european judicial systems 2002 facts and figures on the basis of a survey conducted in 40 council of...
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European Judicial Systems 2002
Facts and figures on the basis of a survey conducted in 40 Council of Europe Member States
Tasks of the CEPEJ
• ..to improve the efficiency and functioning of justice systems.. (statute, art. 1)
• ..to examine the results achieved by the different judicial systems..
• ..by using common statistical criteria and means of evaluation..
• ..to identify concrete ways to improve the measurement and functioning.. (statute, art.2)
Tasks of the CEPEJ (2)
• ..identifying and developing indicators..
• ..collecting and analysing quantitative and qualitative data..
• ..defining measures and means of evaluation..
• ..drawing up reports, statistics..
40 contributing countries
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
LiechtensteinMoldova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
FYROM
Turkey
Ukraine
Malta
England & Wales
SM-Serbia
Northern Ireland
Scotland
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
LiechtensteinMoldova
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
FYROM
Turkey
Ukraine
Malta
England & Wales
SM-Serbia
Northern Ireland
Scotland
A variety of systems..
• unified / centralised systems
• federalist / decentralised systems
• stable systems and systems in transition
A practical approach...
• A broad variety of subjects and little detail• Focus on what the systems have in
common: courts, judges, public prosecutors, lawyers and the public expenditure on the system
• No conceptual framework• Simple pictures and tables
Number of general jurisdiction 1st instance courts, per million inhabitants
19,910,6
12,2
13,1
5,3
10,28,9
14,7
15,615,3
1,210,0
8,8
8,410,2
14,7
18,5
35,7
10,920,1
28,023,4
18,2
5,2
14,9
10,9
27,8
12,8
22,0
35,7
15,12,6
13,4
16,9
29,5
8,1
11,2
22,5
53,8
18,4
18,0
19,910,6
12,2
13,1
5,3
10,28,9
14,7
15,615,3
1,210,0
8,8
8,410,2
14,7
18,5
35,7
10,920,1
28,023,4
18,2
5,2
14,9
10,9
27,8
12,8
22,0
35,7
15,12,6
13,4
16,9
29,5
8,1
11,2
22,5
53,8
18,4
18,0
judges per 20.000 inhabitantsAndorra
7,1 Lithuania 3,9
Armenia
1,1 Malta
1,8
Austria
4,3 Moldova
2,6
Azerbaijan
0,8 Netherlands
2,3
Bulgaria
4,0 Norway
2,9
Croatia
8,2 Poland
4,1
Czech Republic
5,3 Portugal
3,0
Denmark
1,4 Romania
3,4
Estonia
3,5 Russian Federation
2,4
Finland
3,4 Slovak Republic
4,6
France
2,1 Slovenia
7,9
FYROM
6,3 SM-Serbia
6,7
Georgia
1,4 Spain
2,0
Germany
5,1 Sweden
3,8
Hungary
5,4 Switzerland
2,6
Iceland
3,3 Turkey
1,5
Ireland
0,6 Ukraine
3,1
Italy
2,3 UK-England&Wales
0,8
Latvia
3,4 UK-Northern Ireland
0,7
Liechtenstein
16,5 UK-Scotland
0,9
public prosecutors per 20.000 inhabitants
Andorra 1,2 Liechtenstein 4,1
Armenia 2,4 Lithuania 5,0
Austria 0,5 Malta 0,3
Azerbaijan 2,4 Moldova 4,3
Bulgaria 2,8 Netherlands 0,7
Croatia 2,2 Norway 0,2
Czech Republic 2,1 Poland 2,9
Denmark 2,1 Portugal 2,3
Estonia 2,4 Romania 1,9
Finland 1,3 Slovak Republic 2,7
France 0,5 Slovenia 1,7
FYROM 1,9 SM-Serbia 1,9
Georgia 4,8 Spain 0,8
Germany 1,5 Sweden 1,5
Hungary 2,8 Switzerland 0,8
Iceland 2,4 Turkey 1,0
Italy 0,8 UK-England & Wales 0,9
Latvia 5,6 Ukraine 4,2
lawyers per 100.000 inhabitants
102
46
33
200
15
668
25
3282
77141
69
7253
29
117
66
8473
47 78225
157
159
68
80
33
61
6496
177
180
197
219
301
59
259
41
102
46
33
200
15
668
25
3282
77141
69
7253
29
117
66
8473
47 78225
157
159
68
80
33
61
6496
177
180
197
219
301
59
259
41
Expenditure on Courts & Legal Aid as a percentage of Public Expenditure
UK
-Eng
land
& W
ales
Den
mar
k
FY
RO
M
Irel
and
Geo
rgia
Tur
key
Aze
rbai
jan
Sw
eden
Net
herla
nds
Fin
land
Mol
dova
Italy
Fra
nce
Est
onia
Latv
ia
Arm
enia
Bul
garia
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Hun
gary
Ger
man
y
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Ukr
aine
Aus
tria
Sw
itzer
land
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Por
tuga
l
Lith
uani
a
And
orra
Cro
atia
Liec
hten
stei
n
Rom
ania
Slo
veni
a
Pol
and
Nor
way
0,0%
0,5%
1,0%
1,5%
2,0%
2,5%
3,0%
courtbudget aidbudget
An approach directed at further improvement
• national reporters as ‘owners’ of the data provided; no changes without their consent
• transparency regarding the raw data used and their sources
• availability of data sets for further analysis and use in related research
Cost of the system
• the report focuses on public expenditure..
