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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
Declaration Owner
Roppe Corporation, USA
1602 North Union Street
Fostoria, Ohio 44830-1158
www.roppe.com | 800.537.9527
Products
Northern Parallels Premium Vinyl Plank and Tile, Northern Timbers
Premium Vinyl Wood Plank, Northern Timbers Solutions, Health &
Learning Vinyl Tile (Dryback)
Northern Timbers Premium Vinyl Wood Plank (Loose Lay)
Functional Unit
The functional unit is one square meter of floor covering provided and
maintained for a period of 60 years.
EPD Number and Period of Validity
SCS-EPD-05557
EPD Valid June 4, 2019 through June 3, 2024
Product Category Rule
Product Category Rule (PCR) for preparing an Environmental Product
Declaration (EPD) for Flooring: Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood.
NSF International. Version 2. 2014.
Program Operator
SCS Global Services
2000 Powell Street, Ste. 600, Emeryville, CA 94608
+1.510.452.8000 | www.SCSglobalServices.com
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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Declaration Owner: Roppe Corporation, USA
Address: 1602 North Union Street, Fostoria, Ohio 44830-1158
Declaration Validity Period: Approved Date: June 4, 2019 – End Date: June 3, 2024
Program Operator: SCS Global Services
Declaration URL Link: https://www.scsglobalservices.com/certified-green-products-guide
LCA Practitioner: Jeremie Hakian, SCS Global Services
LCA Software: openLCA v1.7.4
Independent critical review of
the LCA and data, according to
ISO 14044 and ISO 14071
internal ☐ external
LCA Reviewer:
Dr. Gerard Mansell, SCS Global Services
Product Category Rule: Product Category Rule (PCR) for preparing an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Flooring:
Carpet, Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood. NSF International. Version 2. 2014.
PCR Review conducted by: Jack Geibig, EcoForm. jgeibig@ecoform.com
Independent verification of the
declaration and data,
according to ISO 14025 and the
PCR
☐ internal external
EPD Verifier:
Tom Gloria, Ph.D., Industrial Ecology Consultants
Declaration Contents:
PRODUCT SCOPE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………cover
ABOUT ROPPE CORPORATION, USA………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
PRODUCT APPLICATION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
PRODUCT PERFORMANCE…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………3
MATERIAL CONTENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3
PRODUCTION OF MAIN MATERIALS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
FUNCTIONAL UNIT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..6
PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE FLOW DIAGRAM…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….7
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT STAGES AND REPORTED INFORMATION………………………………………………………………..9
LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY……………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………10
LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT……………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..12
SUPPORTING TECHNICAL INFORMATION…………………………………………………………………….…………………………………16
ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION…………………………………………………………….………………………………..19
REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………….20
Disclaimers: This EPD conforms to ISO 14025, 14040, 14044, and ISO 21930.
Scope of Results Reported: The PCR requirements limit the scope of the LCA metrics such that the results exclude environmental and social
performance benchmarks and thresholds, and exclude impacts from the depletion of natural resources, land use ecological impacts, ocean
impacts related to greenhouse gas emissions, risks from hazardous wastes and impacts linked to hazardous chemical emissions.
Accuracy of Results: Due to PCR constraints, this EPD provides estimations of potential impacts that are inherently limited in terms of
accuracy.
Comparability: The PCR this EPD was based on was not written to support comparative assertions. EPDs based on different PCRs, or
different calculation models, may not be comparable. When attempting to compare EPDs or life cycle impacts of products from different
companies, the user should be aware of the uncertainty in the final results, due to and not limited to, the practitioner’s assumptions, the
source of the data used in the study, and the specifics of the product modeled.
In accordance with ISO 21930:2017, EPDs are comparable only if they comply with the core PCR, use the same sub-category PCR where
applicable, include all relevant information modules and are based on equivalent scenarios with respect to the context of construction works.
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
ABOUT ROPPE CORPORATION, USA
The success of Roppe Corporation over 60 years is based on people: employees, customers, and the local and regional
communities in which we manufacture products. We are committed to their sustainable livelihoods and futures. The
company is family owned and an integral part of the small Midwestern town of Fostoria, Ohio.
Sustainability requires work and complex decision-making. Over the decades, we have continuously worked with raw
material suppliers and with the test laboratory and production lines to improve the formulations for Roppe’s products –
always preserving durability and improving aesthetics while reducing hazardous components. Materials science is an
important issue for the architectural community, and the precautionary principle is becoming an industry standard
through our customers’ efforts. This EPD reflects that new understanding.
For additional information, visit www.roppe.com.
PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Luxury vinyl flooring in this EPD are manufactured in an ISO 9001 facility in Fostoria, Ohio. A product lifetime of 30 years is
asserted by the manufacturer, which is used as the reference service life in this EPD. Roppe brand names include Northern
Timbers, Northern Parallels, Health & Learning Vinyl Tiles. The representative nominal thickness of 2.8mm for Dryback is
based on a weighted average, but is available in 2mm, 2.5mm, and 3mm thicknesses. Similarly, the representative nominal
thickness for Looselay is 5mm, but is also available in 4mm. The Dryback product line in this EPD is sold under the brand
names, Northern Parallels Premium Vinyl Plank and Tile, Northern Timbers Premium Vinyl Wood Plank, Northern Timbers
Solutions, and Health & Learning Vinyl Tile, and is referenced as Dryback throughout the EPD. Similarly, the Looselay product
line is sold under the brand name, Northern Timbers Premium Vinyl Wood Plank, and is referenced as Looselay throughout
the EPD.
