feeding adaptations of wildlife - university of idaho · ruminants - artiodactyla. sheep. dik dik...
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Feeding adaptations of wildlife
You are what you eat?
Chocolate pudding, Yippee!!!!
Foods eaten shape anatomy, physiology & behavior
Herbivore Carnivore
• Plants• Stationary• Abundant
• Lo energy & time• Hi success• 10,000 bites/day• Hi intake
• Animals• Mobile• Rare
• Hi energy & time• Lo success• Few prey/day• Lo intake
Food Capture
Food Source
“I think I’ll just have a salad”
Herbivore Carnivore
• Lo & variable in protein and energy
• High fiber in cell wall
• Hi & uniform in protein and energy
• No fiber or cell wall
Food Quality
Cellulose molecule
Herbivore Carnivore
• Much chewing• Complex
digestive tract• Energy &
protein from microbial fermentation
• Little chewing• Simple
digestive tract• Energy &
protein from catabolism
Digesting food
Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore
Mammalian Digestive Systems
Mink Domestic dog
Carnivores
Stomach – HCl & pepsin digestion
Large & small intestines - absorption
Other carnivores
Reptile - Alligator Bird - Hawk
Carnivore with carnassial teeth
Hunting styles of carnivores
• Chasing - pursuit• Ambush – “sit and wait”• Solitary vs. group• Dabble• Dive
Pig Rat
OmnivoresStomach – HCl & pepsin digestion
Small intestine - absorption
Cecum – limited microbial fermentation
Colon – absorption
Human as omnivore
Omnivore with Bunodont teeth
Crop - storageProventriculus – HCl/pepsin digestion
Gizzard - grinding
Omnivorous Bird
Small & large intestines - absorption
Rumen-reticulum – microbial fermentation
Omasum – filtering, orifice restricts digesta flow
Abomasum – HCl & pepsin digestion
Large & small intestines – absorption, microbial fermentation
Cecum – microbial fermentation
Herbivores
Herbivore with selenodont teeth
Herbivore with lophodont teeth
Herbivore digestive systems3 places to ferment cellulose
Foregut Hindgut: cecum Hindgut:colon
List of foregut fermenters
• Artiodactyla– Antilocapridae– Bovidae– Camelidae– Cervidae– Giraffidae– Hippopotamidae– Tragulidae
• Marsupialia– Macropodidae– Vombatidae
• Primates– Cercopithidae
• Edentata– Brachypodidae
Ruminants - Artiodactyla
SheepDik dik
antelope
Other foregut fermenters
Kangaroo Colobus monkey Llama
Hoatzin – the flying cow
Crop is modified for foregut
fermentation
List of hindgut fermenters• Proboscidea
– Elephantidae• Perissodactyla
– Equidae– Rhinocerotidae– Tapiridae
• Lagamorpha– Leporidae– Ochotonidae
• Sirenia– Dugongidae– Trichechidae
• Marsupialia– Petauridae– Phalangeridae– Phascolarctidae
• Primates– Callithricidae– Cebidae– Indridae– Lemuridae
• Rodentia– Aplodontidae– Castoridae– Cricetidae– Dasyproctidae– Erethizontidae– Geomyidae– Hystricidae– Muiridae– Octodontidae– Pedetidae– Sciuridae– Thryonomyidae
Small cecal fermenters
Vole Rabbit
Other cecal fementers
Iguana Ruffed grouse
Rhea
Large colon fermenters
Horse Elephant
Distribution of browsers and grazers
Grazer
Intermediate
Browser
Differences between grasses and browses
• Grasses– Thick cell wall– More cellulose in cell
wall– Silica
• Browses– Thin cell wall– More lignin in cell wall– Phenolics, terpenes, &
other toxins
Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Large, subdivided foregut– Smaller true stomach– Smaller cecum & intestines– Wider muzzle & incisors
• Browsers– Small, simple foregut– Larger true stomach– Larger cecum & intestines– Narrower muzzle &
incisors
Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Small opening between reticulum & omasum
• Browsers– Large opening
between reticulum & omasum
Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Sparse uneven papillae in rumen
• Browsers– Dense, even papillae
in rumen
Differences between grazers & browsers• Grazers
– Smaller salivary glands• Browsers
– Larger salivary glands
You eat what you...
are?
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