic laminate
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6&I3IRECTIO&AL LAMI&ATE
6&I3IRECTIO&AL LAMI&ATE(
• In a "nidirectional laminate! the 5berorientation an#les are the same in alllaminas
• 'or e%amples! in a "nidirectional laminatethe orientation in a lamina is <o then the
orientation in all laminates are <o
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6&I3IRECTIO&AL LAMI&ATE
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A&8LE PL1 LAMI&ATE
• In an an#le7ply laminate! if the orientationof a
lamina is < then the orientation of secondlaminate is
7<
• In other words the alternate layersorientation
of the an#le7ply laminate is opposite in thesi#n
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CROSS7PL1 LAMI&ATE
• In cross7ply laminate the 5ber orientationan#les in alternate layers are <o and <o
• The orientation of each laminate in thecross Hply laminate described as follows(
)* <o
+* <o
.* <o
/* <o
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CROSS7PL1 LAMI&ATE
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S1MMETRIC LAMI&ATE
In a symmetric laminate! the ply7orientation
is symmetric abo"t the centerline of thelaminate
that is ! for each ply above the mid plane! there is
an identical ply at an e$"al distancebelow the mid
plane
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