PRODUCT APPLICATION
Luxury vinyl flooring in this EPD are used in various commercial and residential applications.
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PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
Table 1. Product performance test results for the luxury vinyl products in this EPD.
Test Item Test Method Results
Overall thickness ASTM F386 Nominal ± 0.005in (± 0.127mm)
Wear-layer thickness ASTM F410 0.020 in (0.5mm) minimum For Commercial
use
Dimension ASTM F2055 ± 0.016 in. per linear foot (± 0.406mm per
linear meter)
Squareness ASTM F2055 Maximum 0.010 in.
(0.25mm)
Residual indentation ASTM F1914 Average less than 8%
Flexibility ASTM F137 1-in (25.4mm) mandrel
No crack, No damage
Dimensional stability ASTM F2199 0.020 in /ln-ft maximum
Curling after exposure to heat EN ISO 23999 ± 2mm
(+0.5mm / - 1mm)
Chemical resistance ASTM F925 No more than a slight change in surface
dulling, surface attack, or staining
Resistance to light ASTM F1515 ∆E < 8 ave MAX
Resistance to heat ASTM F1514 ∆E < 8 ave MAX
Fire resistance ASTM E648 Class 1 (0.45 w/Cm2 or more)
Smoke density ASTM E662 450 or less
Static load limit ASTM F970 0.005 in or less (0.127mm or less)
Indoor air quality CDPH v1.1 (2017) Low VOC, Floorscore® Certified
MATERIAL CONTENT
The material content of each product, including the material origin and its availability, is provided below. The percent of
each material component is presented as a range, which varies depending on its thickness. The range shown is therefore
representative of the product line, which is available in several thicknesses. The results in this EPD are based on a
representative thickness, described in the product description and product characteristics sections, and is therefore based
on a specific material content corresponding to that thickness.
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
Table 2. Origin and availability of material content for Dryback.
Component Materials
Percent of
Total
(%)
Availability Origin of
Raw
Materials Renewable Non-renewable
Recycled (%
pre-/post-
consumer)
Filler Calcium carbonate, magnesium
carbonate, silicon dioxide 50-55% -
Mineral,
abundant 0%/0% Global
Binder Polyvinyl chloride 30-35% - Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Plasticizer 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, Bis(2-
ethylhexyl) ester 10-12% - Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Stabilizer Confidential 2.0-3.0% - Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Print Layer Film Polyvinyl chloride, ink 0.50-1.5% -
Fossil, limited;
Mineral,
abundant
0%/0% Global
UV Coating &
Additive Confidential 0.50-1.5% Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Pigment
Carbon black, polyvinyl chloride,
bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, calcium
carbonate
0.10-0.30%
Fossil, limited;
Mineral,
abundant
0%/0% Global
TOTAL - 100% - - 0%/0% -
Table 3. Origin and availability of material content for Loose Lay.
Component Materials
Percent of
Total
(%)
Availability Origin of
Raw
Materials Renewable Non-renewable
Recycled (%
pre-/post-
consumer)
Filler Calcium carbonate, magnesium
carbonate, silicon dioxide 40-45% -
Mineral,
abundant 0%/0% Global
Binder Polyvinyl chloride 32-37% - Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Plasticizer 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid,
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester 15-18% - Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Fiberglass Fiberglass, continuous filament;
pulp, cellulose 2.0-4.0% Biogenic
Mineral,
abundant 0%/0% Global
Stabilizer Confidential 2.0-4.0% - Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Print Layer
Film Polyvinyl chloride, ink 0.50-1.5% -
Fossil, limited;
Mineral,
abundant
0%/0% Global
UV Coating &
Additive Confidential 0.50-1.5% - Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
Pigment
Carbon black, polyvinyl chloride,
bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, calcium
carbonate
0.10-0.30%
Fossil, limited;
Mineral,
abundant
0%/0% Global
TOTAL - 100% - - 0%/0% -
In conformance with the PCR, product materials were reviewed for the presence of any hazardous chemicals. A review of
Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) provided by the manufacturer reveals the presence of the following regulated
chemicals in one or more of the products (this does not indicate that the threshold for reportable quantities is exceeded):
Calcium carbonate (CAS# 471-34-1)
Fiber Glass Continuous Filament (CAS# 65997-17-3)
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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PRODUCTION OF MAIN MATERIALS
Calcium Carbonate: An abundant mineral found worldwide and a common substance found in rocks. It can be ground
into varying particle sizes.
Plasticizer: Plasticizers are used to make vinyl soft and flexible. The plasticizers used in the products declared in this EPD
include 1,4-Benzenedicarboxylic acid and Bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): Derived from fossil fuel and salt. Petroleum or natural gas is processed to make ethylene, and
salt is subjected to electrolysis to separate out the natural element chlorine. Ethylene and chlorine are combined to
produce ethylene dichloride, which is further processed into vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) gas. Finally, in polymerization
the VCM molecule forms chains, converting the gas into fine, white powder—vinyl resin.
