ethiopian livestock feed (elf) project feast field report - sheep by beneberu teferra, solomon...
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Ethiopian Livestock Feed (ELF) Project FEAST Field Report - Sheep
By
Beneberu Teferra, Solomon Gizaw, Lemma Yohanis, Shenkute Goshime, Aschalew Tsegahun
Introduction
• Survey Methodology: PRA and Individual interviews
• Name of Kebele: Godino
• Name of Woreda: Ada’a
• Country: Ethiopia
• Number of participants present: 4 males and 1 female
• Date: 14/03/2012
• Start time of PRA: 10:55 a.m
• Finish time of PRA: 12:25 p.m
• Total time: 1:30 hr
General Farming System Description
Landless Small farmer Medium farmer Large farmer0 up to 1 1 to 2 More than 2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Range of land size in hectar
% o
f hou
seho
lds
that
fall
into
the
cate
gory
The average farm size (cultivable land) is 1.5 ha The average household size is 7 persons
83%
11%
6%
Contribution of Livelihood Activities to Household Income
AgricultureLivestockOthersBusinessRemmitanceLabour
• Rainfall pattern scored from 0 (not available) to 5 (highly available)
Months Jan Feb March April May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Rainfallpattern 1 2 2 2 0 3 4 5 2 1 0 0
Rainfall Pattern
Cropping Seasons at Gudino District
Name of
season Jan Feb March April May June July Aug. Sept Oct Nov Dec.
Belg
(irrigatio
n
X X X X
Mehir X X X X X X X
Irrigation is available to 85% of households through different land acquisition arrangements (rent, share, etc.)
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Tef (Eragrostis tef) Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Sugarcane (Saccharum of-ficinarum)
Onion0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Crops Grown in the Area Av
erag
e ar
ea p
er h
ouse
hold
(hec
tare
s
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Tef (Eragrostis tef) Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
Sugarcane (Saccharum of-ficinarum)
Onion0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
Average Area (ha) per Household of Dom-inant Arable Crops
Aver
age
area
per
hou
seho
ld (h
ecta
res
Labour
• Labour is available, mostly family labour is used
• Labour requirement peaks during October – January (peak
harvest time)
• Wage rate ranges from 34 to 50 Birr per manday
• About 4% of the household members leave the farm for off-
farm work or education daily
Individual Livestock Holdings
Poultry -
villa
ge co
nditions
Bulls or c
astrat
ed m
ale ca
ttle ( >
2 year)
Donkeys
Local
Dairy c
alves
(<6mths o
ld) – m
aleHorse
Impro
ved dair
y cows –
lacta
ting
Impro
ved Dair
y heif
ers (>
6mths old -
< 1st
calvin
g)01234567
Average livestock holdings (number of head) per household based on wealth
Average
Animal type
Bulls or castrated male cattle ( > 2
year)
Horse Donkeys Improved dairy cows – lactating
Improved Dairy heifers (>6mths old
- < 1st calving)
Local Dairy calves (<6mths old) – male
Poultry - village conditions
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Average Livestock Holding per Household in Tropical Livestock Units (TLU)
Fattening and draught cattleImproved Dairy cattle Horse Donkeys Local Dairy Cattle Poultry - village conditions0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Average Livestock Species Holdings per Household in Tropical Livestock Units (TLU)
Fattening and draught cattle Improved Dairy cattle Horse Donkeys Local Dairy Cattle 0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
Average Livestock Holdings per Household - Dominant Species (TLU)
Management of Livestock Species
• Housing: traditional livestock houses• Feeding practice: open grazing in communal areas and stall-
feeding• Feed processing: chopping of maize stover, preparation of
mixed rations composed of molasses, noug cake and atela. • Management practices vary according to the season; e.g. oxen
are supplemented during Feb. to April
Quantity of Feed Purchased over a 12 month Period
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) - bran69%
Sugarcane (Saccharum of-ficinarum) - molasses
2%
Noug (Guizotia abyssinica) - cake
1%
Linseed (Linum usita-tissimum) - cake
2%
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) - straw 27%
DM Content of Total Diet
Crop residues25%
Cultivated fodder5%
Grazing30%
Naturally occurring and collected30%
Purchased9%
ME Content of Total Diet
Crop residues20%
Cultivated fodder6%
Grazing30%
Naturally occurring and collected33%
Purchased12%
Input and services
• There is no credit service in the area • The local credit and saving cooperative is yet to build its
capacity to give credit services
• There is land shortage due to high population pressure• There is no fallowing practice in the area• More than one cropping per year is practiced
• Inputs like fertilizer (Urea and DAP), cement and
irrigation equipments are available in the market• However, services are not timely and of standard quality
Availability of Feed Resources
January
March
April May
Ju
neJuly
August
Septem
ber
October
November
December
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Concentrates Crop residues Grazing Green forage Legume residues Others Rainfall Pattern
Avai
labl
ity
Rain
fall
Avai
labl
ity
Fodder Crops Grown at Gudino
Oat (Avena sativa) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
Aver
age
area
of c
rop
grow
n pe
r hou
seho
ld
(hec
tare
s)
Dominant Fodder Crops Grown at Gudino
Oat (Avena sativa) Lucerne (Medicago sativa) Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Aver
age
area
of c
rop
grow
n pe
r hou
seho
ld
(hec
tare
s)
Veterinary Services
• Generally veterinary services are inadequately supplied to the
area
• Only one assistant veterinarian for the Kebele
• Cost of Government Veterinary service is fair
• Private vet services are too expensive for the farmers
Breeding Services
• Availability of AI – not available adequately, serving large population with one technician and few equipments
• Price of semen and AI service – Gov’t it is 23Birr/cow • Private it is 210 Birr/cow
• Rate of repeat services – at least 3 times
• Price of bull services – it is about 100Birr but mostly with free
if the farmer friendship is well recognized and the bull is mostly local
3. Problems, Issues, Opportunities within the Livestock System
Major problems faced by farmers and opportunities:
Problem 1: Artificial insemination service (AI)
Opportunity: • AI service should be available in time and AI technicians need
to be on their work place as they are sometime not available when they are needed.
• AI kit should be provided to farmer AI technicians who are already trained
Problem 2: Improved breeding stock (cow, heifer)
Opportunity:• High blood level of improved cow/heifer from known sources
Problem 3: Feed
Opportunity:• Forage Seed with affordable price• Feed (concentrate) with good quality
Problem 4: Advisory service
Opportunity: • Working with research and extension• Training and experience sharing
Problem 5: Milk market
Opportunity: • Improving the capacity of local cooperative towards working
in provision of input and use as the outlet of outputs• Support from government to alleviate market problems
Pairwise Comparisons Summary
The marketing of milk as considered the most important problem, while livestock feeds was the least of their problems. Advisory service was not considered a problem at all.
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