europe
Post on 22-Jan-2017
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Mountains and Plains● Landforms shaped lives of Europeans● Geologically older mountains across northern Europe● Younger, higher mountains in the south (Alps, Pyrenees)
created by recent tectonic activity● Alps separate warm, dry climate of Mediterranean from
cooler northern Europe● Carpathian Mountains in Eastern Europe● Northern European Plain- across northern Europe● Fertile soil, good for agriculture● Location of largest cities in Europe● Hungarian Plain- eastern Europe, good agricultural area● Plain along Danube River, ● Long rivers in heartland of Europe- Rhine, Danube,
Rhone, Seine, Po ● Europeans have altered waterways (canals, dikes) to connect
industrial centers● Danube most important river in eastern Europe, Rhine
important to western Europe
Physical Geography of Europe● Most people live within 300 miles
of ocean/sea, shaped lifestyles● Netherlands mostly below sea
level● For over 500 years Dutch built
large dikes to hold back North Sea
● Provide land for settlement and farming
● Polders are reclaimed land● Use windmills to pump out water
Land of Peninsulas●Europe is a large peninsula●Scandinavian Peninsula- Norway, Sweden, Finland●Norway’s coast has many small inlets called fjords-
evidence of glaciations● Jutland-Denmark● Iberian Peninsula- Spain and Portugal, most of it is a
semiarid plateau, cut off from the rest of Europe by Pyrenees Mts., mts kept region isolated
●Apennine Peninsula- Italy, along spine of peninsula Apennines Mts., earthquakes, volcanoes common in region
●Balkan Peninsula- southeast Europe, tangle of mountains and valleys, historically kept people isolated
IslandsMajor Islands❖ Iceland, Great Britain,
Ireland located in Atlantic❖ Climate moderated by
warm North Atlantic current❖ Sicily, Crete, Sardinia,
Corsica in Mediterranean❖ Characterized by
earthquakes and volcanoes❖ Mt. Etna Europe’s largest
active volcano located on Sicily
Natural Resources ●Abundant supply of coal, iron ore helped fuel Industrial Revolution
●Many starting to be depleted
●Vast oil reserves in the North Sea
●Wind, hydroelectric and nuclear power in widespread use
●Geothermal energy abundant in Iceland
Climate and Vegetation●Europe’s relationship to the sea
influence climate and vegetation●Western, Southern Europe benefit
from maritime winds●Western Europe- maritime west
coast climate (mild winters, cool summers, abundant rainfall)
●Gulf Stream, North Atlantic Drift bring warm water from tropical regions, westerly winds carry warm moist air to European landmass, Scandinavian Peninsula and southern Iceland
●Arctic, subarctic climate types found across northern Europe
Climate and Vegetation● Southern Europe- most is a
Mediterranean climate● Balkan Peninsula (subtropical), Spain
(steppe )● Alps block moisture from Atlantic● Local winds cause changes in the normal
pattern- Mistral (brings cold air from Alps to southern France), Siroccos (brings hot dry air from North Africa to region)
● Eastern Europe humid continental climate, cold winters, hot summers
● Does not benefit from ocean influence● Steppe climate in southwestern Europe
characterize by drought, poor soils ● Influenced development of region
Northern Europe➢United Kingdom, Ireland,
Iceland, Sweden, Finland and Denmark
➢Population patterns shaped by migration and distinct ethnic groups
➢Over 160 different ethnic groups across Europe
➢United Kingdom one of the most ethnically diverse and densely populated
➢Other countries dominated mainly one ethnic group
Northern Europe●UK has been conquered by different groups
for thousands of years● Ireland, UK have temperate climates and
fertile soil that have supported a large population
● Immigration from the former British Empire has makes the British Isles more diverse
●Scandinavia has less diversity● Internal and external migration has
affected the region● Internal migration has brought people to
urban areas for economic opportunity●Major cities and economic centers and
capitals - London, England; Stockholm, Sweden; Copenhagen, Denmark
Northern Europe●Mid 1700’s Industrial RevolutionA.Transformed manufacturing in Europe and
across the worldB.Transportation, communication developedC.Rise of Industrial capitalism (profits used to
expand companies)D.Rise of middle class, rise of material comforts●Factory workers- poor, lived in crowded slums●Social problems led to ideas of communism●Idea based on economic equality, workers
control factories and industrial production●By end of 1800’s many gov’ts began to pass
laws to improve workers lives
Northern Europe● Since the end of World War II northern
European countries have built stable democracies and strong economies
● All northern European countries are members of the European Union
● Languages all have Indo-European language
● Most countries are Protestant and allow religious freedom
● School is mandatory for at least 10 years and literacy rates are around 100%
● Countries offer complete social welfare to citizens
● Welfare States- tax supported programs for higher education, health care, social security
● Large portions of national budget spent to provide services
● Because of recent economic pressures governments have had to limit services
Western Europe●France, Netherlands,
Switzerland, Austria, Belgium, Germany
● Germany and Austria historically have been homogeneous