Stabilizers: Stabilizers are used to prevent the decomposition which occurs as PVC is heated to soften during the
extrusion or molding process. Stabilizers also provide enhanced resistance to daylight, weathering and heat aging and
have an important influence on the physical properties of PVC.
Fiberglass: Fiberglass is a fiber-reinforced plastic using glass fibers.
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
The representative nominal thickness of 2.8mm for Dryback is based on a weighted average, but is available in 2mm,
2.5mm, and 3mm thicknesses. Similarly, the representative nominal thickness for Looselay is 5mm, but is also available in
4mm.
Table 4. Product characteristics for Dryback (2.8mm).
Characteristic Nominal Values Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value
Product thickness 2.80 mm 3.15 2.35
(0.110) (in) (0.124) (0.0925)
Wear layer thickness 0.20 mm 0.22 0.18
(0.0079) (in) (0.0087) (0.0071)
Product Weight 4.68 kg/m2 4.68 3.70
(15.3) (oz/ft2) (15.3) (12.1)
VOC emissions test method FloorScore® -
Sustainable Certifications FloorScore® -
Product
form Tiles
Width 152.40 mm 457.81 101.46
Length 1,219.20 mm 1,506.00 1,502.00
Table 5. Product characteristics for Loose Lay (5.0mm).
Characteristic Nominal Value Unit Maximum Value Minimum Value
Product thickness 5.00 mm 5.15 4.85
(0.197) (in) (0.203) (0.191)
Wear layer thickness 0.20 mm 0.90 0.18
(0.0079) (in) (0.035) (0.0071)
Product Weight 8.23 kg/m2 9.23 7.40
(27.0) (oz/ft2) (30.2) (24.3)
VOC emissions test method FloorScore® -
Sustainable Certifications FloorScore® -
Product
form Tiles
Width 152.40 mm 916.22 152.20
Length 1,219.90 mm 1,507.01 456.59
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT
A cradle to grave life cycle assessment (LCA) was completed for this product group in accordance with ISO 14040, ISO
14044, ISO 21930, and Product Category Rule for Environmental Product Declarations for Flooring: Carpet, Resilient,
Laminate, Ceramic, Wood (Version 2).
FUNCTIONAL UNIT
The functional unit is, according to the PCR, the total impact for the expected life of the building (60 years). But the service
life is dependent on the product lifetime, which is 30 years in this case. The PCR consequently requires separate reporting
of LCA results A) for 1 m2 of floor covering - extraction/processing, manufacturing, delivery and installation and end of life,
B) the average 1- year use stage, and C) for the 60-year life of the building as combined using A) and B), calculated from the
reference service life (RSL) of the product.
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE FLOW DIAGRAM
The diagrams below are a representation of the most significant contributions to the life cycle of each luxury vinyl flooring.
This includes resource extraction and processing, product manufacture, use and maintenance, and end-of-life.
Process Life Cycle Flow Diagram for Loose Lay
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
Process Life Cycle Flow Diagram for Dryback
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LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT STAGES AND REPORTED INFORMATION
Sourcing/Extraction Stage (raw material acquisition)
This stage includes extraction and processing of raw materials used for packaging and the manufacturing of luxury vinyl
flooring, including delivery of these material components to the production site.
Manufacturing Stage
This stage includes all the relevant manufacturing processes and flows, including the impacts from energy use, emissions,
and wastes at the facility. Production of capital goods, infrastructure, manufacturing equipment, and personnel-related
activities are excluded.
Delivery and Installation Stage
Delivery
This stage includes the delivery of the flooring product to the point of installation. Modeling used in the life cycle
assessment assumed an estimated distribution distance to point of sale of 1,600 kilometers (994 miles) via diesel truck,
representing transport from the manufacturing facility in Fostoria, Ohio to various locations across the United States.
Installation
The manufacturer provides recommended installation guidance on the web: https://roppe.com
Waste
Waste generated during product installation can be disposed of in a landfill, incinerated, or recycled.
Packaging
Table 6. Origin and availability of material content for packaging of Dryback.
Packaging Materials
Component Materials Amount
(kg/m2)
Percent
of Total
(%)
Availability Origin of
Raw
Materials Renewable
Non-
renewable
Recycled (%
pre-/post-
consumer)
Box Corrugated board 0.154 100% Biogenic Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
TOTAL - 0.154 100% - - 0%/0% -
Table 7. Origin and availability of material content for packaging of Loose Lay.
Packaging Materials
Component Materials Amount
(kg/m2)
Percent
of Total
(%)
Availability Origin of
Raw
Materials Renewable
Non-
renewable
Recycled (%
pre-/post-
consumer)
Box Corrugated board 0.270 100% Biogenic Fossil, limited 0%/0% Global
TOTAL - 0.270 100% - - 0%/0% -
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
Use Stage
Cleaning and maintenance
Table 8. Cleaning and maintenance for luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD.
Cleaning Process Cleaning Frequency / Traffic Level
Method Light Moderate Heavy
Daily Maintenance* 208
days/year
156
days/year 0 days/year
Sweep and mopping
(3 oz neutral cleaner/gal water or 23 mL neutral cleaner/ L
water)
Routine Cleaning 52 days/year 104
days/year
260
days/year
Sweep and clean with auto scrubber
(3 oz neutral cleaner/gal water or 23 mL neutral cleaner/ L
water)
*Based on working days per year minus the days for routine cleaning.
