exploring urban agriculture options for fiji
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Exploring Urban Agriculture Options for Fiji
Carolyn A. Campbell
Global Resource Systems
Faculty of Land and Food Systems
2007
Outline
Terminology
The Fijian Context
Research Questions & Methods
Results
Reflections
Terminology
Food SecurityAvailable, Affordable, Appropriate, Accessible, Safe, Sustainable
Sustainable Development
Urban agriculture/agroforestry
Source: Google Earth (2007)
Source: Google Earth (2007)
The Fijian Context
HistoryBritish ColonizationMarket-orientated developmentLabour and LandPolitical instability
PeopleIndo-FijianIndian FijianOthers
The Fijian Context
Urbanization
Diet Colonization
Food Insecurity
Ecocultural change
Research Questions
Is there a need to supply food grown in urban environments for urban consumption?
What urban agriculture strategies could be employed in urban Fiji?
Methods
In determining a need for urban agriculture:
Basic trade statistics
Food Balance sheets
Health indicators
Government legislation, programs and policies
In suggesting strategies and forecasting drawbacks and benefits
Case studies
Is there a need for UA in Suva?
Home Gardens widespread?
Gardening on 70% “unused” in 1993
So why look into urban agriculture?
Source: Thaman (1993)
Foreign Trade, BOP and External DebtTrade balance (Customs data, US$million) -266.1 -413.8 -630.2 -742.0 -754.2 -671.0Exports of goods (Customs data, US$million) 533.7 649.3 655.6 719.6 746.1 853.2
(% change, previous year) 5.4 21.7 1.0 9.8 3.7 14.4Key export: Sugar (% change in value, previous year) 8.4 11.3 0.4 9.4 -9.6 -16.3Imports of goods (Customs data, US$million) 799.9 1063.1 1285.8 1461.7 1500.3 1524.2
(% change, previous year) 3.4 32.9 20.9 13.7 2.6 1.6Current account balance (US$million) -2.7 -174.3 -448.3 -465.9 -384.7 -254.3
(percent GDP) -0.2 -8.0 -17.4 -17.1 -13.2 -8.2Foreign direct investment (US$million) 19.7 22.7 91.0 -14.1 .. ..Total external debt (US$million) 281 357 357 353 .. ..
(% GDP) 15.7 16.4 13.8 12.9 .. ..Short-term debt (US$million) 36.7 86.1 75.3 75.3 .. ..Debt service ratio (% exports of g&s) 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 .. ..Reserves, including gold (US$million) 359 424 478 315 249 ..
(months of imports of goods and non factor services) 3.6 3.1 3.8 3.9 2.8 ..
2002 2003 2004 2005 /e 2006 /p 2007/p
Year Year Year Year Year Year
Source: World Bank (Nov 2006)
Is there a need for UA in Suva?Trade Statistics
Foreign Trade, BOP and External DebtTrade balance (Customs data, US$million) -266.1 -413.8 -630.2 -742.0 -754.2 -671.0Exports of goods (Customs data, US$million) 533.7 649.3 655.6 719.6 746.1 853.2
(% change, previous year) 5.4 21.7 1.0 9.8 3.7 14.4Key export: Sugar (% change in value, previous year) 8.4 11.3 0.4 9.4 -9.6 -16.3Imports of goods (Customs data, US$million) 799.9 1063.1 1285.8 1461.7 1500.3 1524.2
(% change, previous year) 3.4 32.9 20.9 13.7 2.6 1.6Current account balance (US$million) -2.7 -174.3 -448.3 -465.9 -384.7 -254.3
(percent GDP) -0.2 -8.0 -17.4 -17.1 -13.2 -8.2Foreign direct investment (US$million) 19.7 22.7 91.0 -14.1 .. ..Total external debt (US$million) 281 357 357 353 .. ..
(% GDP) 15.7 16.4 13.8 12.9 .. ..Short-term debt (US$million) 36.7 86.1 75.3 75.3 .. ..Debt service ratio (% exports of g&s) 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 .. ..Reserves, including gold (US$million) 359 424 478 315 249 ..
(months of imports of goods and non factor services) 3.6 3.1 3.8 3.9 2.8 ..
