fall of communism in eastern europe

The Fall of Communism in Eastern Europe

The West: Post World War I

The Roaring ’20s1. Economic Boom led by the U.S. creates _________________. (Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928)

2. Rise of ____________– radios, automobiles, appliances, advertisements

3. Women lost place in labor force, gained suffrage in Britain, Germany, and the U.S.

consumerism

stability and peace

The Great Depression 1. Proved that economic

achievements were not stable

2. Effects:______________________

____________________________

3. Dealing with Depression:

- U.S. – New Deal, increased power of the federal government

- Rise in socialism and communism

- Rise of fascism and totalitarianism

The Great Depression 1. Proved that economic

achievements were not stable

2. Effects:______________________

____________________________

3. Dealing with Depression:

- U.S. – New Deal, increased power of the federal government

- Rise in socialism and communism

- Rise of fascism and totalitarianism

Economic problems led to _________________ World War II

High unemployment,

inflation, raised national tariffs

Democratic Political Systems: The Spread of Liberal Democracy1. Many nations develop Parliamentary governments (West Germany, Italy, France, Spain,

Portugal, Greece)

Democratic Political Systems: The Spread of Liberal Democracy1. Many nations develop Parliamentary governments (West Germany, Italy, France, Spain,

Portugal, Greece)

Post WWII: Cold War Era

KOREAN WAR 1950 - 1953

A) Communist North Korea crossed the ________________ and invades democratic South Korea.

B) North Korea is driven back by UN peacekeeping forces led by the U.S.C) In 1953, UN forces and North Korea sign a cease-fire agreement

38th Parallel

STALIN DIES IN 1953

Changes After the Death of Stalin

A) ______________________ comes to power.Nikita Khrushchev

B) Begins ______________________ - purging the country of Stalin’s memory- Publically denounces Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens- monuments are destroyed. His body is reburied outside the Kremlin Wall

De-Stalinization

Calls for “peaceful competition” with capitalist states

The Cold War World!The Cold War World! Eastern European

Nations began to push for more

freedoms!

Eastern European

Nations began to push for more

freedoms!

Modification of Nation-State Rivalry:

1. NATO and Warsaw Pact: Alliance systems of democratic West and communist East.

Modification of Nation-State Rivalry:

1. NATO and Warsaw Pact: Alliance systems of democratic West and communist East.

I. Hungary – October 1956

• ____________ formed a new government which promised free elections and demanded Soviet troops leave Hungary.

• Hungarian army joined with protesters to overthrow the Soviet-controlled gov’t.

Imre Nagy

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USSR Crushes Rebellions

• Soviet _______ rolled into Hungary and killed 30,000 Hungarians.

• Soviets replaced the Hungarian government with Soviet leaders.

• Imre Nagy was ______________.• US and UN did nothing to help.

tanks

executed

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USSR Crushes Rebellion

II. Cold War TensionA. 1960 – The ____________________

• Khrushchev cancels summit meeting with Kennedy when a US air force plane is captured in the USSR

U-2 Incident

C. 1962 - __________________________________“We’re eyeball to eyeball and I think the other fellow just

blinked.”• President Kennedy warns the Soviets to remove

missiles from Cuba.• After a tense week, the Soviets pulled missiles out.

B. 1961 - ____________________ erected to prevent the flow of East Germans into West Berlin.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Berlin Wall

What underlining factors do you feel

will be the reason for the downfall of the

Soviet Union? Explain why.

East German border guard Conrad Schumann jumpingover the Berlin Wall on August 15, 1961

East German border guard Conrad Schumann jumpingover the Berlin Wall on August 15, 1961

D. 1964 – Khrushchev voted out, _________________ in!Leonid Brezhnev

E. The United States, under President Johnson, increases its presence in South Vietnam, accusing the Soviets of supporting the communist North.

• In 1968, Prague Spring - Czech communist leader, Alexander Dubcek introduced reforms into the country – Socialism with a human face

• Including freedom of speech and press; freedom to travel aboard. • Promised a gradual movement toward democracy • Soviets invaded, crushed the reforms and replaced Dubcek.

III. Prague Spring - Czechoslovakia – 1968

Prague Spring Revolt

• Unemployment insurance

• National healthcare

• Family housing

• Educational scholarships and grants.

• Nationalism of some industries

• Unemployment insurance

• National healthcare

• Family housing

• Educational scholarships and grants.

• Nationalism of some industries

Increased Government

involvement in economic planning

Increased Government

involvement in economic planning

Belief: Government must provide more to create a stable middle class and prevent mass uprisings.