End-of-Life Stage
Recycling, reuse, or repurpose
Data for the estimation of recycling rates for the product and packaging are based on data prepared by the US
Environmental Protection Agency’s Municipal Solid Waste Report. These data provide 2014 statistics on US disposal,
including recycling rates.
Table 9. Recycling rates based on 2014 US EPA Municipal Solid Waste statistics.
Material Durable Goods Packaging
Paper and paperboard N/A 75.4%
Disposal
For disposal of product materials, it is assumed that 20% are incinerated and 80% go to a landfill, based on the US EPA
data. Transportation of waste materials at end of life assumes a 32 kilometer (20 mile) average distance to disposal,
consistent with assumptions used in the US EPA WARM model.
LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY
In accordance with ISO 21930:2007, the following aggregated inventory flows are included in the LCA, in addition to the
LCIA and inventory flow requirements specified by the PCR:
Use of renewable material resources
Use of non-renewable material resources
Consumption of freshwater
Hazardous Waste
Non-hazardous Waste
All results are calculated using the openLCA v1.7.4 model using primary and secondary inventory data. Classification for
the use of material resources is based on a review of materials in the foreground system.
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Table 10. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m2 of Dryback (2.8mm) maintained for 60 years.
Parameter Units
Sourcing
and
Extraction
Manufacturing
Delivery
and
Installation
Use End of Life Total
Total Primary Energy Consumption
Non-renewable energy
resources MJ 280 62 53 280 3.5 680
Renewable primary energy MJ 6.3 1.4 1.3 74 0.16 83
Material Resources Consumption
Non-renewable material
resources kg 9.1 0.0 Neg 1.0 Neg 10
Renewable material
resources kg 0.31 0.0 Neg Neg Neg 0.31
Freshwater m3 2.1 0.32 9.6x10-2 4.5 1.1x10-2 7.0
Waste Generated
Hazardous waste kg 7.4x10-5 1.0x10-4 4.1x10-5 4.9x10-4 1.0x10-5 7.2x10-4
Non-hazardous waste kg 2.3 1.1 2.0 2.4 17 25
Neg = Negligible
Table 11. Aggregated inventory flows, shown in kg per 1 m2 of Loose Lay (5.0mm) maintained for 60 years.
Parameter Units
Sourcing
and
Extraction
Manufacturing
Delivery
and
Installation
Use End of Life Total
Total Primary Energy Consumption
Non-renewable energy
resources MJ 580 110 65 282 6.1 1,000
Renewable primary energy MJ 17 2.4 0.86 74 0.28 95
Material Resources Consumption
Non-renewable material
resources kg 16 0.0 Neg 1.0 Neg 17
Renewable material
resources kg 0.56 0.0 Neg Neg Neg 0.56
Freshwater m3 4.2 0.55 4.2x10-2 4.5 1.9x10-2 9.3
Waste Generated
Hazardous waste kg 1.8x10-4 1.8x10-4 4.2x10-5 4.9x10-4 1.8x10-5 9.1x10-4
Non-hazardous waste kg 3.1 1.9 3.4 2.4 30 41
Neg = Negligible
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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
LIFE CYCLE IMPACT ASSESSMENT
The impact assessment for the EPD is conducted in accordance with requirements of the PCR. Impact category indicators
are estimated using the CML-IA (Table 12 through Table 16) and TRACI 2.1 (Table 17 through Table 19) characterization
methods. Aggregated inventory flows for energy use are also calculated. The LCIA and inventory flow results are calculated
using openLCA v1.7.4 software and declared in this EPD in the following ways:
Table A: The potential impacts for 1 m2 of floor covering for each of the following life cycle stages:
sourcing/extraction, manufacturing, delivery and installation, and end of life. The impacts are not normalized to
the 60-year reference service life of the building.
Table B: The impacts for the use stage for 1 m2 of floor covering for an average one-year use.
Table C: The total impacts of all life cycle stages based on the estimated replacement schedule for 1 m2 of floor
covering over a 60-year reference service life of a building.
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Table 12. Table A: Cradle to install and end of life LCIA results for 1 m2 of Dryback (2.8mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA.
Impact Category Units
Sourcing
and
Extraction
Manufacturing Delivery and
Installation End of Life Total
Abiotic Depletion Potential
(Elements) kg Sb eq
6.8x10-6 3.7x10-7 6.6x10-6 1.9x10-7 1.4x10-5
49% 2.7% 47% 1.4% 100%
Abiotic Depletion Potential
(Fossil Fuels) MJ
160 22 30 1.9 220
75% 10% 14% 0.88% 100%
Global Warming Potential kg CO2 eq 7.7 2.5 1.8 2.9 15
52% 17% 12% 19% 100%
Ozone Depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq 4.4x10-7 1.5x10-7 2.8x10-7 1.9x10-8 8.9x10-7
50% 17% 31% 2.1% 100%
Photochemical Oxidant
Formation Potential kg C2H4 eq
1.3x10-3 4.0x10-4 4.8x10-4 5.2x10-4 2.7x10-3
49% 14% 17% 19% 100%
Acidification Potential kg SO2 eq 2.6x10-2 8.8x10-3 7.3x10-3 8.8x10-4 4.3x10-2
60% 20% 17% 2.1% 100%
Eutrophication Potential kg PO43- eq
5.9x10-3 4.3x10-3 2.0x10-3 1.0x10-2 2.2x10-2
27% 19% 8.9% 45% 100%
Primary Energy, Non-
Renewable MJ
140 31 27 1.7 200
70% 16% 13% 0.88% 100%
Primary Energy, Renewable MJ 3.2 0.68 0.64 8.0x10-2 4.6
69% 15% 14% 1.8% 100%
Table 13. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60-year building service life for 1 m2 of Dryback (2.8mm). Results are calculated
using CML-IA.