• ..although the systems vary in the way tasks have been allocated as public or private functions
• we can compare what states spend on justice..
• ..but we can not see what citizens really pay for justice
Public expenditure on courts and legal aid (in euro per inhabitant)
3,67
58,74
5,48
3,79
52,98
68,32
21,86
13,33
51,03
32,98
36,17
46,76
6,99
10,08
109,660,83
53,67
62,36
17,76
49,92
30,43
11,35
56,02
0,66
70,69
7,17
30,59 37,05
1,04
23,57
71,30
35,95
298,01
2,32
4,62
3,67
58,74
5,48
3,79
52,98
68,32
21,86
13,33
51,03
32,98
36,17
46,76
6,99
10,08
109,660,83
53,67
62,36
17,76
49,92
30,43
11,35
56,02
0,66
70,69
7,17
30,59 37,05
1,04
23,57
71,30
35,95
298,01
2,32
4,62
Costs of the system (2)
• Comparison of ‘real money’ spent becomes blurred by money exchange rates and inflation
• this problem is solved by developing ratio’s which have financial values in both numerator and denominator
Expenditure on Courts & Legal Aid as a percentage of Public Expenditure
UK
-Eng
land
& W
ales
Den
mar
k
FY
RO
M
Irel
and
Geo
rgia
Tur
key
Aze
rbai
jan
Sw
eden
Net
herla
nds
Fin
land
Mol
dova
Italy
Fra
nce
Est
onia
Latv
ia
Arm
enia
Bul
garia
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Hun
gary
Ger
man
y
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Ukr
aine
Aus
tria
Sw
itzer
land
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Por
tuga
l
Lith
uani
a
And
orra
Cro
atia
Liec
hten
stei
n
Rom
ania
Slo
veni
a
Pol
and
Nor
way
0,0%
0,5%
1,0%
1,5%
2,0%
2,5%
3,0%
courtbudget aidbudget
Expenditure, per inhabitant, as a percentage of gross average salary
UK
-En
gla
nd
& W
ale
s
Aze
rba
ijan
Ire
lan
d
Tu
rke
y
No
rwa
y
Mo
ldo
va
Icela
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
La
tvia
Fra
nce
Geo
rgia
Fin
lan
d
Arm
en
ia
Ukr
ain
e
Sw
itze
rlan
d
Sw
ed
en
Germ
an
y
Bu
lga
ria
Lith
ua
nia
Ro
ma
nia
Est
on
ia
Po
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
An
do
rra
Au
stri
a
Cro
atia
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
Lie
chte
nst
ein
Slo
ven
ia
Hu
ng
ary
Po
rtu
ga
l
SM
-Se
rbia
0,0%
0,2%
0,4%
0,6%
0,8%
1,0%
courtbudget aidbudget
Legal aid expenditure
• expenditure: the total amount of money paid to parties (or their representatives)
• expenditure on criminal and non-criminal cases
• average amount of money granted (per case)
• criteria used to decide on granting / refusing legal aid
• who decides?
More on money...
