farm and ranch health and safety surveys
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Farm and Ranch Health and Safety Surveys
CS-CASH / USDA NASS Surveys 2011-2015CS-CASH / FMiD Survey 2018
Risto Rautiainen, PhD, Professor (Principal Investigator)Kelsie Musil, MS, Graduate Assistant (Co-Investigator)
Lorena Baccaglini, PhD, Associate Professor (Co-Investigator)
Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (CS-CASH)University of Nebraska Medical Center
Funded by: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NIOSH) U54 OH010162
CS-CASH/NASS CS-CASH/FMiD2011-2015 2018• Mail surveys designed by CS-CASH• Administered by USDA-NASS• Stratified random sample of
operations, 1000 per state• Conducted annually; 2 mailings, no
incentives• Four-page injury survey form• Five annual rounds of data
collected• Data analysis by CS-CASH research
• Online + Mail surveys• Administered by CS-CASH/UNMC• Stratified random sample of
operations, ~2500 per state• First conducted in 2018; 2 emails, 2
mailings, small prizes• Four page injury/illness/exposure/
PPE use form• Planned to continue semi-annually• Data analysis by CS-CASH +
students
Surveys covered a seven-state region
• Iowa• Kansas• Minnesota• Missouri• Nebraska• North Dakota• South Dakota
CS-CASH / USDA-NASS Survey Results 2011-2015
Farm and Ranch Operations
1777
1189
1747
13801161
8771071
49
390
91
251
310
279
414
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska N. Dakota S. Dakota
Num
ber o
f res
pons
esCS-CASH farm and ranch injury survey
Number responding operations by state, 2011-2015 (n=10,986)
Farm RanchSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 to 9 10 to 49 50 to 179 180 to 499 500 to 999 > 1000
Perc
enta
ge
Acres
Operations by size, all states combined
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
< 2500 2500 to 4999 5000 to 9999 10000 to24999
25000 to49999
50000 to99999
> 100000
Perc
enta
ge
Sales ($)
Operations by total sales, all states combined
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
87.1%
6.1% 5.1%1.5%
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Family or Invidual Partnership Incoroporated Other
Type of Organization
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
73.11
67.17
70.06
62.96
71.07
75.47
71.60
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska N. Dakota S. Dakota
Perc
enta
geOperations with internet access
Operators
60.06
52.24
39.64
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3
Average age of operators
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All
Perc
enta
geOperators by gender (%) (n=15,704)
Male FemaleSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3
Perc
enta
geTime operators spend at principal occupation
Farm/Ranch Work Other WorkSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
100% 75-99% 50-74% 25-49% 0-24%
Num
ber o
f ope
rato
rs
Percent of time worked on farm
Percentage of time worked on farm by all operators combined
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
Injuries
7.68
6.726.24
5.66
7.33
8.478.07
7.09
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Iowa Kansas Minnesota Missouri Nebraska N. Dakota S. Dakota All
Inju
ries/
100
pers
on-y
ears
Injury rate for all operators by state, 2011-2015
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
7.53 7.52
6.15
8.15
6.26
7.09
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 All
Inju
ries/
100
pers
on-y
ears
Injury rate by year
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
7.53 7.52
6.15
8.15
6.26
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Inju
ries /
100
per
son-
year
sInjury rate and trend
89%
11%
Injuries by activity
Work
Leisure
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
6%
17%
40%
31%
6%
Injuries by location where injury occurred
Home/Office
Farm Building
Farm Yard
Field/Pasture
Road/Off-Farm
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
8%
5%
11%
26%11%
6%
0%
9%
4%
1%1%
18%
Injuries by cause/source of injury
TractorATVMachineryLivestockHand ToolPower ToolChemical/PesticideWorking SurfaceTruck/AutomobileOther VehicleWaterOther
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
10%
3%
4%
15%
15%11%
13%
18%
1%6%
4%
Injuries by injured body partHead/Neck
Eye
Chest/Trunk
Back
Arm/Shoulder
Finger
Hand/Wrist
Leg/Knee/Hip
Toe
Foot
OtherSource: CS-CASH Injury Survey
34%
16%12%
17%
9%
12%
Injuries by lost time due to disability
None
Less 1/2 a day
1/2 to 1 day
2 to 6 days
7 to 29 days
30 or more days
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
32%
56%
12%
Medical care required
None
Doctor/ClinicVisit
Hospitlization
Source: CS-CASH Injury Survey
CS-CASH / FMiD 2018 Survey Preliminary Results
Characteristics of responding farms and operators• 3209 respondents to mail surveys, 4569 operators• 2420 farms (86.4%), 299 ranches (10.7%), 81 both (2.9%) • Average ages: principal operators 60.9 years, second operators 50.3
years, and third operators 38.6 years of age. • Gender: principal operators 98% male, second operators 50.9% male,
