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European Conquest and Colonization
European Conquest
• Columbus Tainos = agric. Community– Tainos failed to pay respect to Christian
symbols– Columbus claims land and takes Indians
as Prisoners
• First settlements are in Hispaniola (Cuba, Puerto Rico)– Forced Christianity– Took Gold
Advantages of the Conquistadors
• Conquistador – conqueror• Spanish
– Guns, Canons– Metal Armor– Horses– Disease
• Aztecs– Arrows, spears– Leather, cloth armor– Lack immunity
Aztec Conquest
• Hernan Cortes – landowner in Cuba
– 600 men, 16 horses, some cannons
– Attack Tenochtitlan
– Malinche – translator
• Helped arrange alliances
Aztec Conquest cont.
• Moctezuma – Aztec Emperor– Thought Cortes to be Quetzalcoatl– Sent presents
• Spain tries to force Christianity
• Imprison Moctezuma
Massive War
• Spanish fighting each other
• Aztecs involved
• Spanish forced out of the city
• Moctezuma is killed
• 1521-Cortes captures and demolishes Tenochtitlan
Conquest of Peru
• Francisco Pizarro – conquistador of Peru (Incas)
• Incan Ruler = Atahualpa– Won civil with against brother– Pizarro captures Atahualpa after refusal to
convert to Christianity– Demand Ransom– Incas pay and Spanish kill Atahualpa– Pizarro is killed by other Spanish group
Results of Spanish conquest
• Massive Spanish empire– Gold & silver mines created
• Lots of wealth making Spain the greatest power in Europe
– Many Native Americans convert to Christianity
15-2 Spanish/Portuguese Colonization
• Council of the Indies– Pass laws for the colonies– Provinces are governed by viceroys-
appointed governors
• Missionaries push Christianity
• Close monitoring of Trade– Goods only to and from Spain
Economy
• Encomiendas – right to demand tribute from Native Americans– Mines and plantations
• Bartolome de Las Casas – spoke out against the encomienda system– Asked the royal court to end
• New Laws of the Indies (1542)– Forbade the enslavement and abuse of Native
Americans
• Peon – workers forced to labor to pay off debts
Class System
• Peninsulares – Spaniards
• Creoles – Spanish Americans– Own most of the plantations
• Mestizos – Native American/ Europeans
• Mulattoes – African/Europeans
Other Europeans
• Privateers – Pirates
• Northwest Passage
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