exploring the tipiṭaka - ancient buddhist texts...499 bce awakening of the buddha 499 bce setting...

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Exploring the Tipiṭaka

1. Traditional Teaching and Preservation of the Tipiṭaka

SOURCES:

Tipiṭaka

Dīpavaṁsa, the Island Lineage

Mahāvaṁsa, the Great Lineage

Samantapāsādika, Vinaya Commentary

Sinhala Mahā Aṭṭhakathā – The Great Commentary

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

544 BCE Passing Away

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

544 BCE Passing Away

544 BCE 1st Council (500 monastics)

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

544 BCE Passing Away

544 BCE 1st Council (500 monastics)

444 BCE 2nd Council (700 monastics)

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

544 BCE Passing Away

544 BCE 1st Council (500 monastics)

444 BCE 2nd Council (700 monastics)

c. 310 BCE 3rd Council (1000 monastics)

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

544 BCE Passing Away

544 BCE 1st Council (500 monastics)

444 BCE 2nd Council (700 monastics)

c. 310 BCE 3rd Council (1000 monastics)

1st c. BCE 4th Council (500 monks)

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

544 BCE Passing Away

544 BCE 1st Council (500 monastics)

444 BCE 2nd Council (700 monastics)

c. 310 BCE 3rd Council (1000 monastics)

1st c. BCE 4th Council (500 monks)

1871 CE 5th Council (2400 monastics)

Timeline:

499 BCE Awakening of the Buddha

499 BCE Setting the Dhamma Wheel Rolling

492 BCE Teaching the Abhidhamma

544 BCE Passing Away

544 BCE 1st Council (500 monastics)

444 BCE 2nd Council (700 monastics)

c. 310 BCE 3rd Council (1000 monastics)

1st c. BCE 4th Council (500 monks)

1871 CE 5th Council (2400 monastics)

1956 CE 6th Council (2500 monastics)

Timeline:

2. The Contents of the Tipiṭaka

Vinaya Piṭaka Sutta Piṭaka Abhidhamma Piṭaka

Tipiṭaka, Three BasketsVinaya

15%Total Pages: 15,577 pgs

Vinaya, 2,240 pgs, 15%

Vinaya Piṭaka Sutta Piṭaka Abhidhamma Piṭaka

Tipiṭaka, Three BasketsVinaya

15%

Sutta53%

Total Pages: 15,577 pgs

Vinaya, 2,240 pgs, 15%

Sutta, 8,503 pgs, 53%

Vinaya Piṭaka Sutta Piṭaka Abhidhamma Piṭaka

Tipiṭaka, Three BasketsVinaya

15%

Sutta53%

Abhidhamma32%

Vinaya, 2,240 pgs, 15%

Sutta, 8,503 pgs, 53%

Abhidhamma, 4,834 pgs, 32%

Total Pages: 15,577 pgs

Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga Bhikkhuṇī Vibhaṅga Mahāvagga Cullavagga

Vinaya Piṭaka, Discipline

Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga

25%

BhikkhuṇīVibhaṅga

17%

Sutta Vibhaṅga

Major Divisions:

Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga Bhikkhuṇī Vibhaṅga Mahāvagga Cullavagga

Vinaya Piṭaka, Discipline

Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga

25%

BhikkhuṇīVibhaṅga

17%Mahāvagga21%

Cullavagga21%

Khandhaka

Sutta Vibhaṅga

Major Divisions:

Parivāra16%

Vinaya Piṭaka, Discipline

Sutta Vibhaṅga37%

Khandhaka47%

Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga Bhikkhuṇī Vibhaṅga Mahāvagga Cullavagga

Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga

25%

BhikkhuṇīVibhaṅga

17%Mahāvagga21%

Cullavagga21%

Parivāra16%

Khandhaka

Sutta Vibhaṅga

Parivāra

Major Divisions:

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine

Majjhimanikāya, Middle-Length Discourses

Dīghanikāya, Long Discourses

Saṁyuttanikāya, Thematic Discourses

Nikāyas:

Aṅguttaranikāya, Numerical Discourses

Khuddakanikāya, Small (or Miscellaneous) Books

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine

Mahāvagga, 10 Discourses

Sīlakkhandavagga, 13 Discourses

Pāthikavagga, 11 Discourses

Dīghanikāya Divisions:

DīghaLong10%

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine

Majjhimapaṇṇāsa, 50 Discourses

Mūlapaṇṇāsa, 50 Discourses

Uparipaṇṇāsa, 52 Discourses

Majjhimanikāya Divisions:

DīghaLong10%

MajjhimaMiddle Length

17%

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

Sutta Piṭaka, DoctrineMajor Divisions:

Nidānavagga, 10 Themes

Sagāthāvagga, 11 Themes

Khandhavagga, 13 Themes

Saḷāyatanavagga, 10 Themes

Maggavagga, 12 Themes

DīghaLong10%

MajjhimaMiddle Length

17%

SaṁyuttaThematic

18%Buddhaghosa, 7,762 Discourses

Bhikkhu Bodhi, 2,904 Discourses

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine DīghaLong10%

MajjhimaMiddle Length

17%

SaṁyuttaThematic

18%

AṅguttaraNumerical

20%

Numbers Increasing from 1-11

Buddhaghosa, 9,557 Discourses

Bhikkhu Bodhi, 8,122 Discourses

Divisions:

Parivāra16%

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine

Sutta Vibhaṅga37%

Khandhaka47%

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

SaṁyuttaThematic

18%

AṅguttaraIncreasing Number

20%

KhuddhakaShort35%

MajjhimaMiddle Length

17%

Khuddakanikāya:

DīghaLong10%

Early Texts, 4 (5) Books

Verse Texts, 8 Books

Commentary-Type, 3 (6) Books

Parivāra16%

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine

Sutta Vibhaṅga37%

Khandhaka47%

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

SaṁyuttaThematic

18%

AṅguttaraIncreasing Number

20%

KhuddhakaShort35%

MajjhimaMiddle Length

17%

DīghaLong10%

(Khuddakapāṭha)DhammapadaUdānaItivuttakaSuttanipāta

Early Texts:

Khuddakanikāya:

Parivāra16%

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine

Sutta Vibhaṅga37%

Khandhaka47%

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

SaṁyuttaThematic

18%

AṅguttaraIncreasing Number

20%

KhuddhakaShort35%

MajjhimaMiddle Length

17%

DīghaLong10%

VimānavatthuPetavatthuTheragāthāTherīgāthāJātakaApadānaBuddhavaṁsaCariyāpiṭaka

Verse Texts:

Khuddakanikāya:

Parivāra16%

Sutta Piṭaka, Doctrine

Sutta Vibhaṅga37%

Khandhaka47%

Dīgha Nikāya Majjihma Nikāya Saṁyutta Nikāya Aṅguttara Nikāya Khuddaka Nikāya

SaṁyuttaThematic

18%

AṅguttaraIncreasing Number

20%

KhuddhakaShort35%

MajjhimaMiddle Length

17%

DīghaLong10%

MahāniddesaCūḷaniddesaPaṭisambhidāmagga

MilindapañhaNettippakaraṇaPeṭakopadesa

Commentary-Type Texts:

Khuddakanikāya:

Parivāra16%

Sutta Vibhaṅga37%

Khandhaka47%

Therīgāthā Apadāna Buddhavaṁsa Cariyāpiṭaka Jātaka

(Khuddakapāṭha)DhammapadaUdānaItivuttakaSuttanipātaVimānavatthuPetavatthuTheragāthāTherīgāthāJātaka ApadānaBuddhavaṁsaCariyāpiṭaka

Total Verses:

72423

77263

1,1491,291

8231,279

5226,9055,228

960372

19,364

JātakaBirth Stories

35%

ApadānaTraditions

27%

Khuddaka Nikāya

Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Paṭṭhāna

Abhidhamma PiṭakaAbstract Teaching

Dhammasaṅgaṇī 7%

Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Paṭṭhāna

Abhidhamma PiṭakaAbstract Teaching

Dhammasaṅgaṇī 7%Vibhaṅga 10%

Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Paṭṭhāna

Abhidhamma PiṭakaAbstract Teaching

Dhammasaṅgaṇī 7%Vibhaṅga 10%

Dhātukathā 0.3%

Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Paṭṭhāna

Abhidhamma PiṭakaAbstract Teaching

Dhammasaṅgaṇī 7%Vibhaṅga 10%

Dhātukathā 0.3%Puggalapaññatti 0.5%

Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Paṭṭhāna

Abhidhamma PiṭakaAbstract Teaching

Dhammasaṅgaṇī 7%Vibhaṅga 10%

Dhātukathā 0.3%Puggalapaññatti 0.5%Kathāvatthu 10%

Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Paṭṭhāna

Abhidhamma PiṭakaAbstract Teaching

Dhammasaṅgaṇī 7%Vibhaṅga 10%

Dhātukathā 0.3%Puggalapaññatti 0.5%Kathāvatthu 10%Yamaka 21%

Dhātukathā Puggalapaññatti Kathāvatthu Yamaka Paṭṭhāna

Abhidhamma PiṭakaAbstract Teaching

Dhammasaṅgaṇī 7%Vibhaṅga 10%

Dhātukathā 0.3%Puggalapaññatti 0.5%Kathāvatthu 10%Yamaka 21%

Paṭṭhāna 50%

3. Alternative Perspectives

Timelines:Life of the Buddha 624-544 BCE

Life of the Buddha 566-486 BCE

Ascension of Aśoka c. 327 BCE, c. 310 BCE 3rd Council

Ascension of Aśoka c. 268 BCE, c. 251 BCE 3rd Council

Timelines:

Ascension of Aśoka c. 268 BCE, c. 251 BCE 3rd Council

Life of the Buddha 506-426 BCE

1st Council (Mahākassapa)

2nd Council (Yasa)

3rd Council (Moggaliputtatissa)

4th Council (Mahārakkhita)

5th Council (U Jagarabhivaṁsa) 1871

6th Council (U Revata) 1956

1st Council (Mahākassapa)

2nd Council (Yasa)

3rd Council (Moggaliputtatissa)

4th Council (Mahinda)

5th Council (Mahārakkhita)

6th Council (Hikkaduwe Śrī Sumangala) 1865

Councils:Sri Lankan Tradition:

1st Council (Mahākassapa)

2nd Council (Yasa)

3rd Council (Moggaliputtatissa)

4th Council (Mahārakkhita)

5th Council (U Jagarabhivaṁsa) 1871

6th Council (U Revata) 1956

1st Council (Mahākassapa)

2nd Council (Yasa)

3rd Council (Moggaliputtatissa)

Thai Tradition (Saṅgītavaṁsa, 1789):

4th Council (Mahinda)

5th Council (Mahārakkhita)

6th Council (Buddhaghosa)

7th Council (Mahākassapa, 1143)

8th Council (1477)

9th Council (1788)

Councils:

Tipiṭaka/Tripiṭaka:

Tipiṭaka closed by around 2nd c. BCE

and Commentaries kept separate

Mahāyāna Tripiṭaka includes later Sūtras, Śāṣṭra,

Tantra, Dhāraṇī, etc

Vinaya Piṭaka:

(Pātimokkha)

Bhikkhu Vibhaṅga

Bhikkhuṇī Vibhaṅga

Khandhaka

Parivāra

Prātimokṣasūtra

Bhikṣu Vibhaṅga

Bhikṣuṇī Vibhaṅga

Khandhaka

?

