exceptions & exception handling use sparingly. things you can do with exceptions: 1. define a...

Exceptions & exception handlingUse sparingly.

Things you can do with exceptions:1. Define a new exception class.2. Create an exception instance.3. Throw an exception.4. Declare that an exception may be thrown (in a

particular function).5. Handle the possibility that an exception may

be thrown.

1. Define a new exception classextend Exception (or extend a subclass of

Exception)See

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/lang/Exception.html.

This creates a new type.All have a ctor w/ a single String arg.Each has an accessor method called

getMessage() that returns the String from the ctor arg.

Define a new exception class example//typical sample codepublic class DivisionByZeroException extends Exception {

public DivisionByZeroException ( ) {super( “Division by zero!” );

}

public DivisionByZeroException ( String message ) {super( message );

}}

Define a new exception class example (w/ more information)

public class BadNumberException extends Exception {

private int mBadNumber;

public BadNumberException ( ) {super( “BadNumberException”

);}

public BadNumberException ( String message ) {

super( message );}

public BadNumberException ( int number ) {

super( “BadNumberException” );mBadNumber = number;

}

public int getBadNumber ( ) {return mBadNumber;

}

}

2. Create an exception instanceEx.

new Exception( “Uh oh!” );Exception e = new Exception( “Rats!” );

3. Throw an exceptionEx.

throw new Exception( “Invalid value.” );

Exception e = new Exception( “Invalid age.” );throw e;

4. Declare (a method that indicates) that an exception may be thrownEx.

public int f ( int x ) throws Exception {…

}

5. Handle the possibility that an exception may be thrownThe try-catch blocks:

try {…

} catch (Exception e) {…

}

Exercises1. What is the output produced by the following

code?int waitTime = 46;try {

System.out.println( “Try block entered.” );if (waitTime>30)

throw new Exception( “Over 30.” );else if (waitTime<30)

throw new Exception( “Under 30.” );else

System.out.println( “No exception.” );System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” );

} catch (Exception thrownObject) {System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() );

}System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises2. What is the output produced by the following code?

int waitTime = 12;

try {

System.out.println( “Try block entered.” );

if (waitTime>30)

throw new Exception( “Over 30.” );

else if (waitTime<30)

throw new Exception( “Under 30.” );

else

System.out.println( “No exception.” );

System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” );

} catch (Exception thrownObject) {

System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() );

}

System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises3. What are the throw statements (below)?

int waitTime = 12;

try {System.out.println( “Try block entered.” );if (waitTime>30)

throw new Exception( “Over 30.” );else if (waitTime<30)

throw new Exception( “Under 30.” );else

System.out.println( “No exception.” );System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” );

} catch (Exception thrownObject) {System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() );

}System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises4. What happens when a throw statement is

executed? This is a general question. Tell what happens in general, not simply what happens in the code below or some other sample code.

int waitTime = 12;try {

System.out.println( “Try block entered.” );if (waitTime>30)

throw new Exception( “Over 30.” );else if (waitTime<30)

throw new Exception( “Under 30.” );else

System.out.println( “No exception.” );

System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” );} catch (Exception thrownObject) {

System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() );}System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises5. What is the try block (below)?

int waitTime = 12;

try {System.out.println( “Try block entered.” );if (waitTime>30)

throw new Exception( “Over 30.” );else if (waitTime<30)

throw new Exception( “Under 30.” );else

System.out.println( “No exception.” );System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” );

} catch (Exception thrownObject) {System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() );

}System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises6. What is the catch block (below)?

int waitTime = 12;

try {System.out.println( “Try block entered.” );if (waitTime>30)

throw new Exception( “Over 30.” );else if (waitTime<30)

throw new Exception( “Under 30.” );else

System.out.println( “No exception.” );System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” );

} catch (Exception thrownObject) {System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() );

}System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises7. What is the catch block parameter (below)?

int waitTime = 12;

try {System.out.println( “Try block entered.” );if (waitTime>30)

throw new Exception( “Over 30.” );else if (waitTime<30)

throw new Exception( “Under 30.” );else

System.out.println( “No exception.” );System.out.println( “Leaving try block.” );

} catch (Exception thrownObject) {System.out.println( thrownObject.getMessage() );

}System.out.println( “After catch block.” );

Exercises8. Is the following legal?

Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( “Oops!” );

Exercises9. Is the following legal?

Exception exceptionObject = new Exception( “Oops!” );

throw exceptionObject;

Try-catch blocks examplesRecall the Integer class (see

http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/lang/Integer.html).What method do we use to convert a String into an

int?What happens if the String does not contain an int?Try it.

What happens when we walk off of the end of an array?Can you avoid this behavior?

Useful exception subclassesArrayIndexOutOfBoundsExceptionNumberFormatExceptionIOExceptionNoSuchMethodExceptionFileNotFoundException

Exercises10. Define an exception class called

PowerFailureException.

The class should have a ctor w/ no parameters. If an exception is thrown with this zero-argument ctor, getMessage should return “Power Failure!”

