farm to school
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Farm to SchoolFarm to School
by,by,Fawn MillerFawn Miller
Objectives: Objectives:
To provide information about how farm to school To provide information about how farm to school programs are impacting educationprograms are impacting educationTo provide educators with information about how To provide educators with information about how to to start farm to school programs in their own districtstart farm to school programs in their own districtTo help educators foresee potential obstacles and To help educators foresee potential obstacles and resistance to programsresistance to programs
Ecological Literacy: Ecological Literacy: Rethinking School LunchRethinking School Lunch
Objectives:Objectives:
Establish healthy eating Establish healthy eating habits at an early agehabits at an early age
Buying local, fresh foodBuying local, fresh food
Building an understanding Building an understanding of food preparation and of food preparation and food productionfood production
Integrate nutrition Integrate nutrition education into all subjectseducation into all subjects
Marilyn Briggs
Ecological Education in Action: Ecological Education in Action: Stories from Our Common RootsStories from Our Common Roots
Objectives:Objectives:
Reduce childhood hunger Reduce childhood hunger
Develop and teach sustainable Develop and teach sustainable agricultureagriculture
Connect curriculum between subjectsConnect curriculum between subjects
Build healthier communitiesBuild healthier communities
What are the objectives What are the objectives of Farm to School of Farm to School programs?programs?
Support small family Support small family farmsfarms
Promote healthier food Promote healthier food options in schooloptions in school
Educate students Educate students about food production about food production and preparation and preparation
Why the Need for Farm to Why the Need for Farm to School ProgramsSchool Programs
Childhood obesity between 2000-2004 rose from Childhood obesity between 2000-2004 rose from 13.8% to 16.0%13.8% to 16.0%
Increase in type two diabetes among children, a Increase in type two diabetes among children, a disease that was once considered only an adult disease that was once considered only an adult diseasedisease
2002 U.S. Census of Agriculture reporting a 4% 2002 U.S. Census of Agriculture reporting a 4% decrease in small to medium sized family farmsdecrease in small to medium sized family farms
Loss of over 300,000 farms since 1979Loss of over 300,000 farms since 1979 Research shows that students who are well Research shows that students who are well
nourished and active are more likely to attend nourished and active are more likely to attend and succeed at schooland succeed at school
Reconnect students with the communities in Reconnect students with the communities in which they livewhich they live
What is causing What is causing childhood obesity?childhood obesity?
High fat, fast food optionsHigh fat, fast food options Accessibility to fast food restaurants Accessibility to fast food restaurants Minimum nutritional value snacks Minimum nutritional value snacks School lunchSchool lunch
Sometimes school lunch choices are based more Sometimes school lunch choices are based more heavily on the surplus of crops available oppose to heavily on the surplus of crops available oppose to student nutritionstudent nutrition
Lack of choices of fruits and vegetablesLack of choices of fruits and vegetables Sedentary lifestyleSedentary lifestyle
TV, video games, internetTV, video games, internet Fewer outdoor areasFewer outdoor areas Parental fears about children playing outsideParental fears about children playing outside
Lack of thorough nutrition educationLack of thorough nutrition education
Do farm to school Do farm to school programs work?programs work?
8/8 schools studied found that a farm to 8/8 schools studied found that a farm to school salad bar reduced the daily school salad bar reduced the daily amount of calories, cholesterol, and fat amount of calories, cholesterol, and fat students consumedstudents consumed
Consistently found students consumed Consistently found students consumed more fruits and vegetables per daymore fruits and vegetables per day
5/11 schools studied showed increases in 5/11 schools studied showed increases in participation in school lunches ranging participation in school lunches ranging from 1.3% to 16.0%, the others showed from 1.3% to 16.0%, the others showed no significant changeno significant change
Do farm to school Do farm to school programs work cont?programs work cont?