Impact Category Units
Sourcing
and
Extraction
Manufacturing Delivery and
Installation Use End of Life Total
Abiotic Depletion
Potential (Elements) kg Sb eq
1.4x10-5 7.5x10-7 1.3x10-5 1.1x10-4 3.9x10-7 1.4x10-4
10% 0.53% 9.4% 80% 0.28% 100%
Abiotic Depletion
Potential (Fossil Fuels) MJ
320 44 59 330 3.8 760
42% 5.9% 7.8% 43% 0.50% 100%
Global Warming
Potential kg CO2 eq
15 5.0 3.6 25 5.8 54
28% 9.2% 6.7% 45% 11% 100%
Ozone Depletion
Potential
kg CFC-11
eq
8.9x10-7 3.0x10-7 5.6x10-7 3.8x10-6 3.8x10-8 5.5x10-6
16% 5.4% 10% 68% 0.69% 100%
Photochemical Oxidant
Formation Potential kg C2H4 eq
2.7x10-3 7.9x10-4 9.5x10-4 6.8x10-3 1.0x10-3 1.2x10-2
22% 6.4% 7.8% 55% 8.5% 100%
Acidification Potential kg SO2 eq 5.2x10-2 1.8x10-2 1.5x10-2 0.13 1.8x10-3 0.22
24% 8.0% 6.7% 61% 0.81% 100%
Eutrophication Potential kg PO43- eq
1.2x10-2 8.6x10-3 3.9x10-3 5.0x10-2 2.0x10-2 9.4x10-2
13% 9.1% 4.2% 53% 21% 100%
Primary Energy, Non-
Renewable MJ
280 62 53 280 3.5 680
41% 9.1% 7.8% 41% 0.51% 100%
Primary Energy,
Renewable MJ
6.3 1.4 1.3 74 0.16 83
7.6% 1.6% 1.5% 89% 0.19% 100%
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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© 2019 SCSglobalServices.com
Table 14. Table A: Cradle to install and end of life LCIA results for 1 m2 of Loose Lay (5.0mm). Results are calculated using CML-IA.
Impact Category Units
Sourcing
and
Extraction
Manufacturing Delivery and
Installation End of Life Total
Abiotic Depletion Potential
(Elements) kg Sb eq
1.5x10-5 6.5x10-7 6.8x10-6 3.4x10-7 2.2x10-5
65% 2.9% 30% 1.5% 100%
Abiotic Depletion Potential
(Fossil Fuels) MJ
340 39 34 3.3 420
82% 9.3% 8.1% 0.79% 100%
Global Warming Potential kg CO2 eq 16 4.4 2.3 5.1 28
58% 16% 8.3% 18% 100%
Ozone Depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq 8.3x10-7 2.6x10-7 4.1x10-7 3.3x10-8 1.5x10-6
54% 17% 27% 2.2% 100%
Photochemical Oxidant
Formation Potential kg C2H4 eq
4.5x10-3 6.9x10-4 3.8x10-4 9.1x10-4 6.5x10-3
69% 11% 5.9% 14% 100%
Acidification Potential kg SO2 eq 5.6x10-2 1.5x10-2 8.9x10-3 1.5x10-3 8.2x10-2
68% 19% 11% 1.9% 100%
Eutrophication Potential kg PO43- eq
1.3x10-2 7.5x10-3 2.2x10-3 1.7x10-2 4.0x10-2
33% 19% 5.4% 43% 100%
Primary Energy, Non-
Renewable MJ
290 54 32 3.1 380
76% 14% 8.5% 0.80% 100%
Primary Energy, Renewable MJ 8.7 1.2 0.43 0.14 10
83% 11% 4.1% 1.3% 100%
Table 15. Table C: Cradle to grave impacts over 60-year building service life for 1 m2 of Loose Lay (5.0mm). Results are calculated
using CML-IA.