● Other countries reflect traditions of many different groups
● Countries welcome many different immigrant groups
● Germany uses foreign guest workers (workers temporarily allowed into country) to fill industrial jobs because of low population growth and ageing population
● Many French immigrants are from former French colonies and are predominantly Muslim
● Situations cause ethnic tension in region
Western Europe●Subregion densely populated, good
farmland support large populations●Germany most populous country in
Europe●Netherlands and Belgium have
highest population densities●Most of region has an aging and
shrinking population●Immigrants and people from rural
areas moving to urban areas for opportunity
●Major urban areas Paris, Brussels, Munich, Berlin, Amsterdam
Western Europe● Subregion part of Roman, Empire, Holy Roman Empire and place
where Protestant Reformation began● France, Prussia (modern Germany and Poland) were once major
European powers● Countries suffered heavily during two World Wars● End of WW II left Europe divided, ruined● Struggle between non- communist world and communist world –Cold
War ● Eastern Europe came under Communist control (USSR)● Most of Western Europe helped by aid from the US● Germany at center of tensions● After WWII Germany divided for almost 50 years● West Germany was democratic, East Germany was communist
(reunited 1991)● West Germany prospered at this time by becoming a member of the
EU and a player in the world economy● Economic development lags behind in the former East Germany
Western Europe●Region home of artistic and literary movements●Realism, impressionism●Languages of region Indo-European in origin●Primarily Christian, tolerant of other religions and with
a growing Muslim population●High literacy rate, high standard of living●Economy based in manufacturing and service
industries●Governments provide social services to citizens
Southern Europe●Mediterranean home to some of
the oldest civilizations in Europe● Italy, Greece, Spain, Portugal,
Vatican City● Italy most populated country●Vatican City world’s smallest
independent state, and the seat of the Catholic Church
●Population in Spain concentrated near coast
●Millions from this region left in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s and came to the US for economic opportunity
●Most of the population is urban
Southern Europe●Region was home to the Greek and Roman Empires
●Athens introduced the world to democracy●Rome made breakthroughs in law and government
●Renaissance began in Italy in the 1300’s●1800’s and 1900’s were a time of nationalism and
World War●1990’s political and economic stability across
subregion through democratically elected governments and membership in the European Union
Southern Europe● Literacy rates are high and the
governments of the Southern European countries provide free, compulsory education
● Governments provide healthcare and social services to citizens
● 2010 economic collapse in Greece and Portugal has led to reduction of social services
● Romance languages dominate (languages based in Latin)
● Majority of population is Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox, growing Muslim population due to immigration
● Greeks and Romans developed the basics of architecture and great works of art have been produced by Italian artists
Eastern Europe●Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia-
Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Poland, Ukraine, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus and Russia
●Sub region shaped by wars, migration and changing borders
●Most people of region are ethnic Slavs
●Many religious groups are represented (Catholic, Muslim, Eastern Orthodox)
●Minority group found in Bulgaria are Roma people (Gypsies)
Eastern Europe● Population density affected by geographic
factors● Ukraine, Poland have fertile soils and
support large populations (part of Northern European Plain)
● Ukraine regions largest nation● Slavs settled region thousands of years ago,
Romans conquered region, under the control of the Byzantine Empire, for over 500 years Balkan region controlled by Ottoman Empire
● After WWII the region was part of the Soviet Bloc
● Political circumstances caused large scale internal immigration and migration
● Since the end of the Cold War many countries are experiencing economic growth
Eastern Europe● Modern Eastern Europe has suffered
instability because of ethnic division, and power struggles
● Balkan peninsula seen most instability● Balkanization term used to describe the
division of a region into smaller regions that are often hostile toward one another
● After WWI Yugoslavia was established that united all countries of Balkan region
● Country was under communist control after WWII
● After decline of Soviet Union in early 1990’s region fractured along ethnic lines
● Some republics declared independence and ethnic and religious tension sparked violence
● Serbs accused of ethnic cleansing of Muslim Bosnians
● International peacekeeping efforts brought some peace
Eastern Europe●Economy did improve during
1990’s ●Countries encouraged free market
reforms and free elections installed democratic leaders
●Many countries faced challenges to health care in the transition from communism but most Eastern Europeans have access to government sponsored health care
●Literacy rates are not quite as high as they are in Western Europe