third operators 83.2% male• Primary occupation farming: 89.0% of principal operators, 73.5% of
second operators and 67.6% of third operators
Table 1. Number and rate of injuries by operator
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All operators
Injuries reported 0 2541 937 294 3772
1 333 81 29 443
2 57 10 4 71
3 19 5 24
Total n of injuries 504 116 37 657
N of respondents 2950 1033 327 4310
Rate: Injuries / 100 17.1 11.2 11.3 15.2
12.2
14.6 14.8
17.6 17.6
12.5
15.0 14.4
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
IA KS MN MO ND NE SD Region
Injury Rate by State (Injuries/100 operators)
Table 2. Sources of most serious injuries by operatorOperator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All Operators
Count % Count % Count % Count %Tractor 25 6.3 2 2.2 2 6.5 29 5.6ATV 14 3.5 5 5.5 19 3.7Machinery 67 16.9 21 23.1 6 19.4 94 18.1Truck/other vehicle 19 4.8 5 5.5 1 3.2 25 4.8
Power tool 13 3.3 1 1.1 14 2.7Hand tool 35 8.8 6 6.6 2 6.5 43 8.3Building/structure 15 3.8 4 4.4 19 3.7Ground/floor/surface 37 9.3 7 7.7 2 6.5 46 8.9Livestock 98 24.7 29 31.9 12 38.7 139 26.8Other 74 18.6 11 12.1 6 19.4 91 17.5
0Total number of injuries 397 100 91 100 31 100 519 100
5%4%
18%
5%
3%
8%
4%9%
27%
17%
Sources of Injury, 2018 Survey
TractorATVMachinery Truck/other vehiclePower toolHand toolBuilding/structureGround/floor/surfaceLivestockOther
Table 3. Respiratory conditions diagnosed by physician by operator
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All Operators
Count % Count % Count % Count %
None 2266 80.1 783 80.6 265 86.9 3314 80.7
COPD 58 2.1 7 0.7 1 0.3 66 1.6
Asthma 129 4.6 44 4.5 10 3.3 183 4.5
Farmers lung 87 3.1 6 0.6 0 0 93 2.3
Sinus disease (Sinusitis) 147 5.2 50 5.1 8 0.03 205 5
Nasal inflammation (Rhinitis) 178 6.3 45 4.6 4 1.3 227 5.5
Environmental allergies 228 8.1 106 10.9 26 8.5 360 8.8
Total responses 2829 971 305 4105
Table 4. Diagnosed or self-assessed hearing lossby operator
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All Operators
Count % Count % Count % Count %
None 1013 35.2 669 67.6 246 78.8 1928 46.1
Mild 1174 40.8 240 24.3 46 14.7 1460 34.9
Moderate 596 20.7 69 7 16 5.1 681 16.3
Severe 96 3.3 11 1.1 4 1.3 111 2.7
Total responses 2879 989 312 4180
Table 5. Physician diagnosed skin conditions by operator
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All Operators
Count % Count % Count % Count %
None 2305 80.9 873 89.3 284 91 3462 83.6
Irritant dermatitis 83 2.9 24 2.5 5 1.6 112 2.7
Allergic dermatitis 34 1.2 22 2.2 4 1.3 60 1.4
Skin cancer 396 13.9 53 5.4 18 5.8 467 11.3
Other 61 2.1 16 1.6 2 0.6 79 1.9
Total responses 2850 978 312 4140
Table 6. Other conditions, resulting from extended work periods by operator
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All Operators
Count % Count % Count % Count %
None 1475 52.2 543 55.6 179 58.1 2197 53.5
High stress level 879 31.1 251 25.7 75 24.4 1205 29.3
Sleep deprivation 727 25.7 224 23 63 20.5 1014 24.7
Exhaustion/fatigue 901 31.9 258 26.4 72 23.4 1231 30.0
Other 39 1.4 11 1.1 3 1 53 1.3
Total responses 2825 976 308 4109
Table 7. Musculoskeletal pain or discomfort in different body areas by operator
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All OperatorsCount % Count % Count % Count %
None 951 33.5 430 44.7 182 59.1 1563 38.0Head 130 4.6 50 5.2 16 5.2 196 4.8Cervical 280 9.9 83 8.6 17 5.5 380 9.2Shoulders 788 27.7 176 18.3 38 12.3 1002 24.4Chest 88 3.1 16 1.7 3 1 107 2.6Elbows 200 7 35 3.6 11 3.6 246 6.0Forearms 101 3.6 34 3.5 11 3.6 146 3.6Lumbar 830 29.2 239 24.9 66 21.4 1135 27.6Wrist/hands 408 14.4 112 11.7 19 6.2 539 13.1Thighs 121 4.3 20 2.1 5 1.6 146 3.6Knees 861 30.3 176 18.3 37 12 1074 26.1Legs 292 10.3 69 7.2 14 4.5 375 9.1Ankles/feet 442 15.6 110 11.4 23 7.5 575 14.0Total responses 2840 961 308 4109 100.0
Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) when exposed at high levels (% of time)
Operator 1 Operator 2 Operator 3 All operators
Respiratory 41.3 39.6 39.5 40.8
Hearing 30.6 29.3 29.9 30.3
Chemicals 53.9 52.3 52.3 53.4
Summary of results2011-2015 2018
• 10,986 farms, 15,704 operators• Response rates: 29% to 37%• Avg. injury rate: 7.2 / 100 operators• Avg. medical costs of injury:
• $1,513 out-of-pocket• $7,282 covered by insurance• $8,795 total• $35,180 (*4) incl. indirect costs
• 3,209 farms, 4,669 operators• Response rate: 20%• Injury rate: 14.4 / 100 operators• Avg. medical cost of injury:
• $1,934 out-of-pocket• $11,155 covered by insurance• $13,088 combined• $52,352 (*4) incl. indirect costs
• Prevalence: Respiratory 19%, Hearing 54%, Skin 16%, Stress 29%, Musculoskeletal 3%- 28%
• PPE use: Respiratory 41%, Hearing 30%, Chemicals 53%
Thank you!Risto Rautiainen, PhD, Professor
(Principal Investigator)Kelsie Musil, MS, Graduate Assistant
(Co-Investigator)Lorena Baccaglini, PhD, Associate
Professor (Co-Investigator)
Central States Center for Agricultural Safety and Health (CS-CASH)
University of Nebraska Medical Center
Funded by: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (NIOSH) U54 OH010162
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