Impact Category Units
Sourcing
and
Extraction
Manufacturing Delivery and
Installation Use End of Life Total
Abiotic Depletion
Potential (Elements) kg Sb eq
2.9x10-5 1.3x10-6 1.4x10-5 1.1x10-4 6.8x10-7 1.6x10-4
19% 0.83% 8.6% 72% 0.43% 100%
Abiotic Depletion
Potential (Fossil Fuels) MJ
680 78 68 330 6.6 1,200
59% 6.7% 0.57% 28% 0.57% 100%
Global Warming
Potential kg CO2 eq
32 8.7 4.6 25 10 80
40% 11% 5.7% 31% 13% 100%
Ozone Depletion
Potential
kg CFC-11
eq
1.7x10-6 5.2x10-7 8.2x10-7 3.8x10-6 6.7x10-8 6.8x10-6
24% 7.7% 12% 55% 0.98% 100%
Photochemical Oxidant
Formation Potential kg C2H4 eq
9.0x10-3 1.4x10-3 7.6x10-4 6.8x10-3 1.8x10-3 2.0x10-2
45% 7.0% 3.9% 34% 9.2% 100%
Acidification Potential kg SO2 eq 0.11 3.1x10-2 1.8x10-2 0.13 3.1x10-3 0.30
38% 10% 6.0% 45% 1.1% 100%
Eutrophication Potential kg PO43- eq
2.7x10-2 1.5x10-2 4.3x10-3 5.0x10-2 3.5x10-2 0.13
20% 11% 3.3% 38% 27% 100%
Primary Energy, Non-
Renewable MJ
580 110 65 280 6.1 1,000
56% 10% 6.2% 27% 0.59% 100%
Primary Energy,
Renewable MJ
17 2.4 0.86 74 0.28 95
18% 2.5% 0.90% 78% 0.30% 100%
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Table 16. Table B: Average 1-year use stage impacts for 1 m2 for luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Results are calculated
using CML-IA.
Impact Category Units Average 1-year Use and Maintenance
Impacts
Abiotic Depletion Potential (Elements) kg Sb eq 2.6x10-6
Abiotic Depletion Potential (Fossil Fuels) MJ 5.6
Global Warming Potential kg CO2 eq 0.32
Ozone Depletion Potential kg CFC-11 eq 6.3x10-8
Photochemical Oxidant Formation Potential kg C2H4 eq 1.2x10-4
Acidification Potential kg SO2 eq 2.2x10-3
Eutrophication Potential kg PO43- eq 1.1x10-3
Primary Energy, Non-Renewable MJ 4.7
Primary Energy, Renewable MJ 1.2
Table 17. Cradle to install and end of life LCIA results for 1 m2 for luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Results are calculated
using TRACI 2.1.
Impact Category Units Dryback
(2.8 mm)
Loose Lay
(5.0 mm)
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 1.2x10-6 2.0x10-6
Global warming kg CO2 eq 14 27
Smog kg O3 eq 0.68 1.2
Acidification kg SO2 eq 4.5x10-2 8.5x10-2
Eutrophication kg N eq 4.8x10-2 8.8x10-2
Fossil fuel depletion MJ surplus 28 54
Table 18. Cradle to grave impacts over 60-year building service life for 1 m2 luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Results are
calculated using TRACI 2.1.
Impact Category Units Dryback
(2.8 mm)
Loose Lay
(5.0 mm)
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 6.5x10-6 8.2x10-6
Global warming kg CO2 eq 53 77
Smog kg O3 eq 2.6 3.7
Acidification kg SO2 eq 0.22 0.30
Eutrophication kg N eq 0.20 0.28
Fossil fuel depletion MJ surplus 89 140
Table 19. Average 1-year use stage impacts for 1 m2 for luxury vinyl flooring products in this EPD. Results are calculated using
TRACI 2.1.
Impact Category Units Average 1-year Use and Maintenance
Impacts
Ozone depletion kg CFC-11 eq 6.9x10-8
Global warming kg CO2 eq 0.40
Smog kg O3 eq 2.1x10-2
Acidification kg SO2 eq 2.2x10-3
Eutrophication kg N eq 1.7x10-3
Fossil fuel depletion MJ surplus 0.56
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SUPPORTING TECHNICAL INFORMATION
Unit processes are developed with openLCA v1.7.4 software, drawing upon data from multiple sources. Primary data were
provided by NOX US, LLC for their manufacturing processes. The primary sources of secondary LCI data are from
Ecoinvent, Overcash, and PlasticsEurope Eco-profiles.
Table 20. Data sources used for the LCA study.