The class should also have a ctor w/ a single parameter of type String. If an exception is thrown w/ this ctor, then getMessage returns the value that was used as an argument to the ctor.

Exercises11. Define an exception class called

TooMuchStuffException.

The class should have a ctor w/ no parameters. If an exception is thrown with this zero-argument ctor, getMessage should return “Too much stuff!”

The class should also have a ctor w/ a single parameter of type String. If an exception is thrown w/ this ctor, then getMessage returns the value that was used as an argument to the ctor.

Exercises12. Suppose the exception class ExerciseException is

defined as follows:public class ExerciseException extends Exception { public ExerciseException ( ) { super("Exercise Exception thrown!"); System.out.println("Exception thrown."); } public ExerciseException ( String message ) { super(message); System.out.println( "ExerciseException invoked with an

argument."); }}What output would be produced by the following code

(which is just an exercise and not likely to occur in a program)?

ExerciseException e = new ExerciseException( “Do be do” );System.out.println( e.getMessage() );

Exercises14. Suppose the exception class MyException is defined as follows:public class MyException extends Exception { public MyException ( ) { super("My Exception thrown!"); }

public MyException ( String message ) { super("MyException: " + message); }}What output would be produced by the following code?int number;try { System.out.println( “try block entered” ); number = 42; if (number>0) throw new MyException( “Hi Mom!” ); System.out.println( “leaving try block” );} catch (MyException exceptionObject) { System.out.println( exceptionObject.getMessage() );}System.out.println( “end of example.” );

Exercises15. Suppose the exception class MyException is defined as follows:public class MyException extends Exception { public MyException ( ) { super("My Exception thrown!"); }

public MyException ( String message ) { super("MyException: " + message); }}What output would be produced by the following code?int number;try { System.out.println( “try block entered” ); number = 42; if (number>0) throw new MyException( “Hi Mom!” ); System.out.println( “leaving try block” );} catch (Exception exceptionObject) { //was MyException System.out.println( exceptionObject.getMessage() );}System.out.println( “end of example.” );

Exercises16. Suppose the exception class MyException is defined as follows:public class MyException extends Exception { public MyException ( ) { super("My Exception thrown!"); }

public MyException ( String message ) { super("MyException: " + message); }}What output would be produced by the following code?int number;try { System.out.println( “try block entered” ); number = -58; //was 42 if (number>0) throw new MyException( “Hi Mom!” ); System.out.println( “leaving try block” );} catch (MyException exceptionObject) { System.out.println( exceptionObject.getMessage() );}System.out.println( “end of example.” );

Multiple catch blocksMore general form of try-catch blocks:try {

…} catch (NegativeNumberException e) {

…} catch (DivisionByZeroException e) {

…}The order of catch blocks is important as they are

evaluated in sequence. So put most specific first.

Exercises19. What output will be produced by the

following code?

public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception{ public NegativeNumberException ( ) { super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); }

public NegativeNumberException ( String message )

{ super( message ); }}

int n;try { n = 42; if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new

NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” );} catch (NegativeNumberException e)

{ System.out.println( “first catch” );} catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “second catch” );}System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

Exercises20. What output will be produced by the

following code?

public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception{ public NegativeNumberException ( ) { super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); }

public NegativeNumberException ( String message )

{ super( message ); }}

int n;try { n = -42; //was 42 if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new

NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” );} catch (NegativeNumberException e)

{ System.out.println( “first catch” );} catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “second catch” );}System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

Exercises21. What output will be produced by the

following code?

public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception{ public NegativeNumberException ( ) { super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); }

public NegativeNumberException ( String message )

{ super( message ); }}

int n;try { n = 0; //was 42 if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new

NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” );} catch (NegativeNumberException e)

{ System.out.println( “first catch” );} catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “second catch” );}System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

ExercisesWhat output will be produced by the

following code?

public class NegativeNumberException extends Exception{ public NegativeNumberException ( ) { super( "Negative Number Exception!“ ); }

public NegativeNumberException ( String message )

{ super( message ); }}

int n;try { n = -42; //was 42 if (n > 0) throw new Exception(); else if (n < 0) throw new

NegativeNumberException(); else System.out.println( “bingo!” );} catch (Exception e) { System.out.println( “first catch” );} catch (NegativeNumberException e)

{ System.out.println( “second catch” );}System.out.println( “end of exercise” );

Throwing exceptions in methods Methods can

throw exceptions, and/or call methods that throw exceptions.

Catch or declare rule: Such a method must then contain a try-catch block (already discussed),

and/or the function heading must specify that the method

may throw an exception. The catch or declare rule is not always enforced.

1. Checked exceptions (descendents of Exception)2. Unchecked exceptions (descendents of

RuntimeException)

Declare (a method that indicates) that an exception may be thrownEx.

public int f ( int x ) throws Exception {…

}

public boolean g ( )throws DivideByZeroException, SomeOtherException

{…

}

Useful methods that may throw exceptionsWhat method can be used to convert strings

to integers?