Students in experimental groups were more likely Students in experimental groups were more likely to choose healthier options in real world to choose healthier options in real world situations, like in the supermarketsituations, like in the supermarket
88% of students in experimental groups, 88% of students in experimental groups, compared to 72% of students in control groups, compared to 72% of students in control groups, were able to identify foods with high sugar were able to identify foods with high sugar contentcontent
After students participated in field trips to local After students participated in field trips to local farms and participated in activities sequencing farms and participated in activities sequencing food production, the number of students who food production, the number of students who properly sequenced the order of food production properly sequenced the order of food production improved from 12% to 52% from the pretest to improved from 12% to 52% from the pretest to post testpost test
Pennsylvania Standards Pennsylvania Standards Addressed by Farm to School Addressed by Farm to School Programs (Environmental)Programs (Environmental)
PA.ENV.4.4.4.B.1 Identify common animals found on PA.ENV.4.4.4.B.1 Identify common animals found on Pennsylvania farmsPennsylvania farms
PA.ENV.4.4.4.B.2 Identify common plants found on PA.ENV.4.4.4.B.2 Identify common plants found on Pennsylvania farmsPennsylvania farms
PA.ENV.4.4.4.D.1 Identify the various tools and machinery PA.ENV.4.4.4.D.1 Identify the various tools and machinery necessary for farmingnecessary for farming
PA.ENV.4.4.10.B Assess the influence of agricultural science on PA.ENV.4.4.10.B Assess the influence of agricultural science on farming practicesfarming practices
PA.ENV.4.4.10.B.1 Compare the practices of no-till farming to PA.ENV.4.4.10.B.1 Compare the practices of no-till farming to traditional soil preparation (e.g., plow, disc)traditional soil preparation (e.g., plow, disc)
PA.ENV.4.4.10.B.3 Analyze and explain how farm efficiencies PA.ENV.4.4.10.B.3 Analyze and explain how farm efficiencies have changed human nutritionhave changed human nutrition
Pennsylvania Standards Pennsylvania Standards Addressed by Farm to School Addressed by Farm to School Programs (Family and Programs (Family and Consumer Science)Consumer Science) PA.FACS.11.3.12.C Evaluate sources of food and PA.FACS.11.3.12.C Evaluate sources of food and
nutrition informationnutrition information
PA.FACS.11.3.12.D Critique diet modifications PA.FACS.11.3.12.D Critique diet modifications for their ability to improve nutritionally-related for their ability to improve nutritionally-related health conditions (e.g., diabetes, lactose-health conditions (e.g., diabetes, lactose-intolerance, iron deficiency)intolerance, iron deficiency)
PA.FACS.11.3.12.F Evaluate the application of PA.FACS.11.3.12.F Evaluate the application of nutrition and meal planning principles in the nutrition and meal planning principles in the selection, planning, preparation and serving of selection, planning, preparation and serving of meals that meet the specific nutritional needs of meals that meet the specific nutritional needs of individuals across their lifespanindividuals across their lifespan
How to purchase locally How to purchase locally grown productsgrown products
Buy directly from local farmersBuy directly from local farmers AdvantagesAdvantages
No middle manNo middle man Can request specific itemsCan request specific items
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Must with work with multiple farmersMust with work with multiple farmers Paperwork can be overwhelming and time consuming Paperwork can be overwhelming and time consuming
for food service stafffor food service staff Buy from a farmer cooperativeBuy from a farmer cooperative
AdvantagesAdvantages Reduces ordering time and paperwork for food service Reduces ordering time and paperwork for food service
staffstaff Can often provide a wider variety of produce on a more Can often provide a wider variety of produce on a more
consistent basisconsistent basis DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Coops do not exist everywhereCoops do not exist everywhere Reduces the amount of interaction with the farmerReduces the amount of interaction with the farmer
How to purchase locally How to purchase locally grown products cont.grown products cont.
Buy from a farmer’s marketBuy from a farmer’s market AdvantagesAdvantages
The freshest produceThe freshest produce Interaction/Communication with farmersInteraction/Communication with farmers
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Does not work well outside of the growing seasonDoes not work well outside of the growing season Labor intensiveLabor intensive
Buy from a traditional distributorBuy from a traditional distributor AdvantagesAdvantages
Billing and ordering to one vendorBilling and ordering to one vendor Distributors can provide additional items, paper goods, Distributors can provide additional items, paper goods,
cleaning supplies, etc.cleaning supplies, etc. DisadvantagesDisadvantages
No interaction with the farmersNo interaction with the farmers Difficult to know if the vendor is always searching for Difficult to know if the vendor is always searching for
locally grown foodlocally grown food
Financial ObstaclesFinancial Obstacles
Cost is often the most difficult obstacle Cost is often the most difficult obstacle for school districts to overcomefor school districts to overcome
Schools districts are often required to put Schools districts are often required to put out bids for food service and except the out bids for food service and except the lowest bidlowest bid
Solutions (Think Small, Be Creative)Solutions (Think Small, Be Creative) One day a week organic or local salad barOne day a week organic or local salad bar Use locally grown produce for home economics Use locally grown produce for home economics
classesclasses Encourage students to plant a community garden Encourage students to plant a community garden
for a graduation projectfor a graduation project Fundraising with local produceFundraising with local produce Cutting out desserts and other snack foodsCutting out desserts and other snack foods