Flow Dataset Data
Source(s)
Publication
Date
Product Materials
PVC resin Polyvinylchloride, emulsion polymerised {RoW}| polyvinylchloride production, emulsion
polymerisation | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Plasticizer 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) {GLO} | market for | Alloc Rec U Ecoinvent;
Overcash
2017;
2004
Stabilizer chemical production, organic | chemical, organic | Cutoff, U - GLO Ecoinvent 2017
Pigment Carbon black {GLO}| production | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Filler Limestone, crushed, for mill {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Print Layer
Film
polyvinylchloride production, emulsion polymerisation | polyvinylchloride, emulsion
polymerised | Cutoff, U - RoW Ecoinvent 2017
Binder polyvinylchloride production, emulsion polymerisation | polyvinylchloride, emulsion
polymerised | Cutoff, U - RoW
MSDS;
Ecoinvent 2017
UV Coating Polyurethane {RoW} | production | Alloc Rec U SCS;
Ecoinvent 2017
Additive silica sand production | silica sand | Cutoff, U - RoW Ecoinvent 2017
Fiberglass
market for glass fibre reinforced plastic, polyester resin, hand lay-up | glass fibre
reinforced plastic, polyester resin, hand lay-up | Cutoff, U – GLO; market for kraft paper,
unbleached | kraft paper, unbleached | Cutoff, U - GLO
Ecoinvent 2017
Installation
Adhesive Acrylic binder, without water, in 34% solution state {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Maintenance
Cleaner
Chemical, organic {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U; Citric acid {GLO}| market for | Alloc
Rec, U; Sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state {GLO}| market for | Alloc
Rec, U; Sodium sulfite {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U; Water, deionised, from tap water,
at user {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U
MSDS;
Ecoinvent 2017
Electricity market group for electricity, low voltage | electricity, low voltage | Cutoff, U - US Ecoinvent 2017
Water Tap water {RoW}| market for | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Manufacturing
Electricity Electricity, medium voltage, at grid/RFCW 2016 U eGRID;
Ecoinvent
2018;
2017
Propane market for propane, burned in building machine | propane, burned in building machine |
Cutoff, U - GLO Ecoinvent 2017
Packaging
Cardboard
box Corrugated board box {RoW}| production | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Transportation
Truck Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO4 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Truck
(disposal) Transport, freight, lorry 16-32 metric ton, EURO4 {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
Ship Transport, freight, sea, transoceanic ship {GLO}| market for | Alloc Rec, U Ecoinvent 2017
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Data Quality
Data Quality Parameter Data Quality Discussion
Time-Related Coverage
Age of data and the minimum
length of time over which data is
collected
The most recent available data are used, based on other considerations such as data quality and
similarity to the actual operations. Typically, these data are less than 10 years old. All the primary
data used represented an average of one year’s worth of data collection. Manufacturer-supplied
data are based on calendar year 2017.
Geographical Coverage
Geographical area from which data
for unit processes is collected to
satisfy the goal of the study
The data used in the analysis provide the best possible representation available with current data.
Actual processes for upstream operations are primarily in the Republic of Korea and the United
States, while downstream processes are primarily in the United States. Representative data used
in the assessment are representative of US, Global, or “Rest-of-World” (average for all countries in
the world with uncertainty adjusted). Datasets chosen are considered sufficiently similar to actual
processes.
Technology Coverage
Specific technology or technology
mix
For the most part, data are representative of the actual technologies used for processing,
transportation, and manufacturing operations. Representative datasets, specific to the type of
material or as a proxy, are used to represent the actual processes where primary data were not
available.
Precision
Measure of the variability of the
data values for each data
expressed (e.g. variance)
Precision of results are not quantified due to a lack of data. Manufacturer data, and
representative data used for upstream processes were typically averaged for one or more years
and over multiple operations, which is expected to reduce the variability of results.
Completeness
Percentage of flow that is measured
or estimated
The LCA model included all known mass and energy flows for production of luxury vinyl flooring.
In some instances, surrogate datasets used to represent upstream processes may be missing
some data which is propagated in the model. Missing data represent less than 5% of the mass or
energy flows.
Representativeness
Qualitative assessment of the
degree to which the data set
reflects the true population of
interest (i.e. geographical coverage,
time period and technology
coverage)
Data used in the assessment represent typical or average processes as currently reported from
multiple data sources and are therefore generally representative of the range of actual processes
and technologies for production of these materials. Considerable deviation may exist among
actual processes on a site-specific basis; however, such a determination would require detailed
data collection throughout the supply chain back to resource extraction.
Consistency
Qualitative assessment of whether
the study methodology is applied
uniformly to the various
components of the analysis
The consistency of the assessment is considered to be high. Data sources of similar quality and
age are used; with a bias towards Ecoinvent data where available. Different portions of the
product life cycle are equally considered.
Reproducibility
Qualitative assessment of the
extent to which information about
the methodology and data values
would allow an independent
practitioner to reproduce the
results reported in the study
Based on the description of data and assumptions used, this assessment would be reproducible
by other practitioners. All assumptions, models, and data sources are documented.
Sources of the Data
Description of all primary and
secondary data sources
Data representing energy use at the manufacturing facility represent an annual average and are
considered of good quality due to the length of time over which these data are collected, as
compared to a snapshot that may not accurately reflect fluctuations in production. A mass and
energy balance check were completed during the data collection period. For secondary LCI
datasets, Ecoinvent, Overcash, and PlasticsEurope Eco-profiles databases are used, with a bias
towards Ecoinvent data.
Uncertainty of the Information
Uncertainty related to data, models,
and assumptions
Uncertainty related to materials in the luxury vinyl flooring is low, while uncertainty related to the
type of packaging materials used is relatively high. Primary data for upstream processes were not
available; as such, the study relied upon use of existing representative datasets for these cases.
These representative datasets contained relatively recent data (~10 years, or more recent), but in
some instances lacked perfect geographical and technological representativeness. Uncertainty
related to the impact assessment methods used in the study are relatively high since they lack
characterization of thresholds or tipping points.
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Allocation
For the raw material supply and all secondary datasets used for this LCA study, processes were modelled using the cut-off
system model of Ecoinvent v3.4 database.
For the transport stage, impacts were allocated based on the mass of the material and distance transported to each
facility.