2002 2003 2004 2005 /e 2006 /p 2007/p
Year Year Year Year Year Year
Source: World Bank (Nov 2006)
Is there a need for UA in Suva?Trade Statistics
Is there a need for UA in Suva?Current Events
Job loss
Floods - increase in market food prices
Is there a need for UA in Suva?Current Events
Major Causes of Death Total (2003)
23%
19%
11%8%
7%
12%
8%
5%1%
6%
Disease of the CirculatorySystem Signs, Symptoms and Ill-definedconditions Hypertensive Disease
Ischaemic Heart Disease
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Diabetes Mellitus
Cerebrovascular Disease
Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndromeand Nephrosis Malignant Neoplasms
Pneumonia
Is there a need for UA in Suva? Indicators of Health
Source: Fiji Bureau of Statistics
Major Causes of Death Total (2003)
23%
19%
11%8%
7%
12%
8%
5%1%
6%
Disease of the CirculatorySystem Signs, Symptoms and Ill-definedconditions Hypertensive Disease
Ischaemic Heart Disease
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Diabetes Mellitus
Cerebrovascular Disease
Nephritis, Nephrotic Syndromeand Nephrosis Malignant Neoplasms
Pneumonia
Is there a need for UA in Suva? Indicators of Health
Source: Fiji Bureau of Statistics
Is there a need for UA in Suva? Urbanization and Overweight Prevalences
Source: WHO
Is there a need for UA in Suva? Trends in Dietary Consumption
Dietary Energy Consumption (kcal/person/day)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1969-1971 1979-1981 1990-1992 1995-1997 2001-2003provisional
2002-2004preliminary
Year
kcal/person/day
AustraliaCanadaCubaFiji IslandsNew ZealandSolomon IslandsVanuatu
Source: FAO STAT
Source: WHO
Is there a need for UA in Suva? What’s Changed?
Where have all the roots gone?
Source: WHO (2003)
Is there a need for UA in Suva? Policy Change
Import Substitution
Sector-led
2001 - Indigenous Fijian Village focus
No urban agriculture polices - part of the informal sector
Reflection - Is Urban Agriculture Needed in Suva?
Not necessarily, but it could be a powerful tool
Government could promote increase in vegetable production in rural areas instead
Need to address health trends
Reflection - Is Urban Agriculture Needed in Suva?
Benefits for SuvaEconomic
Increase terms of trade
Potential support the informal sector
Employment
Income generation
Enhances food securityAccess, availability, affordability, appropriate, safe, sustainable
Reflection - Is Urban Agriculture Needed in Suva?
Health BenefitsAffordable healthy food
Lifestyle alteration
Increasing traditional foods - healthier
Social benefitsCultural awareness and tolerance
Regain traditional knowledge
What could UA look like in Suva? Models
How can UA fit into Suva?
Home GardensDemonstrations
Solomon Islands - Ministry of Health
Fruit Gleaning
Securing creation of community gardens
What could UA look like in Suva? Models
Hotel GardensShowcasing traditional gardens
City farms supplying low income areas
Cuba
Latin America
Closing Reflections
Opportunity to re-think how we use our urban space
Opportunity to use urban centres as places for re-valuing and regaining traditional knowledge
Opportunity to change urban dietary habits and lifestyles
References
Earthtrends (2003): “Agriculture and Food - Fiji” Earthtrends Country Profile. Accessed from http://earthtrends.wri.org
FAO (2003). The WTO Agreement on Agriculture: The Implementation Experience - Developing Country Case Studies http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/Y4632E/y4632e0d.htm
Sharma KL, (2006). “Food Security in the South Pacific Island Countries with Special Reference to the Fiji Islands.” World Institute for Development Economic Research. United Nations University.
Batibasaqa, K, Overton, J, Horsely, P, (1999). “Vanua: Land People and Culture in Fiji” ch 8 in, Strategies for Sustainable Development: Experiences form the Pacific. New York: Zed Books.
Kuhlken, R, (2002). “Intensive Agriculture Landscapes of Oceania.” Journal of Cultural Geography. 19(2):161-195.
Overton, J, Murray, W, Ali, I, (1999). “Commodity Production and Unsustainable Agriculture” ch 13 in, Strategies for Sustainable Development: Experiences form the Pacific. New York: Zed Books.
Schultz, JT, (2004). “Globalization, Urbanisation and nutrition transition in a developing island country: a case study in Fiji” in Globalization of Food Systems in Developing Countries: Impact on Food Security and Nutrition (pp.195-214). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Sharma, KL, (2006). “Food Security in the South Pacific Island Countries with Special Reference to the Fiji Islands.” World Institute for Development Economic Research. United Nations University.
Thaman, RR, (1982). “Deterioration of traditional food systems, increasing malnutrition and food dependency in the Pacific Islands.” Journal of Food and Nutrition. 39(3):109-121.
Thaman, RR, (1993). “Pacific Island urban agroforestry” ch 7 in Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands. Tokyo: United Nations University Press.
World Health Organization (2003). “Diet, Food Supply and Obesity in the South Pacific.” Regional office for the Western Pacific. Accessed from: http://www.wpro.who.int/publications/pub_9260610441.htm
Undergoing Undergrad Research - My MURC Experience
Understanding the contexts of the South Pacific before I travel
Getting lost in the data
Stress and Time
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