experience of empire: eighteenth-century america america: past and present chapter 4
Post on 14-Dec-2015
213 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRE: EXPERIENCE OF EMPIRE: EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY AMERICAAMERICA
America: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present
Chapter 4Chapter 4
Growth and DiversityGrowth and Diversity
1700-1750--colonial population rises from 1700-1750--colonial population rises from 250,000 to over two million250,000 to over two million
Much growth through natural increase Much growth through natural increase Large influx of non-English EuropeansLarge influx of non-English Europeans
Ethnic Cultures of the Ethnic Cultures of the BackcountryBackcountry
800 miles along Appalachian Range from 800 miles along Appalachian Range from western Pennsylvania to western western Pennsylvania to western GeorgiaGeorgia
Already populated by Native Americans Already populated by Native Americans and African Americansand African Americans
Large influx of European immigrants in Large influx of European immigrants in the eighteenth centurythe eighteenth century
Scotch-Irish Flee English Scotch-Irish Flee English OppressionOppression
Many from Northern IrelandMany from Northern Ireland Concentrate on the Pennsylvania frontier Concentrate on the Pennsylvania frontier
and Shenandoah Valleyand Shenandoah Valley Often regarded as a disruptive elementOften regarded as a disruptive element
Germans Search for a Better Germans Search for a Better LifeLife
Fled from warfare in GermanyFled from warfare in Germany Admired as peaceful, hard-working Admired as peaceful, hard-working
farmersfarmers Tried to preserve German language, Tried to preserve German language,
customs customs Aroused the prejudice of English Aroused the prejudice of English
neighbors neighbors
Convict Settlers Convict Settlers Transportation Act of 1718 allows judges Transportation Act of 1718 allows judges
to send convicted felons to American to send convicted felons to American coloniescolonies
50,000 convicts to America 1718-177550,000 convicts to America 1718-1775 some felons were dangerous criminalssome felons were dangerous criminals most committed minor crimes against property most committed minor crimes against property life difficult for transported convictslife difficult for transported convicts
British praise system, colonists deplore itBritish praise system, colonists deplore it
Native Americans Stake Out a Native Americans Stake Out a Middle GroundMiddle Ground
Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Many eastern Indians moved into trans-Appalachian regionAppalachian region a "middle ground" where no colonial power a "middle ground" where no colonial power
was yet establishedwas yet established Remnants of different Indian peoples Remnants of different Indian peoples
regrouped, formed new nationsregrouped, formed new nations European trade eventually weakened European trade eventually weakened
collective resistance to European collective resistance to European aggressionaggression
Spanish Borderlands of the Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth CenturyEighteenth Century
Spain occupied a large part of America Spain occupied a large part of America north of Mexico since sixteenth centurynorth of Mexico since sixteenth century
Range from Florida Peninsula to Range from Florida Peninsula to CaliforniaCalifornia
Indian resistance, lack of interest limited Indian resistance, lack of interest limited Spanish presenceSpanish presence
Never a secure political or military hold Never a secure political or military hold on borderlands on borderlands
Conquering the Northern Conquering the Northern FrontierFrontier
1692—final establishment of Spanish 1692—final establishment of Spanish rule in New Mexico after Poprule in New Mexico after Popéé’s revolt ’s revolt (1680)(1680)
1818thth-century St. Augustine a Spanish -century St. Augustine a Spanish military outpost unattractive to settlersmilitary outpost unattractive to settlers
1769—belated Spanish mission 1769—belated Spanish mission settlements in California to prevent settlements in California to prevent Russian claimsRussian claims
Peoples of the Spanish Peoples of the Spanish BorderlandsBorderlands
Slow growth of Spanish population in Slow growth of Spanish population in borderlandsborderlands
Spanish influence architecture, languageSpanish influence architecture, language Spanish influence over Native AmericansSpanish influence over Native Americans
Spanish exploit native laborSpanish exploit native labor Indians live in proximity to Spanish as Indians live in proximity to Spanish as
despised lower classdespised lower class Indians resist conversion to CatholicismIndians resist conversion to Catholicism
The Impact of European Ideas The Impact of European Ideas on American Cultureon American Culture
Change in eighteenth-century coloniesChange in eighteenth-century colonies Growth of urban cosmopolitan cultureGrowth of urban cosmopolitan culture Aggressive participation in consumptionAggressive participation in consumption
Provincial CitiesProvincial Cities
Urban areas included Boston, Newport, Urban areas included Boston, Newport, New York, Philadelphia, and Charles New York, Philadelphia, and Charles Town Town
Economies were geared to commerceEconomies were geared to commerce Inhabitants took lead in adopting new Inhabitants took lead in adopting new
fashions, the latest luxuriesfashions, the latest luxuries Emulated British architectureEmulated British architecture Cities attract colonists seeking Cities attract colonists seeking
