ethnobotany. lecture 20€¦ · shipunov (msu) ethnobotany. lecture 20 march 8, 2013 21 / 56....

Ethnobotany. Lecture 20

Alexey Shipunov

Minot State University

March 8, 2013

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Outline

1 Fruits, nuts and vegetablesMost important tropical and subtropical fruits

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Plants make caffeine for bee pollinators!

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Fruits, nuts and vegetablesMost important tropical and

subtropical fruits

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Durian, Durio spp.

Several cultivated species, representatives of Malvaceae familyLarge size, unique odor and thorned fruit surface“King of the fruits”Odor is unusual, it is the reason why durian is banned, e.g., inpublic transportation. “Smell evokes reactions from deepappreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variouslyas almonds, rotten onions, turpentine and gym socks”...

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Durian

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Durian tree

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Durian features

Large tropical trees, fruits may be dangerous because they heavy,thorned and located very highFruit content is rich of carbohydrates and fatsOriginated in Indonesia and became popular in Europe only in XXcentury

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Eating durian, I

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Eating durian, II

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Carambola, starfruit, bilimbi Averrhoa carambola

Tree native to PhilippinesBelongs to Oxalidaceae familyTree of tropical wet forests

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Starfruit

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Carambola features

Harvested year roundFruits are rich of water, vitamin C and oxalic acid (family character)Contains antioxidants

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Guava, Psidium spp.

Representative of Myrtaceae, the family rich of useful species withmedicine and other valuesAll parts of plant contain essential oilsMore than 100 species, all are edible, some are cultivated (likePsidium guajava)

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Guava flowers

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Guava fruits

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Guava features

Originated in Central AmericaFruits contain up to 12% of sugars, diverse minerals (e.g., iron),many pectinsIn India, often consumed with salt

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Tamarind, Tamarindus indica

The rare fruit legume (Leguminosae)One of traditional national Indian fruitsEdible part of fruit is a pulp, endocarp filling all spaces betweenseeds

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Tamarind

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Tamarind candy (India)

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Tamarind features

Plant of multiple uses, legumes used also as starch source (forflour), leaves as vegetables, all parts as medicineNormally, do not cultivated in plantations, it is a typical “street tree”Well adapted for monsoon climateOriginated in Africa and was introduced to India in prehistorictimes

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Acerola, barbados cherry, Malpighia glabra

Caribbean tree from Malpighiaceae familyFruits are typically sour, known as a richest source of vitamin C(2% of dry mass)Also have antioxidant value

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Acerola

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Grape, Vitis vinifera

Belongs to grape family, VitaceaeGenus has 70 species, only several are cultivated

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Grape biology and agriculture

Woody vine with tendrils (modified shoots) and palmately lobedleavesAgriculture always depend on local climatic conditionsForming and cutting are two extremely important techniques

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Grape

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Grape history

Central Asian center of origin, cultivated from 4,000 BCIn Europe, culture flourished in XVII–XVIII centuriesUsed for wine, glucose sugar (raisins) and oil

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Persimmon, Diospiros kaki

Belongs to mostly tropical blackwood family, EbenaceaeLarge genus (200) but only one deciduous species cultivated

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Persimmons

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Persimmon features and history

Originates in ChinaFruits are rich of microelements and carotensUsed also as dry fruit and in eastern medicine; wood is widelyused for furniture

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Persimmon tree in Japan

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Pomegranate, Punica granatum

Belongs to Lythraceae family, genus has only 2 speciesSemi-evergreen shrub

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Pomegranate features and history

The edible parts of fruit are seed arils (similar to litchi)Old Mediterranean cultureTrees are flowering from 2nd yearOne of the most reach of biologically active compounds fruit:contain ellagitannins, punicalagins, polyphenolic catechins,gallocatechins and anthocyanins. They reduce heart diseaserisks, oxidation, stimulate digestion and immune system.

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Pomegranate flower

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Date palm, Phoenix dactylifera

Belongs to palm family, Palmae; genus with several species whichare cultivated mostly as ornamental palmsPlant of multiple use: everything, from roots to dry stems, are used

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Date palm

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Date palm biology and agriculture

Extremely tolerant to heat, may grow with temperatures above50◦CDoes not tolerate precipitation; water is normally taken only fromdeeper soil layersPropagated with subsidiary shoots (grow faster than seeds)

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Date palm history

One of the oldest cultivated plantsDry fruits are the main food source in North Africa; ≈300 kcal per100 g (highest among all fruits)Dates are rich of minerals, especially potassium, sodium andcalcium

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Fig tree, Ficus carica

Belongs to mulberry family, Moraceae, and to one of the largestflowering plant genus, Ficus (≈1,000 species)One of the rare deciduous Ficus

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Fig inflorescence

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Fig tree biology and agriculture

Edible part of fruit is the axis of inflorescence (not unlikepineapple)Have extremely complicated pollination system, including plantswith sterile figs (caprifigs), fertile figs and fig wasps

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Fig pollination

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Fig wasps movie

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Fig tree history

Cultivated from Old Testament times in West Asian center“carica” is from “Caria”, the region in contemporary Turkey

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Accursed fig tree (Tissot, illustrations for NewTestament)

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Mulberry, Morus spp.

Same mulberry family, MoraceaeSeveral species are cultivated: black (Morus nigra), white (M.alba) and red (M. rubra)Occurs both in Eurasia and North America

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Mulberry

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Mulberry features and history

Deciduous trees, with compact raspberry-like inflorescencesInfructescences are rich of sugars (≈22%), used raw, for wine,syrups etc.White mulberry is the feeding plant of silkworm, Bombyx mori

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Silkworms on mulberry leaves

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Cocoons

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Kiwifruit, Actinidia chinensis

Belong to Actinidiaceae family, genus contains ≈40 speciesWoody wines, cultivated mostly as ornamentals

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Kiwifruit flowers

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Kiwifruit biology and agriculture

Dioecious, fast-growing plantBiggest problem is a pollination (needs saturation pollination)Fruits rich of sugars, pectins, organic acid and enzyme actinidin(analog of papain and bromelain)

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Kiwifruit history

In China, was cultivated as ornamentalAfter 30 years of intensive selection (started in 1904), NewZealand invented the kiwi fruit

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

Summary

Multiple tropical and subtropical fruits are mostly sources ofvitamin CMany traditional Asian fruit cultures also have medicine value

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Fruits, nuts and vegetables Most important tropical and subtropical fruits

For Further Reading

A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource].2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310

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