Sources of FundingSources of Funding
Advocacy groupsAdvocacy groups
State and local governmentState and local government
UniversitiesUniversities
Grants for the U.S. Department of Grants for the U.S. Department of AgricultureAgriculture
Philosophical DifferencesPhilosophical Differences
Adversity to “Liberally Minded” programsAdversity to “Liberally Minded” programs Test centric curriculumTest centric curriculum The wrong objectivesThe wrong objectives What are the basics?What are the basics? Resistance to change traditional Resistance to change traditional
instructioninstruction Compartmentalizing curriculumCompartmentalizing curriculum Teaching abstract curriculumTeaching abstract curriculum
Farm to Cafeteria Projects Farm to Cafeteria Projects Act of 2003Act of 2003
Introduced by Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont Introduced by Senator Patrick Leahy of Vermont and Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvaniaand Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania
Provide grants up to $100,000 for schools and Provide grants up to $100,000 for schools and nonprofits to buy local food, equipment for nonprofits to buy local food, equipment for storage and preparation, and training for food storage and preparation, and training for food service staffservice staff
Helps to reduce childhood obesity, by providing Helps to reduce childhood obesity, by providing healthier food options and nutrition educationhealthier food options and nutrition education
No Child Left Inside ActNo Child Left Inside Act
Increase environmental literacyIncrease environmental literacy Reduce childhood obesityReduce childhood obesity Reduce the risk of nature deficient Reduce the risk of nature deficient
disorderdisorder Provide professional development Provide professional development
for educators in environmental for educators in environmental content and field based instructioncontent and field based instruction
Do we need educational reform to Do we need educational reform to support EE and programs like farm support EE and programs like farm to school?to school?
ProsPros Increase government Increase government
fundingfunding EE and nutrition EE and nutrition
education are given education are given credibilitycredibility
Counteracts other Counteracts other policies like No Child policies like No Child Left Behind that Left Behind that narrows curriculumnarrows curriculum
ConsCons How to evaluate How to evaluate
student achievementstudent achievement Limiting curriculum in Limiting curriculum in
EE EE Rushing through Rushing through
curriculum to get curriculum to get through standardsthrough standards
Test centric Test centric curriculumcurriculum
ConclusionConclusion
I believe that farm to school programs areI believe that farm to school programs arevery important to environmental educationvery important to environmental educationand environmental literacy. It isand environmental literacy. It isfundamental that our children understandfundamental that our children understandthe energy and resources that are required the energy and resources that are required to produce our most essential need, food. Into produce our most essential need, food. Inaddition we must provide students with moreaddition we must provide students with moresustainable agricultural practices and instill in sustainable agricultural practices and instill in them lessons about nutrition so they may leadthem lessons about nutrition so they may leadhealthier lives.healthier lives.
CitationsCitations(2005, December). Eat smart farm fresh: A guide to buying and locally- grown produce in (2005, December). Eat smart farm fresh: A guide to buying and locally- grown produce in
school. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from United States Department of Agriculture Web school. Retrieved April 2, 2009, from United States Department of Agriculture Web site: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Guidance/Farm-to-School-Guidance_12-19-2005.pdfsite: http://www.fns.usda.gov/cnd/Guidance/Farm-to-School-Guidance_12-19-2005.pdf
Imas, K. (2004, May 1). A healthy partnership: Innovative farm to school programs Imas, K. (2004, May 1). A healthy partnership: Innovative farm to school programs address childhood nutrition. address childhood nutrition. State NewsState News, Retrieved April 2, 2009, from , Retrieved April 2, 2009, from http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-595984/A-healthy-partnership-innovative-http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-595984/A-healthy-partnership-innovative-farm.htmlfarm.html
Joshi, A., Azuma, A.M, & Feenstra, G. Do farm-to school programs make a difference? Joshi, A., Azuma, A.M, & Feenstra, G. Do farm-to school programs make a difference? Findings and future research needs. Findings and future research needs. Journal of Hunger and Environmental NutritionJournal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition, , 33, , Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19320240802244025. Retrieved March 27, 2009, from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19320240802244025.
Orr, D.W. (1994). Orr, D.W. (1994). Earth in mind: On education, environment, and the human prospectEarth in mind: On education, environment, and the human prospect. . Washington, DC: Island Press. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Smith, G.A., & Williams, D.R. (1999). Smith, G.A., & Williams, D.R. (1999). Ecological education in action: On weaving Ecological education in action: On weaving education, culture, and the environmenteducation, culture, and the environment. Albany, NY: State University of New York . Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Press.
Stone, M.K., & Barlow, Z. (2005). Stone, M.K., & Barlow, Z. (2005). Ecological literacy: Educating our children for a Ecological literacy: Educating our children for a sustainable worldsustainable world. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books. . San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
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