explain the use of crude oil as a source of hydrocarbons, as well as their uses. explain that the...

• Explain the use of crude oil as a source of hydrocarbons, as well as their uses.

• Explain that the hydrocarbons in crude oil are separated using fractional distillation.

• Explain, in terms of van der Waals’ forces, the variations in the boiling points of different alkanes.

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Oil prices hit a record high in July 2006

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Fractionating column

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Effect of increasing chain length on the boiling points of alkanes

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Effect of branching on the boiling points of alkanes

• Describe the combustion of alkanes.

• Explain the incomplete combustion of alkanes.

• Describe catalytic cracking to obtain more useful alkanes and alkenes from long-chain hydrocarbons.

• Describe further processing to form branched alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons.

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Possible cracking reaction of dodecane, C12H26

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Isomerisation reaction for pentane

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Reforming process for pentane into cyclopentane

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Reforming process for pentane into cyclopentane

• Contrast the value of fossil fuels with an over-reliance on non-renewable fossil fuel reserves.

• Examine the importance of developing renewable plant-based fuels, such as alcohols and biodiesel.

• Contrast the value of fossil fuels with increased CO2 levels, leading to global warming and climate change.

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Uses of crude oil

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• Describe the substitution of alkanes in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.

• Describe how homolytic fission leads to the mechanism of radical substitution in alkanes.

• Explain the limitations of radical substitution in synthesis.

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