The Welfare State: _______________________________________________________

The Welfare State: _______________________________________________________Goal was to limit social and economic inequalities

Planning offices developed (except U.S.) led by technocrats

Provided aid for citizens at many income levels – reduction of political protest until the 1960s

Government played a large role and spawned bureaucrats whose existence depended on the growing state structure that runs welfare

U.S.: Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society – created programs for social welfare. Medical care, unemployment insurance, public housing, family assistance.

Planning offices developed (except U.S.) led by technocrats

Provided aid for citizens at many income levels – reduction of political protest until the 1960s

Government played a large role and spawned bureaucrats whose existence depended on the growing state structure that runs welfare

U.S.: Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society – created programs for social welfare. Medical care, unemployment insurance, public housing, family assistance.

The War on Poverty

Deputy Prime Minister of France, Jules Moch

Deputy Prime Minister of France, Jules Moch

The Affluent Society

The Common market and welfare state helped economic recovery after WWII. Increase in agricultural and industrial output results in the need for less workers.

The Common market and welfare state helped economic recovery after WWII. Increase in agricultural and industrial output results in the need for less workers.

-Rise in ______________________________________-Rise in middle class and consumerism created the “______________” – shopping malls and supermarkets-Rise in leisure activities increased (sports, vacations, hobbies), advertising and investing-Rise in immigrant workers – did NOT immediately share in general affluence.

-Rise in ______________________________________-Rise in middle class and consumerism created the “______________” – shopping malls and supermarkets-Rise in leisure activities increased (sports, vacations, hobbies), advertising and investing-Rise in immigrant workers – did NOT immediately share in general affluence.

service industries and state bureaucracies

Affluent Society

The Affluent Society The Whitgift Centre, pictured in 1969 shortly after it opened.

President Nixon helps lessen Cold War tensions- First President to visit Soviet Union and Communist China- Nixon and Brezhnev have a series of meetings called the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT)

Détente, Tension and Economic Strain

1. June 1979 – President Carter and Brezhnev sign the SALT II agreement

2. The Soviets invaded _____________________ that year – the U.S. refused to ratify SALT II and boycotted the 1980 Olympics in Moscow.

Afghanistan

Due to the oil crisis of 1973, the U.S. and U.K. suffered a series of recessions and low economic growth.

Economic Problems

Communist EconomyA. Command Economy – Means of production are controlled by the ___________________:

Very inefficient system, focus on heavy industry NOT ____________________________B. Successful in producing weapons and space technologyC. Failure of collectivized agriculture led to shortages, poverty, and corruptionD. Soviet products were inferior, Workers more concerned about quantity (quotas) than quality. Workers had little incentive to work hard. (No raises, promotions, rewards)

A. Command Economy – Means of production are controlled by the ___________________: Very inefficient system, focus on heavy industry NOT ____________________________

B. Successful in producing weapons and space technologyC. Failure of collectivized agriculture led to shortages, poverty, and corruptionD. Soviet products were inferior, Workers more concerned about quantity (quotas) than quality. Workers had little incentive to work hard. (No raises, promotions, rewards)

governmentconsumer goods

Led to economic stagnation: A lack of economic growth starting in 1970s.

-Led by ___________________ __________________________

-Reduced the impact of the welfare state due to oil crisis and recession during the 1970s.

-Returned many public programs back to the private sector, dismantled big government, lowered taxes.

-Did not end all social programs.

-Led by ___________________ __________________________

-Reduced the impact of the welfare state due to oil crisis and recession during the 1970s.

-Returned many public programs back to the private sector, dismantled big government, lowered taxes.

-Did not end all social programs.

And Ronald Reagan

Clip

Economic Recovery of the West: Conservative Movement

Margaret Thatcher

Belief: Government is too big, spends and taxes too much, and has violated people’s individual rights.

The Gorbachev Years (1985-1991)

After the death of Brezhnev in 1982, followed by the deaths of the next two General Secretaries, Mikhail Gorbachev would become the leader of the Soviet Union in 1985.

First goal – Strengthen Economy:

Gorbachev

•Began rapid technological modernization•Tried to make Soviet Bureaucracy more efficient and responsive•Created incentives to increase worker productivity

The Gorbachev Revolution

1.________________(Openness) –

Gorbachev gave freedom of

expression and information, freedom of the press, right to

criticize the government

Glasnost

Major Reforms

2. _________________ (Restructuring) – Reforms to democratize Soviet political system by allowing multi-candidate elections, secret ballots, and limited free market capitalism, more supply and demand, consumer goods.3. Arms Talks – agreed with United States to destroy all intermediate range Nuclear Missiles – Major thaw in Cold War tension4. Withdrew Soviet troops from ________________ after 9 years of war and occupation.

