ergo training
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Ergonomics
Awareness Training
Navy Ergonomics Program
Technical Support Services
by Naval Facilities Engineering Command
Cathy Rothwell, PE Ergonomic Program Manager
rothwellcb@efdsw.navfac.navy.mil
Mindy Smith, MEng, AEP Ergonomic Technical Support - East Coastsmithmb@navfac.navy.mil
Theresa Stack, MS, AEP Ergonomic Technical Support- West Coaststacktl@navfac.navy.mil
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What is Ergonomics? ergonomics \, rg-go-'nm-iks
Ergonomics is derived from two Greek words
Ergon meaning work
andNomos meaningprinciples or laws
Ergonom ics = The Science of Wo rk
Ergonomics is not a new science, although the term
has become more common lately. The phrase
was first coined in 1857.
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Common Definitions
Ergonomics is essentially fitting the workplace
to the worker. The better the fit the higher thelevel of safety and worker efficiency. Fitting theTask to the Human ~ Grandjean 1990
Ergonomics removes barriers to quality,productivity and human performance by fitting
products, tasks, and environments to people.ErgoWeb.com
What is Ergonomics? ergonomics \, rg-go-'nm-iks
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What are the consequencesof poor Ergonomics?
Why are we hearing about ergonomics now?Are there new hazards at work? No!
Consequences of poor workplace design were firstdocumented in the 17th century.
Have you ever heard of these?
Historic Occupational Disorders - house-maidsknee, washer womans thumb, writers cramp, data-processing disease, clergymans knee, nunsbursitis, weavers bottom, dustmans shoulder,
tailors ankle
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Do these historic occupationaldisorders still exist? Yes!
They are part of a broad category of injuries and
disorders called Musculoskeletal Disorders
(MSDs). MSDs are not usually caused by acute trauma,
but occur slowly over time due to repetitive injuries to thesoft tissues (muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage)
and nervous system
MSDs can happen to anyone from office workers
and industrial employees to athletes and hobbyists
Before Improved
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Do these historic occupationaldisorders still exist? Yes!
Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
(WMSDs) are MSDs that are caused or made worse bywork methods and environment. They occur when the
physical capabilities of the worker do not match thephysical requirements of the job
Common MSDs:Tendonitis, Epicondylitis(Tennis or Golfers Elbow),
Bursitis, Trigger Finger, Carpal Tunnel Syndrome,
Back Strain
Before Improved
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What are aliases for WMSDs?
Work-related MSDs go by many other names:
Repetitive Strain or Stress Injury (RSI)
Repetitive Motion Injury (RMI)
Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD)
Overuse Syndrome
Activity-related Pain Syndrome
Ergonomics can help prevent MSDs that are
caused or aggravated by working conditions
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What characteristics of your job putyou at risk for MSDs?
Repetition
Awkward PosturesStatic Postures
Cold Temperatures
Prolonged, repeated or extreme exposure to multiple
WMSD risk factors can cause damage to a workers
body. Risk Factors include:
Excessive Force
VibrationCompression
Inadequate Recovery
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Repetition= Performing the same motionor group of motions excessively.
Examples of Repetition
Repeating the same motion every
few seconds or repeating a cycle of
motions involving the same bodyparts more than twice per minute for
more than 2 consecutive hours in a
row
Using a tool or an input device, such
as a keyboard in a steady manner for
more than 4 hours total in a work day
Excessive
repetition of
movements can
irritate tendons
and increase
pressure on
nerves
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Awkward Postures = Postures outsideof neutral.
Neutral is the optimal
position of each
joint that provides
the most strength
and control
Before: Lab technician tiltshis neck forward to view
the screen into a non-
neutral posture. He also
bends over resting on his
forearms to write on the
documents.
Ergonomic Improvement:Sailor easily views the
screen from a neutral
posture. The workstation
adjusts to accommodatedifferent working heights
and users. When standing,
work should be about elbow
height.
Awkward or unsupported
postures that stretch
physical limits, can
compress nerves and
irritate tendons
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Awkward Postures = Postures outsideof neutral.
Examples of Awkward Postures:
Repeatedly raising or working
with the hand(s) above thehead or the elbow(s) above
the shoulder(s) for more than
2 hours per day
Kneeling or squatting for more
than 2 hours total per day
Working with the back, neck
or wrist bent or twisted for
more then 2 hours per day
Sitting with feet unsupported
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Neutral Posture for Computer Use
Adjust the seat height
so upper arms hang
vertically, elbows bent
about 90 degrees,
shoulders relaxed and
wrists fairly straight
Position the monitor about an
arms length away directly in
front of you. The top of the
screen no higher than eye
level (Unless the user wears
bi-focal glasses)Use a document
holder close to the
monitor rather than
laying papers flatMouse should be next to
keyboard both at a height
equivalent to the users seatedelbow height
Knees comfortably bent with
feet resting on the floor. If the
chair is raised so the keyboard
height equals elbow height, use
a footrest .
Adjust
the back
rest to
provide
firmsupport
to the
small of
the back
i P
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Static Postures =Holding the same position or using the
same muscles for extended periods of time
Static postures, or positions that a worker must hold for long
periods of time, can restrict blood flow and damage muscles
Before: Mechanic maintains a static posture
holding arms and hands elevated while
repairing aircraft
Ergonomic Improvement: Creeper supports mechanic
and brings him closer to the task
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Cold Temperatures
Working in environments
below 68 degrees can
cause nerve damage.