This study follows the allocation guidelines of ISO-14044 and allocation rules specified in the PCR and sought to minimize
the use of allocation wherever possible. For the manufacturing stage, mass allocation was deemed the most accurate and
reproducible way of calculating resource use, emissions, and wastes. Primary data for resource use (e.g., electricity, natural
gas, water, etc.), waste, and emissions released at the facility were allocated to the product on a mass-basis as a fraction of
total annual production.
Cut-off criteria
According to the PCR, processes contributing greater than 1% of the total environmental impact indicator for each impact
must be included in the inventory. In the present study, except as noted, all known materials and processes were included
in the life cycle inventory.
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ADDITIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION
Additional Information About Raw Materials: In 2015, Roppe joined the Sustainable Purchasing Leadership Council
(SPLC) and uses SPLC guidance in purchasing decisions. Roppe vinyl products are made using virgin raw materials. In solid
homogeneous vinyl products, such as ESD Vinyl Tile and Vinyl Wall Base, Roppe uses bio-based plasticizers, made from
soybeans and agricultural products. Layered vinyl products, such as the luxury vinyl tiles described in this EPD, are made
with non-phthalate plasticizers.
Recycled materials are not used in formulations for Roppe products, so that plasticizers, heavy metals from pigments, and
other contaminants are not introduced to the Roppe products.
Additional Information About Chemicals of Concern: Roppe follows the Lowell Center
Framework to remove chemicals of concern from all products. For 30 years, Roppe has
been a leader in removing hazardous components from building materials including
switching to a green pigment without heavy metals (traces of Lead, Hexavalent Chromium,
Mercury, and Cadmium) in 2011. In 2015, Roppe joined the Health Product Declaration
Collaborative, and is using HPD 2.1 to prioritize work on chemicals of concern and actively
participating in HPDC work groups (during 2016-2019, Roppe participated in the third-party
certification technical working group).
A balance between product quality, chemical risk, and cost is pursued in evaluating raw materials and the production
process. Product quality includes durability, aesthetics, ease of maintenance and cleaning—all the aspects of the product
that customers rely upon. Chemical risk includes hazard, exposure, and concentration of chemicals of concern. Members
of the engineering, chemistry, technical & installation services, and sustainability groups are continuously searching out
and evaluating new possible materials and processes.
Corporate Environmental Sustainability Goals: Corporate environmental sustainability goals for four key metrics have
been set for the period 2016-2025. These metrics and their goals are provided below.
Metric Goal Measured as:
Energy Intensity 20% reduction kWh/pound of product
Greenhouse Gases 20% reduction kg CO2-equivalents/pound of product
Waste to Landfill 25% reduction Pounds waste/pound of product
Water Used/Consumed 20% reduction Gallons water/pound of product
Multi-Attribute Sustainability Assessment: Roppe products are rated according to the NSF/ANSI 332 multi-attribute
sustainability assessment. This standard reviews product characteristics including product design, product manufacturing,
use of product, end of life, governance, and innovation. Roppe solid homogenous vinyl tile products are rated at the
Platinum level and Roppe vinyl wall base products are rated at the Gold level.
Environmental Product Declaration Roppe Corporation, USA
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REFERENCES
1. ISO 14025: 2006 Environmental labels and declarations – Type III environmental declarations – Principles and
Procedures
2. ISO 14040: 2006 Environmental Management – Life cycle assessment – Principles and framework
3. ISO 14044: 2006 Environmental Management – Life cycle assessment – Requirements and Guidelines
4. Oers, L. van (2015). CML-IA database, characterisation and normalisation factors for midpoint impact category
indicators. Center of Environmental Science of Leiden University. CML-IA. http://cml.leiden.edu/software/data-
cmlia.html
5. Overcash, M. LCI gate‐to‐gate database, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NCSU, Raleigh,
NC, 1998‐2004.
6. PlasticsEurope Eco-profiles. http://www.plasticseurope.org/en/resources/eco-profiles
7. Product Category Rule (PCR) for preparing an Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) for Flooring: Carpet,
Resilient, Laminate, Ceramic, Wood. NSF International. Version 2. 2014.
8. SCS Global Services. Life Cycle Assessment of Luxury Vinyl Flooring. April 2019. Final Report. Prepared for Roppe
Corporation, USA.
9. SCS Type III Environmental Declaration Program: Program Operator Manual v10. April 2019. SCS Global Services
10. US EPA. Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2014 Fact Sheet. Assessing Trends in Material Generation,
Recycling, and Disposal in the United States. November 2015.
11. US EPA. WARM Model Transportation Research - Draft. Memorandum from ICF Consulting to United States
Environmental Protection Agency. September 7, 2004.
http://epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/tools/warm/SWMGHGreport.html#background.
12. Wernet, G., Bauer, C., Steubing, B., Reinhard, J., Moreno-Ruiz, E., and Weidema, B., 2016. The ecoinvent database
version 3 (part I): overview and methodology. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, [online] 21(9),
pp.1218–1230. Available at: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11367-016-1087-8
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SCS Global Services
2000 Powell Street, Ste. 600, Emeryville, CA 94608 USA
Main +1.50.452.8000 | fax +1.510.452.8001
For more information, contact:
Roppe Corporation, USA
1602 North Union Street
Fostoria, Ohio 44830-1158
www.roppe.com | (800) 537-9527
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