Perestroika

Afghanistan

Freedom of Eastern Europe: The Crumbling of the Soviet Bloc

What impact will Gorbachev’s reforms have on the Eastern European nations? Why?

What impact will Gorbachev’s reforms have on the Eastern European nations? Why?

Solidarity in Poland

2. __________________ - 1989 allowed free elections – gov’t renounces communist partyHungary

1. Poland – Government allows more freedom and free elections: 1989 – Trade Union ________________ under Lech Walesa wins majority.Solidarity

President Ronald Reagan

3. East Germany – 1989 – East German Communist Politburo resigns. Travel restrictions are lifted and _________________________________. Free Elections lead to unification of Germany in 1990

Berlin Wall comes down!

”It is as if many have again

ignored the fact that an attack on

the freedom of individuals

threatens the freedom of all.”

- Vaclav Havel

4. Czechoslovakia – Politburos resign and free elections lead to collapse of Communism. _______________________________ - Peaceful democratic takeover led by Vaclav

Havel who becomes new president. 5. Bulgaria – Free Elections lead to Communist leader, Todor Zhivkov, to be ousted

Velvet Revolution

6. Romania – Violent revolution over Totalitarian dictator Nicolae Ceausescu Protests gained support of the army and secret police who sided with the people. After a quick trial, Ceausescu was tried and executed on Christmas Day, 1989.

How did Gorbachev’s new reforms affect the Eastern European nations?

How did Gorbachev’s new reforms affect the Eastern European nations?

Changes with Eastern Bloc Nations: The Power of the Powerless!

Numerous ethnic groups – languages, customs, religions. Only half of 285 million were RussianDifficult to unite into one nation without fear or force

Nationalism was stronger than communism – people wanted to rule themselves

NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY

WORKER MORALE

Lack of motivation to produce quality goods

Workers were not given enough to buy basic goods

Many workers became alcoholics – crime rate increased

Mortality rate, divorce rate, inflation, corruption increased

Standard of living declined

Workers were now allowed to criticize the government

FOOD SHORTAGES

Economic reforms were not enough – 1990 rationing

Food was scarce and prices were too high

Long lines for simple goods

Riots broke out

Mass poverty existed

Began import of grain from US and Canada

GlasnostGlasnost means Openness. • It allowed free flow of ideas, no

censorship• Religious freedom• Public criticism of gov’t• Contested elections (secret

ballots)• Release of political prisoners• Books freely printed

“Socialism with a Human Face”

PERESTROIKA

Allowed the following:• Some private property• Some small business – profits• Some Free trade• Local managers more control and authority over farms and factories

Film

Decentralization of economic control

McDonalds in Moscow

•Arms Race was too costly•Conflicts were costly (Afghanistan 1979)•Total employment – no goods•National healthcare – poor coverage•Pressure from Pope John Paul II and Ronald Reagan “Evil Empire” – Star Wars plan

COST OF THE WAR GLOBAL PRESSURE

ATTEMPTED COUP- High level officials (communist hard-liners) wanted Gorbachev to resign in 1991- He refused – the group staged a coup in Moscow by placing Gorbachev under house arrest and sent tanks into Moscow to seize control.- Boris Yeltsin called to the people to resist the coup and gained the support of the military- The Coup was foiled and the USSR soon split into 15 republics – the CIS

Attempted Coup

Attempted Coup Fails

How did Gorbachev’s policies eventually lead to the downfall of his own leadership and the Soviet Union

End of the Soviet Union

Gorbachev was forced to resign.

He was the leader of a country that

no longer existed. After 74 years, the Soviet Union had collapsed. The Cold War was

over.

Gorbachev was forced to resign.

He was the leader of a country that

no longer existed. After 74 years, the Soviet Union had collapsed. The Cold War was

over.

End of the Soviet Union

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

1. European Economic Community: Economic unity – reduced tariffs, free movement of labor and investments2. 1993 – Becomes European Union (EU)3. 2002 – Eurozone -Euro Dollar introduced.

1. European Economic Community: Economic unity – reduced tariffs, free movement of labor and investments2. 1993 – Becomes European Union (EU)3. 2002 – Eurozone -Euro Dollar introduced.

Post Cold War

Not an Easy Transition

Not an Easy Transition

End of Communism?