Included:
• court fees
• reimbursement of legal costs (by losing party)
Excluded:
• costs of lawyers (and other professional assistance)
The Judiciary
and the Courts
Courts
• Number of courts
• general jurisdiction and specialised courts
• Court size related to the number of inhabitants served by one court
• Court size related to the number of judges and staff working at one court
General jurisdiction 1st instance courts, per million inhabitants
19,910,6
12,2
13,1
5,3
10,28,9
14,7
15,615,3
1,210,0
8,8
8,410,2
14,7
18,5
35,7
10,920,1
28,023,4
18,2
5,2
14,9
10,9
27,8
12,8
22,0
35,7
15,12,6
13,4
16,9
29,5
8,1
11,2
22,5
53,8
18,4
18,0
19,910,6
12,2
13,1
5,3
10,28,9
14,7
15,615,3
1,210,0
8,8
8,410,2
14,7
18,5
35,7
10,920,1
28,023,4
18,2
5,2
14,9
10,9
27,8
12,8
22,0
35,7
15,12,6
13,4
16,9
29,5
8,1
11,2
22,5
53,8
18,4
18,0
inhabitants served by the average general jurisdiction 1st instance court
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Be
lgiu
m
Ma
lta
Arm
en
ia
Ro
ma
nia
Cze
ch
Re
pu
blic
Po
lan
d
Esto
nia
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
va
k R
ep
ub
lic
Aze
rba
ijan
Sw
ed
en
Fra
nce
Hu
ng
ary
UK
-En
gla
nd
& W
ale
s
Fin
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
UK
-No
rth
ern
Ire
lan
d
FY
RO
M
La
tvia
Mo
ldo
va
An
do
rra
Ukra
ine
De
nm
ark
Lith
ua
nia
Ge
org
ia
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tio
n
Ita
ly
SM
-Se
rbia
Bu
lga
ria
No
rwa
y
Au
str
ia
Po
rtu
ga
l
UK
-Sco
tla
nd
Cro
atia
Ice
lan
d
Slo
ve
nia
Lie
ch
ten
ste
in
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
Sp
ain
0
200.000
400.000
600.000
800.000
1.000.000
1st instance courts, general and specialised, per 1 million inhabitants
Spa
in
Tu
rkey
Cro
atia
Sw
itzerl
and
Icela
nd
Port
uga
l
Malta
Slo
ve
nia
UK
-Scotlan
d
Norw
ay
Austr
ia
Fra
nce
Ita
ly
SM
-Se
rbia
Bulg
ari
a
Lithu
ania
Geo
rgia
Ukra
ine
Denm
ark
Mold
ova
And
orr
a
La
tvia
UK
-Nort
hern
Ire
lan
d
Germ
an
y
Fin
land
Hung
ary
Ire
lan
d
Sw
ede
n
Azerb
aija
n
Esto
nia
Slo
va
k R
epub
lic
Pola
nd
Cze
ch
Re
pu
blic
Rom
ania
Arm
enia
Neth
erla
nd
s0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Judges and court staff
• professional judges
• non-professional judges (not as a main job, lay judges)
• court staff
Courtsize related to employees
• 1,2 (Turkey) to 64,6 (Netherlands) fte of professional judges per court
• 2,8 (Iceland) to 179,1 (Netherlands) fte of court staff per court
• 0,7 (Iceland) to 10,7 (Malta) fte of staff per judge
Judges’ salaries• salary of a judge at the start of his/her
carreer
• salary of the highest judge / supreme court judge
• ratio judges’ salary / average salary
• judges’ salary compared to the public prosecutors salary
More on judges...
• selection and nomination of judges
• annual percentage of continuous training
• allowance of other activities / sidelines
• complaints procedures, time limits
• disciplinary proceedings, sanctions
• supervising the courts
Court performance
• number of incoming cases
• appeal percentages
• case processing time
Comparing performance by type of case
criminal & non-criminal cases
4 specific types of cases:
- robbery cases
- homicide cases
- divorce cases
- employment dismissal cases
Switzerland
Latvia
Hungary
Bulgaria
Portugal
Turkey
Belgium
Germany
France
Netherlands
Finland
Poland
Czechia
Estonia
Serbia
Norway
UK-England&Wales
Austria
Ireland
Slovakia
Romania
Sweden
Iceland
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
average length in days of robbery cases untill appellate judgement average length in days of robbery cases untill first instance judgement
Slovak Republic
SM-Serbia
Czech Republic
*
*
*
*
*
NetherlandsCzech Republic
FranceFinland
SM-SerbiaIcelandLatvia
TurkeyGermanySwedenBulgaria
UK-England & Wales
0 100 200 300 400 500
*
Robbery cases, average length in appeal
Portugal
France
Estonia
Hungary
Germany
Czechia
Austria
Poland
Missing
