exam 1 is next week wed. march 2rd

Exam 1 is next weekWed. March 2rd

Practice questions will be posted on the webpage this Friday

Review session on Tuesday (3/1) evening- time/room TBA

Major groups within Eudicots

Monocots BasalEudicots

Caryophyllids Rosids Asterids

Eudicots

Next: Caryophyllidae

Caryophyllaceae

Opuntia

Lewisia

Polygonaceae Chenopodium

More floral terms

connate/fusedsyncarpous

free and distinctapocarpous

Gynoecium fusion examples

Fusion of the gynoecium

monocarpousapocarpoussyncarpous (fused carpels)

1 carpel multipleunfused carpels

increasingly fused carpels -->each with 3 locules (chambers)

Placentation (arrangement of ovules within ovary)

lateral axile parietal free central

basal

apical

loculeseptum

Subclass Caryophyllidae

Monocots BasalEudicots

Caryophyllids Rosids Asterids

Eudicots

Next: Caryophyllidae

Caryophyllaceae

Cactaceae

Lewisia

Polygonaceae Chenopodium

Key featuresIn Montana: 9th largest --> 14 genera, ~65 species

Life history: annual or perennial herbs, several weedy

Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family

SaponariaSilene acaulis

Leaves: opposite, simple & entire

nodes often swollen

Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family

Arenaria

Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family

Inflorescences: often solitary

Flowers: regular, usually bisexualsome Silene unisexual (dioecious)

Silene

Stellaria

Flower charactersSepals: 5, often connate

Petals: 5, unfused

Stamens: 5 or 10; usually free & distinct

Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family

Agrostemma

blade

Distinctive “clawed” petals in some genera

claw

Notched or “pinked” petalsone petal

Carpels: 2-5; connate or fused => 1 ovary

superior ovary w/ free central placentation

Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family

Caryophyllaceae - Carnation (Pink) family

Fruit type: capsule = dry, dehiscent fruit from a gynoecium w/ >2 carpels

Calyx sometimes inflated

Silene (or Lychnis)

Flowers may be unisexual

Key featuresIn Montana: 7 genera, 16 species

Habit: herbs; sometimes fleshy/succulent

often w/corms, rhizomes or taproots

Leaves: basal, alternate or opposite; usually simple

“Portulacaceae” - Purslane family

Claytonia Portulaca

Lewisia rediviva- Bitterroot - leaves basal, thickened- round in cross-section

- large taproot

- flowers solitary from base- flowers bisexual, regular

- The root was an important food resource for native peoples

Lewisia rediviva - Bitterroot Sepals: 2 - 10, subtended by bracts

Petals: many, unfused, straplike

Stamens: many, unfused

Gynoecium: ovary superior

1 fused pistil w/ multiple styles

Lewisia rediviva- Bitterroot Fruit type: a capsule

Worldwide: widespread in temperate/tropical New World

In Montana: 2-3 genera, <10 species

Habit: spiny succulents of deserts, dry places; epiphytes

Cactaceae - Cactus family

Stems: modified for photosynthesis and H2O storage

Leaves: usually lacking (or modified into bristles)

**Use Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve H2O --> only open stomates to fix CO2 at night

Cactaceae - Cactus family

areolae

clusters of bristles and spines

Inflorescences: often solitary

Flowers: usually regular

bisexualsunken into modified stem

Cactaceae - Cactus family

Flower charactersSepals: ; distinct

Petals: ; distinct

Stamens: ; distinct

Agrostemma

Cactaceae - Cactus family

spiralled

Flower characters

Carpels: 3 - ; fused

stigma often lobed

Agrostemma

Cactaceae - Cactus family

Hypanthium

(floral cup)

Inferior ovary Agrostemma

Cactaceae - Cactus family

CactaceaeFruit type: berry

Opuntia - Prickly Pear Cactus - flowers radially symmetric, large & usually yellow

- stems usually flattened

- native species low-growing

O. fragilis

Opuntia - Prickly Pear Cactus

Amaranthaceae - Amaranth family(includes Chenopodiaceae)

Key featuresIn Montana: 17 genera, <50 species (most in Chenopodium)

Habit: mostly herbs, some shrubs

Often in disturbed areas, poor soils (e.g. Atriplex)