Open a file for reading (see http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/io/FileInputStream.html)

The Scanner class (see http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Scanner.html#nextInt())

finally clauseMost general form of try-catch-finally blocks:try {

…} catch (ExceptionClass1 e) {

…} catch (ExceptionClass2 e) {

…} catch (ExceptionClassn e) {

…} finally {

//code executed whether or not an exception was thrown…

}

finally clauseThree cases:

1. no exception occurs in the try block

2. an exception occurs in the try block and is caught

3. an exception occurs in the try block but doesn’t match any catch

Exercisespublic class FinallyDemo { public static void main ( String[] args ) { try { exerciseMethod( 42 ); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println( "Caught in main.“ ); } }

public static void exerciseMethod ( int n ) throws Exception { try { if (n > 0) throw new Exception( ); else if (n < 0) throw new NegativeNumberException( ); else System.out.println( "No Exception." ); System.out.println( "Still in sampleMethod." ); } catch (NegativeNumberException e) { System.out.println( "Caught in sampleMethod." ); } finally { System.out.println( "In finally block." ); } System.out.println( "After finally block." ); }}

29. What is the output of the following program? What would be the output if the argument to exerciseMethod was -42 instead of 42. How about 0?

Exercises22. What is the output produced by the following program?public class Exercise { public static void main ( String[] args ) { try { System.out.println( "Trying" ); sampleMethod( 98.6 ); System.out.println( "Trying after call." ); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println( "Catching." ); }

System.out.println( "End program." ); }

public static void sampleMethod ( double test ) throws Exception { System.out.println( "Starting sampleMethod." ); if (test < 100) throw new Exception( ); }}

Exercises23. What is the output produced by the following program?public class Exercise { public static void main ( String[] args ) { try { System.out.println( "Trying" ); sampleMethod( 212 ); //was 98.6 System.out.println( "Trying after call." ); } catch(Exception e) { System.out.println( "Catching." ); }

System.out.println( "End program." ); }

public static void sampleMethod ( double test ) throws Exception { System.out.println( "Starting sampleMethod." ); if (test < 100) throw new Exception( ); }}

Exercises24. Correct the following method definition by

adding a suitable throws clause:

public static void doStuff ( int n ) {if (n<0)

throw new Exception( “Negative number.” );

}

25. What happens if an exception is thrown inside a method invocation but the exception is not caught inside the method?

Exercises30. What is the output of the following?import java.util.Scanner;import java.util.InputMismatchException;

public class InputMismatchExceptionDemo { public static void main ( String[] args ) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner( System.in ); int number = 0; //to keep compiler happy boolean done = false;

while (! done) { try { System.out.println( "Enter a whole number:" ); number = keyboard.nextInt(); done = true; } catch (InputMismatchException e) { keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.println( "Not a correctly written whole number.“ ); System.out.println( "Try again. " ); } }

System.out.println( "You entered " + number ); }}

Exercisesimport java.util.Scanner;import java.util.InputMismatchException;

public class InputMismatchExceptionDemo { public static void main ( String[] args ) { Scanner keyboard = new Scanner( System.in ); int number = 0; //to keep compiler happy boolean done = false;

while (! done) { try { System.out.println( "Enter a whole number:" ); number = keyboard.nextInt(); done = true; } catch (InputMismatchException e) { keyboard.nextLine(); System.out.print( "Not a correctly written “); System.out.println( “whole number.“ ); System.out.println( "Try again. " ); } }

System.out.println( "You entered " + number ); }}

31. Give the definition for the following method. Use code similar to this code.

/**

Precondition: keyboard is an object of the class Scanner that has been set up for keyboard input (as we have been doing right along).

Returns: An int value entered at the keyboard. If the user enters an incorrectly formed input she or he is prompted to reenter the value.

*/

9-43

/** Chapter 9 question 1 * Question1Average.java * * This program calculates the average of N numbers and throws * an exception if a negative number is entered for N. If any * exception occurs while entering a number, the user will be prompted * for the number again. * */

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Question1Average{ public static void main(String[] args) {

// Variable declarations Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); int n = 0; int sum = 0; double average; boolean error;

9-44

// Loop until there is no error do {

try{ error = false; // Assume no error System.out.println("How many numbers do you

want to enter?");

n = scan.nextInt();

if (n <= 0 ) throw new Exception("Number must be greater than 0.");

} //end try

catch (Exception e) // Catch any exception and print { // the error message

error = true;System.out.println(e.getMessage());

} //end catch } while (error);

9-45

// Loop through each number and calculate the average

for (int i=0; i<n; i++) {

// Repeat input as long as there is an errordo{

try{ error = false; // Assume no error System.out.println("Enter number " + (i+1)); int num = scan.nextInt(); sum += num;}catch (Exception e){ // Set error flag if an exception occurs error = true; System.out.println("Error, please enter the number again.");

// Read newLine remaining from nextIntString temp = scan.nextLine();}

} while (error); }// end for

average = (double) sum / n; System.out.println("\nThe average is " + average);

} //end main} // Question1Average