Italy
Iceland
Norway
Sweden
Bulgaria
Finland
Latvia
Switzerland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Turkey
Serbia
Denmark
Netherlands
Romania
0 200 400 600 800
average length in days of divorce cases untill appellate judgement average length in days of divorce cases untill first instance judgement
SM-Serbia
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Spain
Germany
Italy
Norway
Latvia
Estonia
Finland
SM-Serbia
Bulgaria
Denmark
France
Turkey
Romania
0 100 200 300 400 500
**
Divorce cases, average length in appeal
Italy
Slovenia
Latvia
France
Hungary
Estonia
Portugal
Finland
Austria
Iceland
Bulgaria
Serbia
Czechia
Turkey
Poland
Missing
Netherlands
Romania
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
average length in days of dismissal cases untill appellate judgement
average length in days of dismissal cases untill first instance judgement
SM-Serbia
Czech Republic
Spain
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Italy
Czech Republic
FinlandFrance
Latvia
Slovak Republic
Bulgaria
Estonia
SM-Serbia
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
*
*
*
Employment dismissal cases, average length in appeal
Public Prosecutors
Public prosecutors per million inhabitants
12
73
65
118
120120
282
251105
3774
145
105135
216
139
48
13827
83 11240
16
60
27
94
97
41
113
45
118
207
211
242
38
93
190
12
73
65
118
120120
282
251105
3774
145
105135
216
139
48
13827
83 11240
16
60
27
94
97
41
113
45
118
207
211
242
38
93
190
Expenditure on the public prosecution, percentage of total public expenditure
FY
RO
M
Fin
land
Irela
nd
Sw
eden
UK
-Engla
nd &
Wale
s
Norw
ay
Andorr
a
Port
ugal
Cze
ch R
epublic
Georg
ia
Est
onia
Italy
Fra
nce
Cro
atia
Lie
chte
nst
ein
Slo
venia
Slo
vak
Repub
lic
Hung
ary
Neth
erlands
Ukr
ain
e
SM
-Serb
ia
Bulg
aria
Arm
enia
Mold
ova
Latv
ia
Russ
ian F
edera
tion
Pola
nd
Lith
uania
Rom
ania
Aze
rba
ijan
0,0%
0,2%
0,4%
0,6%
0,8%
1,0%
1,2%
Expenditure on public prosecution, per inhabitant, % of gross average salaryN
orw
ay
Icel
and
Fin
land
Ire
lan
d
And
orra
UK
-En
glan
d &
Wal
es
Sw
ede
n
Fra
nce
Slo
veni
a
Cro
atia
Liec
hte
nste
in
Net
her
land
s
Ukr
ain
e
Geo
rgia
Est
onia
Mol
dov
a
Cze
ch R
epu
blic
Slo
vak
Re
pub
lic
Pol
and
SM
-Se
rbia
Por
tuga
l
Latv
ia
Arm
eni
a
Rom
ania
Bul
gari
a
Lith
uan
ia
Aze
rba
ijan
Hun
gar
y
0,0%
0,0%
0,1%
0,2%
0,2%
More on public prosecutors..
• salary• who recruits?• continuation training• allowance for sidelines• supervision on the public prosecution• disciplinary proceedings and sanctions• convictions and acquittals• cases charged and cases dropped
0
1.000
2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
7.000
8.000
9.000
10.000
Aze
rbai
jan
Ukr
aine
Geo
rgia
Irel
and
Arm
enia
Rom
ania
SM
-Ser
bia
Mal
ta
Bul
garia
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
FY
RO
M
Mol
dova
Latv
ia
Cro
atia
Slo
veni
a
Por
tuga
l
Aus
tria
Italy
UK
-Sco
tland
Pol
and
Hun
gary
Spa
in
Fra
nce
Tur
key
And
orra
Fin
land
Net
herla
nds
Sw
eden
Icel
and
Nor
way
Ger
man
y
Den
mar
k
Liec
hten
stei
n
cases received by the public prosecutor cases charged before the court
Caseload public prosecuters office (per 100.000 inh)
Legal Professionals
• Lawyers
• Bailiffs
• Mediators
lawyers per 100.000 inhabitants
102
46
33
200
15
668
25
3282
77141
69
7253
29
117
66
8473
47 78225
157
159
68
80
33
61
6496
177
180
197
219
301
59
259
41
102
46
33
200
15
668
25
3282
77141
69
7253
29
117
66
8473
47 78225
157
159
68
80
33
61
6496
177
180
197
219
301
59
259
41
More on lawyers..
• Who sets quality standards? (legislator / bar association)
• Disciplinary proceedings and sanctions
Bailiffs / civil enforcement officers
• type(s) of officer(s)
• who supervises civil enforcement officers?
• Disciplinary proceedings and sanctions
Mediators
• number of registered mediators
• public budget for mediation
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