Atriplex (Saltbush) Chenopodiumsalt glands

Amaranthaceae - Amaranth familylots of crops

spinach

beets

amaranth

amaranth seeds

Habit: herbs, very branchy

Stems: ridged, angular

Leaves: alternate, simple

Agrostemma

Chenopodium - Goosefoot, Lamb’s Quarters

leaf shape variableoften w/white undersides

C. album

Flowers

Mostly bisexual; radial; reducedArranged in dense, “mealy” spikesSepals: 5Petals: 0 or 5Stamens: 2-5Pistil: 1 superior ovary, 2-3 styles

Agrostemma

Chenopodium - Goosefoot

Kochia scoparia (burning bush or summer-cypress)

PolygonalesNepenthaceae -

tropical pitcher plantsDroseraceae -

sundews and venus flytraps

Drosera - 2 species in Montana

Carnivorous plants -- get nutrients from trapped insects as well as soil

Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family

In Montana: 12th largest -- 5 genera, ~55 species

Habit: mostly herbs, some shrubs

Leaves: simple; alternate or basal

Eriogonum Rumex

Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family

Sheathing stipule (ocrea)

Rumex

Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family

Inflorescences: variable

Flowers: regular, often bisexual

Tepals: 3 - 6 (look like sepals)

Stamens: 3 - 9

Gynoecium:1 pistil, 1-3 stylessuperior ovary

Polygonaceae - Buckwheat family Fruit type: achene- usually triangular Rumex

Polygonum - Knotweeds

~20 species in Montanaseveral non-native/invasive

- tiny flowers - sheathing stipules at nodes

Eriogonum - Buckwheats E. flavum

~20 species in Montana>50 species in Rockies!

Habit: perennial herbs - often mat-like or creeping - taproot/woody root crown

Leaves: basal, simple, entire- often hairy/fuzzy- no ocreas

Eriogonum - Buckwheats Inflorescence:compound umbel w/involucres(bracty cup at base)

umbel compound umbel

involucre = cup of bracts at base of inflorescence

Eriogonum

Flowers:regular, bisexual

Tepals: 6, connate or distinct

Stamens: 9

Gynoecium:1 pistil, 3 styles

Color: very variable, even within species (white, pink, yellow)

Fruit: 3-angled achene

Exam 1 – next Wednesday

primarily short-answer questionsdefine/use terminology and concepts

-- don’t forget the systematics/taxonomy lecture material!

identify parts/terms in drawings

-- life histories/habits, roots, leaves & stems, flowers, fruits

identify families/genera from descriptions

-- Plants-to-know list up to & including today’s plants

distinguish families/genera using key features

recognize families/genera from line drawings

GENUS ECOLOGY/LIFE HISTORY LEAV ES CONES/SEEDS OTHER NOTES

TAXACEAE

Taxus understory trees/large shrubscoastal disjunct species (wet)dioecious

flat, dark green needlesappear 2-ranked

no coneseed surroundedby fleshy red aril

source of taxolred, peeling bark

CUPRESSACEAE

Thuja large forest treescoastal disjunct species (wet)monoecious

tiny flattened scale-likeleaves infan-shaped sprays

small (1”) conescones point up

timber tree (W.Red Cedar)

Juniperus understory/alpine shrubs orsmall trees of open rangedioecious

1 sp. scalelike1 sp. more needlelikefoliage often silvery

small, berrylikecones (bird-dispersed)

PINACEAE

(all monoecious)Pinus

(>5 species)trees, often largesome subalpine speciesothers in dry montane

needles in fascicles (2-5long needles in bundle)P. ponderosa = 3 (or 2)P. contorta = 2 (short)P. albicaulis = 5P. monticola = 5P. flexilis = 5

female coneslarge and woody

seeds an importantfood source forwildlife

Larix trees, often large1 alpine sp., one montanedeciduous

needles short (< 2”),triangular,in clusters of >15

cones small(<1.5”) w/conspicuous 3-pointed bracts

Tsuga trees, often large1 sp. coastal disjunct (wet)

short flattish needles(different lengths)

cones small (1”)roundish

Pseudotsuga large forest trees, very broadgeographic and climate range

flat needles (in bottlebrush usually)

cones skinny w/conspicuous 3-pointed bracts

buds red/brown,bark furrowed onolder trees

Abies treessubalpine sp. (A. lasiocarpa)often stunted or spire-like

flat needles w/ blunt endwhite stripes on back ofneedles

cylindrical conespoint upcone-scales drop(no whole coneson groud)

buds and conesoften covered inwaxy resin

Picea large trees short, sharp needlesdiamond-shaped in crosssection

cones hang downcone scalesflexible

bark grey, flatscales