Working in cold
temperatures can adversely
affect a workers
coordination and manual
dexterity and cause a
worker to use more force
than is required to perform a
task
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Force = A strong physical exertion
Exertion = the tension
produced by muscles
and transmitted
through tendons
Excessive muscle tension
can contract muscles to
their maximum capability
which can lead to fatigue
and possible damage to the
muscles and other tissues.
Before: Three
sailors climb
on refuse bin
to dump
laundry cart fullof waste. They
risk back strain
and lacerationswhile tipping
cart over to
empty it.
Ergonomic
Improvement:
One workereasily dumps
waste in half
the time.
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Force = A strong physical exertion
Examples of forceful exertions:Lifting:
more then 75 pounds at any one time;
more then 55 pounds more than 10 times per day;more then 25 pounds from a height below the knees, above the
shoulders, or at arms length more than 25 times per day.
Pushing / pulling with more than 20 pounds of initial
force for more than 2 hours per day
Pinching (pencil type grip) an unsupported object weighing2 or more pounds per hand for more than 2 hours per
day
Gripping an unsupported object weighing 10 pounds or
more per hand for more than 2 hours per day
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Vibration - Single Point
Hand and Arm
exposure results from
vibrating objects such
as power tools.
Examples of vibrating tools
Using vibrating tools or
equipment that typically have
high vibration levels for more
then 30 minutes a day (chain
saws, jack hammers,
percussive tools, riveting or
chipping hammers).
Using tools or equipmentthat typically have moderate
vibration levels for more then
2 hours total per day (jig
saws, grinders or sanders).Before: Sailor is exposed to vibration above
ACGIH TLV guidelines
Ergonomic Improvement: Lower vibration toolreduces vibration to safe levels
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Vibration - Whole Body
Whole Body
exposure to
vibration results
from vehicles suchas forklifts, cranes,
trucks, buses
subways and
aircraft.
High or prolonged exposure to whole body vibration can affect
the skeletal muscles and cause low- back pain
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Compression = soft tissue is compressedbetween the bone and a hard or sharp object
Compression, from grasping or contacting edges like tool
handles, can concentrate force on small areas of the body,
reduce blood flow and nerve transmission and damage tendons
and tendon sheaths
Before: Worker rests his wrists on the
sharp tray edges. His wrist is extended
into a non-neutral posture.
Ergonomic Improvement: Worker rests her
wrists and forearms on a padded surface.
Wrist and forearms are in a neutral position.
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Compression = soft tissue is compressedbetween the bone and a hard or sharp object
Compression, from grasping or contacting edges like tool
handles, can concentrate force on small areas of the body,
reduce blood flow and nerve transmission and damage tendons
and tendon sheaths
Ergonomic Improvement: Tool handle is formed to fit the workers hand which
requires less grip strength or force and a more user-friendly tool
Before: Toolhandles are
small and
angular requiring
the worker to
grasp tightly
against sharp
edges
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Can Other Factors Contribute to MSDs?
Not all ergonomic risk factors
are physical, some are
related to the work
environment.
Stress on the job, quotas, peer pressure, boredom,
conflicts with co-workers and supervisors,
deadlines, and even a lack of control over what you
do can contribute to (but not cause) MSDs
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Can Personal Factors Contribute toMSDs?
Age and GenderHobbies
Previous Injuries
Physical ConditionMedical conditions
(diabetes and arthritis)
PregnancyObesity
Medications
SmokingFatigue
Some people are at greater risk of developing
MSDs due to personal factors
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What are MSD Signs and Symptoms?
Painful aching joints, muscles
Pain, tingling or numbness
Fingers or toes turning white
Shooting or stabbing pains
Swelling or inflammation
Stiffness or difficulty moving
Burning sensation
Pain during the night
Wh h ld d if i
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What should you do if you experience aMSD Sign or Symptom?
If you experience signs or symptoms
of MSDs, report it to a supervisor,
industrial hygienist or safety
professional
If pain or discomfort does not go
away when you leave work orinterferes with you carrying out
normal activities, see an
occupational health nurse or
physician
H d A id MSD ?
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How do you Avoid MSDs?Work Smarter, Not Harder!
Work in neutralpostures
Reduce excessive
force & repetitionKeep everything in
easy reach and atproper heights
Keep warmMinimize static
unsupported posturesand pressure points
Use proper lifting
techniques and lift aides
Ask for assistance with
difficult tasks
Take micro-breaks
(stand, stretch, change
tasks)Maintain a comfortable
environment
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What can ergonomics do for you?
The anticipated benefits of good workplace design
Improved health and safety by reducing work-
related injuries and disorders
Improved comfort, morale and job satisfaction
Improved productivity and reduced workerscompensation costs and employee turnover
Before Improved
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Where to go for more information
NAVFAC web site contains ergonomic tools, resources, guides,training and awareness materialwww.navfac.navy.mil/safety (Select - Program Categories - Ergonomics)
NAVOSH website- Contains success stories of ergonomic interventionsthroughout the Navywww.navosh.net/ergonomics
DoD Ergonomic Working Group - Contains Guide to Setting up anErgonomics Program and many other toolschppm-www.apgea.army.mil/ergowg/index.htm
NIOSH- order many free ergonomic documents including Elements ofErgonomics Programs and Cumulative Trauma Disorders in theWorkplacewww..cdc.gov/niosh/
Navy Policy 5100.23F Chapter 23 Ergonomic Program
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