●Religious diversity has caused conflict across the region
The Region Today
The Economy● Industrial Revolution made Europe
birthplace of modern industry●Availability of raw materials helped
develop industry in parts of Europe●Major industrial centers of Ruhr
district in Germany, Po Basin in Italy and the Upper Silesia district in the Czech Republic and Poland
●Service industry provides a large percentage of the GDP (Gross domestic product, the value of goods and services produced by a country in a year) across Europe
●60% of workers in service industry●Banking and finance, high tech
industries and tourism, leading service sector industries
The Economy● Europe has fertile farmland● Numbers involved in farming is dropping● Crops vary across Europe● Farmers use advanced techniques to make best use of limited
space● Mixed farming common- several crops and livestock on one
farm● Farm cooperatives- farmers share growing and selling
products, reduces costs, increases profits● Under communism collective farms, government owned farms,
workers received wages and a share of products● Out dated equipment, lack of incentive resulted in low yields● Debate over new farming methods from genetically modified
foods to organic practices● Government subsidies for agriculture are an issue● Many think it causes overproduction and artificial price
protection
Transportation and Communication●One of the best transportation systems in
the world●Many are government owned, standards
vary from in Western Europe●Rail network links continent●High speed trains more economical than
auto, air travel ●Well developed highway system●Autobahn one of the best roads in the world
(Germany)●Long tradition of seafaring, many major
ports●Economies along Danube and Rhine River
depend on trade ●Handles over half of the worlds international
shipping●Rotterdam in the Netherlands , at the mouth
of the Rhine, the largest port in the world●Well developed cell phone network across
Europe
Trade and Interdependence●European Union (EU) unites Europe
into one trading community●Greater volume of trade than any
single country in the world●Movement arose from WWII to rebuild
ruined economies●1957 first countries joined (Belgium,
West Germany, France, Luxembourg, Italy, Netherlands) to integrate economies
●1992- Maastricht Treaty, set up EU●Get rid of trade restrictions, have
common foreign policy, currency, works to scale down welfare state
●Member countries work to boost trade and make economy more efficient and productive
Eastern European Economy●During Cold War (1940’s-1991)
Eastern Europe run under a command economy, were loyal to the USSR
●Government made all economic decisions, workers had a lack of incentive to work
●After the fall of communism- too many workers, too little technology, needed to retrain workers, adopt energy conservation measures
●Countries needed to modernize to compete
●Social benefits have been cut, population dropping since the early 1990’s
People and Their Environment● Europeans face challenges from the
physical environment and most of Europe has been altered by human use
● Physical environment: Earthquakes frequent in southern Europe, Iberian peninsula is an arid region makes agriculture difficult
● Human interaction:A.High concentration of industry has
had an impact on land, air and waterB.Soil erosion due to deforestation and
overgrazing is a problem in the arid Mediterranean region
C.Most of Europe’s forests have been removed, especially in Southern and industrial Western Europe to create cities, industry and farms
● Delta Project- large scale, 30 year project to prevent flooding in the Netherlands
Water Pollution●Agricultural ,industrial runoff problems across Europe●Industrial pollution, raw sewage and agricultural
runoff have harmed river systems●Destroyed fish species, contaminated ecosystems●Biggest concern along Mediterranean●Recent times many have moved near the sea,
tourism popular, has caused an increase in environmental problems
●Used for transportation, recreation also a dumping ground for waste, sewage, industrial waste
●Small tides, weak currents do not disperse pollution
People and Their Environment
● Black Triangle (Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia) where industrial pollution has had the highest impact
● Before 1989 most of Eastern Europe had no laws to control pollution
● Communist emphasis on rapid industrial growth affected public health
● Western European countries have dumped industrial waste in water and air
● Industry contributed to acid rain, drifted across borders and affected other countries
● Auto exhaust also contributes● Most severe in E. Europe where they burn
more coal● Acid rain has damaged many historic sites
in Europe● Worries about global warming
People and their Environment● Many European governments have made an effort to clean up the
environment● EU requires environmental protection and cleanup from its members● EU members face legal actions for not following environmental
protection laws● Countries wishing to join the EU are required to meet environmental
standards● Many Western European countries and the US are providing technology
and investment to clean up the environment● Financing and cleanup is expensive and difficult because of the number
of countries involved● Many European countries are using alternative energy resources
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