essential questions what is a facultative anaerobe? what are the two types of virus reproduction? ...

Essential Questions

What is a facultative anaerobe? What are the two types of virus

reproduction? What are two types of

archeabacteria?

Warm Up

What are three parts of a cell? Where did Darwin do all his studies? Complete the following cross RrxRr

Warm up

What are the four nucleotides of DNA? What did Mendel study in his experiments?

(Genetics)? What is the difference between a Eukaryotic

and Prokaryotic cell, give an example of each.

Warm UP

Where can bacteria be found? Is it prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? Why?

Warm up

What do bacteria make when conditions are not favorable for reproduction.

What can be used to kill bacteria? Viruses? What are two differences between bacteria

and viruses?

Warm up

What is a obligate anaerobe? What are the two different groups of

bacteria? What does bacteria’s DNA look like?

Warm up

What are two ways bacteria can reproduce? What is a endospore? What are two things we use bacteria for?

Warm Up

What are three problems tobacco can cause?

What dosage of nicotine can kill you? How many people die of second hand smoke

in america?

Warm up

What are two patterns of growth? What are two shapes? What gram stain is purple?

Warm up

What is a prokaryotic organism? What is a bacteria? What are two parts of a bacteria?

(Use book pg. 288)

Warm Up

What are two examples of archeabacteria? Name three parts of a bacteria. Where do halophiles live?

Need Books

Essential Questions

What are three parts of bacteria?What is one way they reproduce?What is one way they benefit us?

Bacteria and Viruses

Bacteria

Vocabulary

Prokaryotes Eubacteria Archeabacteria Methanogens Halophiles Thermacidophiles

Bacteria

Prokaryotes– Smallest and most common microorganism– Lack a nucleus

Classifying Prokaryotes

Until recently all prokaryotes were placed in the kingdom – Monera

2 different groups:– Eubacteria– Archaebacteria

Eubacteria

Some are heterotrophs Live anywhere except the extreme environments Some are parasites Some are saprophytes Some are autotrophs

– Cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae

Archaebacteria

Live in extremely harsh environments 3 major types based on where they live

– Methanogens Lives in oxygen-free environments and produce methane gas Found in digestive tract of cows, and in sewage plants

– Thermacidophiles Lives in areas of hot acidic water with sulfur Found in cracks deep in the ocean at volcanic vents

– Extreme Halophiles Lives only in water with high concentrations of salt Found in the Great Salt Lake and Dead Sea

Essential Questions

What are the three main types of archeabacteria?

What does prokaryotic mean? What category did all bacteria use

to fall under?

Vocabulary

Shape of bacteria Gram staining Patterns of growth

Structure of bacteria

Prokaryotic cells that have small ribosomes Genes are located on a single circular

chromosome Contain a cell wall

Identification Prokaryotes

Shape of bacteria– Circular, rod-shaped, spiral shaped

Gram staining– A chemical that stains certain cell walls based on its

chemical composition– Bacteria that are gram positive will stain purple and

gram negative are pinkHelps scientist know what antibiotic to use.

Patterns of growth– (diplo-) paired, (staphylo-) resemble grapes, and

(strepto-) chain

Shapes of Bacteria

Top right: Sphere-shaped bacteria (cocci)

Bottom left: Spiral-shaped bacteria (spirilla)

Bottom right: Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli)

Patterns of Growth

Top right: diplo-

Bottom left: staphlo-

Bottom right: strepto-

Vocabulary

Obligate aerobesObligate anaerobesFacultative anaerobes

Adaptations in bacteria

Obligate aerobes– Bacteria that require oxygen– Example – Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)

Obligate anaerobes– Bacteria that are killed by oxygen– Example – Clostridium botulinum (botulism)

Facultative anaerobes– Do not require oxygen but are not killed in the

presence of oxygen– Example – E. coli

Essential Questions

What is the flagellum used for? Why are bacteria in the domain

prokaryote? What does it mean to be anaerobic?

Vocabulary

Binary fission Conjugation Endospores

Reproduction of bacteria

Binary fission– The bacteria copy its DNA and grow and split into

two cells Conjugation

– Is when one bacterium transfers all or part of its chromosome into another cell through or on a structure called a pili

Endospores– Produced by bacteria when conditions are

unfavorable– Carries the DNA and a little cytoplasm in a

tough outer covering– Do not reproduce– When conditions improve the endospore

germinates and produces a bacterial cell

Important bacteria

Decompose organic materials and returning these materials to the environment

Used to make some foods – yogurt, Swiss cheese, and pickles

Some produce antibiotics that we use medically to fight off other types of infectious bacteria

Essential questions

What are two ways in which bacteria reproduce?

What is a endospore?What are antibiotics?

Warm up

What is a bacteriaphage? What are two parts of a virus? Are viruses alive? Why?

Viruses

Vocabulary

VirusCapsidBacteriophagesViral Structure

What is a virus?

Virus is from the Latin word “poison”A non-living infectious particleDo not exhibit all the criteria for lifeDo not respirate, grow, or developA typical virus is composed of a core of

DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

Host cell - the cell that a virus infects and uses to replicate

Viruses infect only certain types of cells Capsid – an outer coat of protein

– Enable a virus to enter a host cell

Bacteriophages – viruses that infect bacteria

Viral Structure

Core of the virus contains the DNA or RNA Specific proteins on the coat determine the

type of cells a virus can infect To infect a cell the virus must be able to bind

to the outside of the cell Contain a specific attachment protein

Essential questions

What is a capsid?What is a virus called that infects

bacteria?What are three criteria for life?

