ethnocentrism xenocentrism cultural relativism

ETHNOCENTRISMXENOCENTRISM

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

ETHNOCENTRISM

ETHNOCENTRISM

• Ethno comes from greek word means people, nation, or cultural grouping

• Centric from a Latin word means center.

An orientation to other people’s culture

ETHNOCENTRISM"The view of things in which one´s

group is the CENTER of everything, and others are

scaled and rated with reference to it. Each group nourishes its own

pride and vanity, boasts itself SUPERIOR, exalts its own divinities and looks with contempt on outsiders."

An orientation to other people’s culture

• William G. Sumner• Ethnocentrism is

JUDGING another culture by the values and standards of your own culture.

Who coined the term: Ethnocentrism?

• Identifies strongly with in-group ethnicity, culture, etc.

• Feels proud and superior about in-group• Views economic, political, social events from the

point of their in-group.• Defines their culture elements as ‘correct’ &

‘natural’• Thinks in-group norms are universal

An Ethnocentric person displays the ff.

• Rejects out-group ethnicities, cultures, etc.• Feels like other ethnicities & cultures are inferior• Xenophobia: a fear or hatred of persons of a

different race, or different ethnic or national origin • Defines other culture’s elements as ‘incorrect’ &

‘unnatural’

An Ethnocentric person displays the ff.

XENOCENTRISM

XENOCENTRISM

Is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else's culture rather than of one's own

An orientation in viewing one’s own culture

XENOCENTRISM

Is a culturally based tendency to VALUE OTHER CULTURES

MORE HIGHLY THAN ONE’S OWN, which can materialize in a

variety of different ways.

An orientation in viewing one’s own culture

XENOCENTRISMAn orientation in viewing one’s own culture

Xenocentrism was coined by American sociologists Donald P. Kent and Robert G. Burnight in the 1952 paper "Group

Centrism in Complex Societies" published in the American Journal of Sociology.

PERSONS WHO COINED “XENOCENTRISM”

DONALD P. KENT

ROBERT G. BURNIGHT

CONSEQUENCES OF XENOCENTRISM▪Loss of businesses in the home country▪Loss of jobs in the home country▪Degraded economical situation▪Overall reduction of morale within the nation▪A loss of population to emigration▪Negative impact on the identity of others in relation to culture

▪If adopted by large like-minded groups, xenocentrismcould cause political polarization

CULTURAL

PHILIPPINES ETHIOPIA(LIP PLATE)

IRAN JAPAN MAURITANIA THAILAND

INDONESIA KENYA NEW ZEALAND NAMIBIA

ETHIOPIA SOUTH KOREA

•Cultural relativism is the idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood

based on that person's own culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another.

• In sociology, the principle is sometimes practiced to avoid cultural bias in research, as well as to avoid judging another culture by the standards of

one's own culture.

CULTURAL

•cultural relativism has been considered an attempt to avoid ethnocentrism.

•Cultural relativism is related to but often distinguished from moral relativism, the view that morality is relative to a standard,

especially a cultural standard.

CULTURAL

• Enculturation/Socialization• Conformity and Deviance

Socialization

• Is a life long process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary survival skills in the society

• Central process of social life.

• It prepares new members of society andtrains them to think, feel, and act in appropriate ways.

• Socialization enables a person to gradually become a self-aware and knowledgeable human being, and learn the ways, values, rules, and culture of his or her society.

• A Process of being socialized into a specific culture.

• Through enculturation, individuals learncultural symbols, norms, values, and language by observing and interactingwith family, friends, teacher, and the rest of the society.

People and groups that influences individual's concepts, emotions,

attitudes and behavior.

AGENT OF SOCIALIZATION AND

ENCULTURATION

Children are first socialized at home, they learn their

obligations, often with clearly defined

responsibilities, from family members, and also become aware of their rights and

privileges.

• Schools teach students important values like competitiveness, cooperation, conformity, innovation, punctuality, orderliness, and respect for authority.

• Children start learning political information and attitudes.

• Refer to a people who share the same interests or characteristics such as age and social background.

• Having a peer group, individual attains sense of belonging and a shared identity with other members

• Is the means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience (macionis 2007)

• The mass media helps connect people in many ways that even people who are in far flung places could be informed.

• Both religion and state are considered as the ultimate sources of authority.

• Religion exert a great influence on the views of a person, legitimizes accepted social practices, provides stability to society, and can even be sources of social change

• The state, participates in socialization through laws and other regulations that reinforce appropriate behavior, and help form values and attitudes of the citizens.

Participation of Catholic church in the anti-Marcos movement during martial law.

Deviance and

• Refers to the process of altering one’s thoughts and actionsto adapt to the accepted behavior within his or her group or society.

Three types of Conformity

• Compliance• Identification• Internalization

HERBERT KELMAN

• Refers to the outward conformity to social pressure but privately

disagreeing with it.

• Refers to the individual adopting a certain behavior because it enables him or her to have a satisfying relationship with the member of his or her group.

• Involves both public compliance and internal acceptanceof the norms and standard imposed by group.

• Is defined as a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group member and involves actions that violate commonly held social norm.

Deviance varies in accordance with the

norms of culture.

People inside the society define what is deviant.

Norms and Deviant behavior involve social control.

Emile Durkheim

SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF

DEVIANCY

• Deviance affirms cultural values and norms

Every ethical virtue has a corresponding negative characteristics, Without such negative

characteristics, good values will not be highlighted

• Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries

The imposition of sanctions help clarify what is desirable and not desirable.

• Responding to deviance brings people together

People will certainly react negativity towards a deviant act.

• Deviant encourage social change

Deviance will help people respond to the defect of the society.

• Social control is defined as any systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior.

• Sanctions are the most common means of social control.

• Are those provided for by laws and other regulations in society. Laws formally designate certain deviant behavior as crimes, and prescribe sanctions for such act.

• Are most commonly imposed by smaller

societies, communities, or group. There are no set

laws or regulation that define the nature of these

sanctions.

• Prevents other people to know information which are not

intended for them.• There could be instances when

an undesirable thing, idea or action reaches an audience who it is not supposed to

reach.

• The action of people are being monitored or

watched for the purpose of catching

someone doing criminal acts.

• People are naturally inclined to listen and

obey commands coming from an authority.