Pāḷi Tradition Other Traditions

Prātimokṣasūtra:

Pāḷi (Pi) 4 13 2 30 92 4 75 7 227

Sarvāstivāda (Skt) 4 13 2 30 90 4 113 7 263

Sarvāstivāda (ZH) 4 13 2 30 90 4 108 7 257

Vinayavibhāṣā (ZH) 4 13 2 30 90 4 91 7 241

Mūla Sarvāstivāda (ZH) 4 13 2 30 90 4 98 7 248

Mahāvyutpatti (Skt-Tib) 4 13 2 30 90 4 98 7 248

Dharmagupta (ZH) 4 13 2 30 90 4 100 7 250

Mahīśāsaka (ZH) 4 13 2 30 91 4 100 7 251

Kaśyapīya (ZH) 4 13 2 30 90 4 96 7 246

Mahāsāṅghika (ZH) 4 13 2 30 92 4 66 7 218

Pār Saṁgh Ani NiḥPāt Pāt Prati Śaikṣa Adhi Total

Sutta Piṭaka:

Dīgha Nikāya

Majjhima Nikāya

Saṁyutta Nikāya

Aṅguttara Nikāya

Khuddaka Nikāya

Dīrgha Āgama (Dharmaguptaka, Mūlasarvāstivāda)

Madhyama Āgama (Sarvāṣṭivāda)

Saṁyukta Āgama (Sarvāṣṭivāda, Kāśyapīya, ?)

Ekottara Āgama (Sarvāṣṭivāda/Mahāsāṁghika)

Kṣudraka Āgama (Dharmaguptaka)

Pāḷi Tradition Other Traditions

Dīgha Nikāya, 34 Suttas

Majjhima Nikāya, 152 Suttas

Saṁyutta Nikāya, 2,904 Suttas

Aṅguttara Nikāya, 8,122 Suttas

Khuddaka Nikāya, 19 books

Dīrgha Āgama, 30, 47 Sūtras

Madhyama Āgama, 222 Sūtras

Saṁyukta Āgama, 1,362 Sūtras (364, 27)

Ekottara Āgama, ?

Kṣudraka Āgama, 14 books

Pāḷi Tradition Other Traditions

Sutta Piṭaka:

Pāḷi Dīgha Nikāya:

DN 14 ≈ DĀ 1DN 15 ≈ DĀ 13DN 16 ≈ DĀ 2

DN 17 ≈ DĀ 2DN 18 ≈ DĀ 4DN 19 ≈ DĀ 3DN 20 ≈ DĀ 19

DN 21 ≈ DĀ 14DN 22 ≈ DĀ 31DN 23 ≈ DĀ 7

DN 24 ≈ DĀ 15DN 25 ≈ DĀ 8DN 26 ≈ DĀ 6

DN 27 ≈ DĀ 5DN 28 ≈ DĀ 18DN 29 ≈ DĀ 17DN 30

DN 31 ≈ DĀ 16DN 32DN 33 ≈ DĀ 9DN 34 ≈ DĀ 10

DN 1 ≈ DĀ 21DN 2 ≈ DĀ 27DN 3 ≈ DĀ 20

DN 4 ≈ DĀ 22DN 5 ≈ DĀ 21DN 6

DN 7

DN 8 ≈ DĀ 25DN 9 ≈ DĀ 28DN 10DN 11 ≈ DĀ 24

DN 12 ≈ DĀ 29

DN 13 ≈ DĀ 26

Dīgha Nikāya, 34 Sūtras ≈ Chinese Dīrgha Āgama, 30 Sūtras

Chinese Dīrgha Āgama:30 Sūtras ≈ Dīgha Nikāya, 34 Sūtras

DĀ 11DĀ 12DĀ 13 ≈ DN 15

DĀ 14 ≈ DN 21

DĀ 15 ≈ DN 24DĀ 16 ≈ DN 31DĀ 17 ≈ DN 29

DĀ 18 ≈ DN 28DĀ 19 ≈ DN 20DĀ 20 ≈ DN 3

DĀ 21 ≈ DN 1DĀ 22 ≈ DN 4DĀ 23 ≈ DN 5

DĀ 24 ≈ DN 11DĀ 25 ≈ DN 8DĀ 26 ≈ DN 13DĀ 27 ≈ DN 2

DĀ 28 ≈ DN 9DĀ 29 ≈ DN 12DĀ 30

DĀ 1 ≈ DN 14DĀ 2 ≈ DN 16DĀ 3 ≈ DN 19

DĀ 4 ≈ DN 18DĀ 5 ≈ DN 27DĀ 6 ≈ DN 26

DĀ 7 ≈ DN 23

DĀ 8 ≈ DN 25DĀ 9 ≈ DN 33DĀ 10 ≈ DN 34

Sanskrit Dīrgha Āgama:47 Sūtras ≈ Dīgha Nikāya, 34 Sūtras

DĀ 11 ≈ MN 4DĀ 12 ≈ MN 12

DĀ 13 ≈ DN 18

DĀ 14 ≈ DN 19DĀ 15 ≈ DN 28DĀ 16 ≈ DN 29DĀ 17 ≈ MN 102

DĀ 18DĀ 19 ≈ MN 95DĀ 20 ≈ MN 35DĀ 21 ≈ MN 85DĀ 22 ≈ MN 100DĀ 23 ≈ DN 32

DĀ 24 ≈ DN 20

DĀ 25DĀ 26DĀ 27 ≈ DN 12

DĀ 28DĀ 29 ≈ DN 11DĀ 30 ≈ DN 7

DĀ 1 ≈ DN 34DĀ 2DĀ 3 ≈ DN 33

DĀ 4DĀ 5 ≈ DN 14DĀ 6 ≈ DN 16

DĀ 7 ≈ MN 60

DĀ 8DĀ 9 ≈ DN 24DĀ 10 ≈ MN 105

DĀ 31DĀ 32 ≈ DN 6DĀ 33 ≈ DN 4DĀ 34 ≈ DN 5DĀ 35 ≈ DN 3DĀ 36 ≈ DN 9

DĀ 37DĀ 38 ≈ MN 51DĀ 39

DĀ 40DĀ 41DĀ 42 ≈ DN 10DĀ 43 ≈ MN 55DĀ 44 ≈ DN 2DĀ 45 ≈ DN 13DĀ 46 ≈ DN 8DĀ 47 ≈ DN 1

Satipaṭṭhānasutta MN 10 ≈ MĀ 98:

Contemplation of Body

Postures (2)Full Awareness (3)Counter the Unwholesome

Forcible Mind ControlBreathing (1)Four JhānasPerception of Light

NimittaRepulsiveness (4)6 Elements (5)

Charnel Grounds (6)

Breathing (5)Postures (1)

Full Awareness (3)

Repulsiveness (9)Elements (9)

Charnel Grounds (10)

Madhyama ĀgamaMajjhima Nikāya

Contemplation of Feelings

Pleasant, Painful, NeutralBodily, MentallyWorldly, Unworldly

Sensual, Non-Sensual

Pleasant, Painful, NeutralWorldly, Unworldly

Madhyama ĀgamaMajjhima Nikāya

Satipaṭṭhānasutta MN 10 ≈ MĀ 98:

Contemplation of Mind

Passionate, Not PassionateAngry, Not AngryDeluded, Not Deluded

Defiled, Not DefiledCollected, ScatteredGreat, Not Great

Cultivated, Uncultivated

Concentrated, Not Concentrated

Liberated, Not Liberated

Passionate, Not PassionateAngry, Not Angry

Deluded, Not Deluded

Collected, ScatteredGreat, Not Great

Madhyama ĀgamaMajjhima Nikāya

Surpassable, Not Surpassable

Concentrated, Not Concentrated

Liberated, Not Liberated

Satipaṭṭhānasutta MN 10 ≈ MĀ 98:

Contemplation of (the Nature of) Things

Sense-SpheresHindrances

Factors of Awakening

Hindrances

Components

Madhyama ĀgamaMajjhima Nikāya

Sense-Spheres

Factors of Awakening

Noble Truths

Satipaṭṭhānasutta MN 10 ≈ MĀ 98:

Abhidhamma Piṭaka:

Dhammasaṅgaṇī

Vibhaṅga

Dhātukathā

Puggalapaññatti

Kathāvatthu

Saṅgītiparyāya

Dharmaskandha

Prajñāptiśāstra

Dhātukāya

Vijñāṇakāya

Pāḷi Tradition Sarvāṣṭivāda

Yamaka

Paṭṭhāna

Prakaraṇapāda

Jñānaprasthāna

Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra

Abhidharmakośabhāṣya

Tipiṭaka