opportunityopportunity
American EnlightenmentAmerican Enlightenment
An intellectual movement stressing An intellectual movement stressing reasoned investigation of beliefs and reasoned investigation of beliefs and institutions institutions optimistic view of human natureoptimistic view of human nature view cosmos as orderly result of natural lawsview cosmos as orderly result of natural laws belief in perfectibility of the worldbelief in perfectibility of the world search for practical ways of improving lifesearch for practical ways of improving life
Mixed reception in AmericaMixed reception in America
Benjamin FranklinBenjamin Franklin
Franklin (1706-1790) epitomized Franklin (1706-1790) epitomized provincial, urban cultureprovincial, urban culture
Became a writer by emulating British Became a writer by emulating British literatureliterature
Achieved wealth through printing Achieved wealth through printing businessbusiness
Dedicated to practical uses of reason, Dedicated to practical uses of reason, sciencescience
Economic TransformationEconomic Transformation
Rising demand for English, West Indian Rising demand for English, West Indian goodsgoods
Colonists paid for imports byColonists paid for imports by exporting tobacco, wheat, and rice exporting tobacco, wheat, and rice purchasing on creditpurchasing on credit
Dependence on commerce led to colonial Dependence on commerce led to colonial resentment of English regulationsresentment of English regulations
England restricted colonial manufacture or England restricted colonial manufacture or trade of timber, sugar, hats, and iron.trade of timber, sugar, hats, and iron.
Birth of a Consumer SocietyBirth of a Consumer Society
English mass-production of consumer English mass-production of consumer goods stimulated rise in colonial imports goods stimulated rise in colonial imports
Wealthy Americans began to build up Wealthy Americans began to build up large debts to English merchantslarge debts to English merchants
Intercolonial, West Indian trade earn Intercolonial, West Indian trade earn colonists the surplus needed for importscolonists the surplus needed for imports
Inter-colonial commerce gave Americans a Inter-colonial commerce gave Americans a chance to learn about one anotherchance to learn about one another
Religious Revivals in Religious Revivals in Provincial SocietiesProvincial Societies
The Great Awakening was a series of The Great Awakening was a series of revivalsrevivals revival: a phenomenon among Protestant revival: a phenomenon among Protestant
Christians characterized by large meetings Christians characterized by large meetings where large numbers experience religious where large numbers experience religious conversion in response to gifted preachingconversion in response to gifted preaching
People began to rethink basic People began to rethink basic assumptions about church and state, assumptions about church and state, institutions and societyinstitutions and society
The Great AwakeningThe Great Awakening
Awakening occurred among many Awakening occurred among many denominations in different places at denominations in different places at different timesdifferent times New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the New England in the 1730s, Virginia in the
1750s and 1760s1750s and 1760s Jonathan Edwards was a prominent Jonathan Edwards was a prominent
minister during this time minister during this time His sermons encouraged people to examine His sermons encouraged people to examine
their eternal destinytheir eternal destiny
The Voice of Popular Religion The Voice of Popular Religion
George Whitefield symbolized the revivalsGeorge Whitefield symbolized the revivals Whitefield preached outdoor sermons to Whitefield preached outdoor sermons to
thousands of people in nearly every colonythousands of people in nearly every colony Itinerants disrupted established churchesItinerants disrupted established churches Laypeople, including women and blacks, gain Laypeople, including women and blacks, gain
chance to shape their own religious institutionschance to shape their own religious institutions The Awakening promoted a democratic, The Awakening promoted a democratic,
evangelical union of national extentevangelical union of national extent
The Voice of Popular The Voice of Popular Religion (2)Religion (2)
Most revivalists well-trained ministersMost revivalists well-trained ministers Revivalists found Princeton, Dartmouth, Revivalists found Princeton, Dartmouth,
Brown, and RutgersBrown, and Rutgers Revivalists held optimistic attitudes Revivalists held optimistic attitudes
toward America's religious role in world toward America's religious role in world historyhistory
Fostered American patriotismFostered American patriotism
Clash of Political CulturesClash of Political Cultures
Colonists attempted to emulate British Colonists attempted to emulate British political institutions political institutions
Effort led to discovery of how different Effort led to discovery of how different they were from the English peoplethey were from the English people
The English ConstitutionThe English Constitution
The British Constitution universally The British Constitution universally admiredadmired not a written document, but a system of not a written document, but a system of
government based on statute and common government based on statute and common lawlaw
Believed to balance monarchy, Believed to balance monarchy, aristocracy and democracyaristocracy and democracy