Need Books!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

Vocabulary

Lytic Cycle Lysogenic Cycle

Viral Infection

2 major types– Lytic infection

In a lytic infection, a virus enters a cell, make copies of itself, and causes the cell to burst.

– Lysogenic infection In a lysogenic infection, a virus integrates its DNA into

the DNA of the host cell, and the viral genetic information replicates along with the host cell’s DNA.

Lytic Cycle (steps)1) Attachment of virus to the cell membrane

2) Injection of viral DNA or RNA into the cell

3) Virus forces the cell to make new viral DNA and viral proteins

4) The new viruses are assembled and fill the cell

5) The cell becomes so full it ruptures, releasing new viruses

http://student.ccbcmd.edu/immt/PLP/lyticCycle/

Lysogenic cycle (steps)1) Attachment of the virus to the cell membrane2) Injection of the viral DNA or RNA into the cell3) Viral DNA becomes integrated into the host cell’s chromosomes

(now call prophage)4) Each time the cell replicates, it also passes along a copy of the

provirus5) At some point there is a signal to enter the lytic cycle6) The provirus leaves the host chromosome and starts the lytic

cycle● Virus that cause herpes simplex I and II, hepatitis B, chicken

pox virus, and HIV all use the lysogenic cycle

Essential questions

What are the two types of reproduction in viruses?

What happens during the lytic cycle? Give an example of a virus that goes through

the lysogenic cycle.

Vocabulary

Retroviruses

Retroviruses

Retrovirus– Has RNA at its core– It injects the RNA along with an enzyme into the

host cell– The enzyme reads the RNA and makes

complementary DNA– The double stranded DNA that is formed

becomes a provirus and integrates into the host DNA

Viruses and Living Cells

Viruses must infect a living cell in order to grow and reproduce

Viruses are considered a parasite

Warm up

What are three parts of a virus? How is the lysogenic cycle different than the

lytic? What virus contains RNA instead of DNA?

Diseases Caused by Bacteria and Viruses

Bacterial Disease in Humans

Pathogens – a disease-causing agent About half of human diseases are caused by

bacteria Bacteria produce disease in one of two general

ways. – Some bacteria damage the cells and tissues of the infected

organism directly by breaking down the cells for food. – Other bacteria release toxins that travel throughout the

body interfering with the normal activity of the host.

Preventing Bacterial Diseases

Vaccine– A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens– Stimulates the body’s immune system to produce an

immunity to the disease– Immunity – the body’s ability to destroy new pathogens

Antibiotics– Compounds that block the growth and reproduction of

bacteria– Penicillin interfere with the bacteria’s ability to build cell

walls

Warm Up

What is a pathogen? How does bacteria produce diseases? Give an example of a bacteria disease.

Warm Up

What is used to treat bacteria? Viruses? What are two parts of a virus? What are two differences between a bacteria

and virus?

Disease Transmission Symptoms Treatment

Strep throat Inhale or ingest Fever, sore throat, swollen neck glands

Antibiotic

Tuberculosis Inhale Fatigue,fever, night sweats, cough, weight loss, chest pain

Antibiotic

Lyme disease Bite of infected insect

Rash at site of bite, chills, body aches, joint swelling

Antibiotic

Dental cavities Bacteria in mouth Destruction of tooth enamel, tooth ache

Remove and fill the infected area of tooth

Cholera Drinking contaminated water

Diarrhea, vomiting, dehydration

Replace body fluids, antibiotics

Tetanus Puncture wound Stiff jaw, muscle spasms, paralysis

Open and clean wound, antibiotic, give antitoxin

Controlling Bacteria

There are various methods used to control bacterial growth, including sterilization, disinfectants, and food processing.

Viral Disease in Humans

Like bacteria, viruses produce disease by disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium.

Named after the disease they cause, or the organism they infect– Adenovirus infects the adenoids

(common cold)

Disease Effect on Body Transmission

Common cold Sneezing, sore throat, fever, headache, muscle aches

Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation

Influenza Body aches, fever, sore throat, nasal congestion, headache, dry cough, fatigue

Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation

Smallpox High fever, fatigue, head and back aches, rash

Contact with contaminated objects; droplet inhalation

AIDS Helper T cells, which are needed for normal immune system function, are destroyed

Contact w/ infected blood or bodily fluids; pregnant women to babies during birth or breastfeeding

Chickenpox Fever and weakness, red, itchy rash

Contact with rash; droplet inhalation

Measles High fever, sore throat, cough, rash, sneezing, swollen eyelids, white spots on cheek lining

Droplet inhalation

Hepatitis A Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, fever

Hunan wastes, contaminated water and food

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C

Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, appetite loss, nausea, diarrhea, joint pain

Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids

West Nile Fever, headache, body ache Bite from an infected mosquito

Types of viruses

Tumor virus– Convert or transform normal cells into cancer cells– Examples are:

papillomavirus (causes warts) hepatitis B

Plant viruses– Can change the color of the flowers of plants such as tulips,

gladioli and pansies– First virus identified was the tobacco mosaic virus