Balance believed to guarantee libertiesBalance believed to guarantee liberties
The Reality of British PoliticsThe Reality of British Politics
Less than 20% of English males could Less than 20% of English males could votevote
Members of Parliament notorious for Members of Parliament notorious for corruption and briberycorruption and bribery
““Commonwealthmen” criticized Commonwealthmen” criticized corruption, urged return to truly balanced corruption, urged return to truly balanced constitution constitution
Governing the Colonies: Governing the Colonies: The American Experience The American Experience
Colonists attempt to model England’s Colonists attempt to model England’s balanced constitutionbalanced constitution
Royal governorsRoyal governors most incompetent most incompetent most bound by instructions from Englandmost bound by instructions from England possessed little patronage for buying votespossessed little patronage for buying votes little power to force their will little power to force their will
Governors’ councils steadily lose Governors’ councils steadily lose influenceinfluence
Colonial AssembliesColonial Assemblies
Elected officials depended on popular Elected officials depended on popular sentimentsentiment
Assemblies more interested in pleasing Assemblies more interested in pleasing constituents than in obeying the governorconstituents than in obeying the governor
Assemblies controlled all means of raising Assemblies controlled all means of raising revenuerevenue
Assemblies jealously guarded their rightsAssemblies jealously guarded their rights Assemblies held more popular support than Assemblies held more popular support than
governorgovernor
Colonial Assemblies (2)Colonial Assemblies (2)
Commerce, communication, religion Commerce, communication, religion broaden colonists’ horizons by 1754broaden colonists’ horizons by 1754
Colonial law courts increasingly adopt Colonial law courts increasingly adopt English usageEnglish usage
Growing awareness of ideas, institutions, Growing awareness of ideas, institutions, problems shared with England, each problems shared with England, each otherother
Century of Imperial WarCentury of Imperial War
British Americans increasingly drawn into British Americans increasingly drawn into European conflict during eighteenth European conflict during eighteenth century century
Main opponents: France and SpainMain opponents: France and Spain British colonies militarily superior to New British colonies militarily superior to New
France but ineffectiveFrance but ineffective
King William's King William's and Queen Anne's Warsand Queen Anne's Wars
King William’s War (1689-1697): French King William’s War (1689-1697): French frontier raids on New York, New Englandfrontier raids on New York, New England
Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713): French Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713): French frontier raids on North, Spanish Southfrontier raids on North, Spanish South
Wars settled nothingWars settled nothing France subsequently extended its American France subsequently extended its American
empire from Canada into Louisianaempire from Canada into Louisiana
King George's War and Its King George's War and Its AftermathAftermath
Fought 1743-1748Fought 1743-1748 Embroiled colonists more extensively Embroiled colonists more extensively
than earlier warsthan earlier wars 1745--New England troops captured Fort 1745--New England troops captured Fort
Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island 1748--Louisbourg returned to France by 1748--Louisbourg returned to France by
Treaty of Aix-la-ChappelleTreaty of Aix-la-Chappelle 1750s--fresh conflict over Ohio Valley1750s--fresh conflict over Ohio Valley
Albany Congress and Albany Congress and Braddock's DefeatBraddock's Defeat
Albany Congress, 1754--Benjamin Albany Congress, 1754--Benjamin Franklin propose plan for a central Franklin propose plan for a central government government
Albany Plan disliked by English and Albany Plan disliked by English and Americans, failsAmericans, fails
1755--General Edward Braddock leads 1755--General Edward Braddock leads force to drive French from Ohio Valley force to drive French from Ohio Valley
Braddock’s army ambushed, destroyedBraddock’s army ambushed, destroyed
Seven Years' WarSeven Years' War
1756--England declares war on France 1756--England declares war on France Prime Minister William Pitt leads English Prime Minister William Pitt leads English
to concentrate on North America to concentrate on North America 1759--Quebec captured1759--Quebec captured 1763--Peace of Paris cedes to Great 1763--Peace of Paris cedes to Great
Britain all North America east of Britain all North America east of MississippiMississippi
Perceptions of WarPerceptions of War
Colonists realize how strong they could Colonists realize how strong they could be when they worked togetherbe when they worked together
English learn that Americans took forever English learn that Americans took forever to organize, easier to command to organize, easier to command obedienceobedience
Rule Britannia? Rule Britannia?
Most Americans bound to England in Most Americans bound to England in 17631763
Ties included Ties included British cultureBritish culture British consumer goodsBritish consumer goods British evangelists British evangelists British military victories British military victories
Empire seemed bound by affectionate Empire seemed bound by affectionate ties ties
top related