eoct review and ghsgt review in biology five domains: cellsorganismsgeneticsecologyevolution

EOCT Review and GHSGT ReviewEOCT Review and GHSGT Reviewin Biologyin Biology

Five DomainsFive Domains::

Cells Cells

OrganismsOrganisms

GeneticsGenetics

EcologyEcology

EvolutionEvolution

CELLSCELLS

Domain #1Domain #1

Prokaryotic vs. EukaryoticProkaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

CellsCells

Prokaryotic cellProkaryotic cell

Cells Cells Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells

Cells - AnimalCells - Animal EukaryoticEukaryotic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animal_cell_structure_en.svg

CellsCells

Plant cellPlant cell

Cell component Function Prokaryotes Eukaryotes

Bacteria Plants Animals

Nucleus Control center;Contains DNA, RNA

absent present Present

Cell wall Surrounds cell membrane Present Present Absent

Cell membrane Encloses cell; regulates what enter and leaves the cell Present Present Present

Cytoplasm Site of biochemical reactions Present Present Present

Ribosome Protein synthesis Present Present Present

Endoplasmic reticulum Compound synthesis andTransport; reactions

Absent Present Present

Golgi apparatus Modify, sort, process andPackages compounds

Absent Present Present

Vesicles Import and export of Compounds

Absent Present Present

Lysosomes Digestion and recycling Absent Present Present

vacuoles Maintains structure(plants);Digestion and waste removal;Storage

Absent Present Present

Mitochondria Power supply (ATP); site of cellular Respiration

Absent Present Present

Centrioles Part of the cytoskeleton; Spindle formation in cell division

Absent Absent Present

chloroplasts photosynthesis Absent Present Absent

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The Cell MembraneThe Cell Membrane Selectively permeableSelectively permeable Phospholipid bi-layerPhospholipid bi-layer

Cellular TransportCellular Transport

Active transport:Active transport:1. Requires ATP1. Requires ATP2. Endocytosis2. Endocytosis3. Exocytosis3. Exocytosis

Water: Cells in a solution:Water: Cells in a solution: Hypotonic, Isotonic, HypertonicHypotonic, Isotonic, Hypertonic

Passive transport:Passive transport: 1. Diffusion1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated trans-3. Facilitated trans- portport

Cellular ReproductionCellular Reproduction

MitosisMitosis – maintains – maintains chromosome chromosome

number; number; occurs in body cellsoccurs in body cells

Meiosis Meiosis – reduces – reduces chromosome chromosome

number; occurs in number; occurs in sex cellssex cells

EnzymesEnzymes

Enzymes can be affected by:Enzymes can be affected by:

pHpHConcentrationConcentrationTemperatureTemperature

EnzymesEnzymes

Lock & Key Model Of Enzyme Specificity

Major Bio-molecules of LifeMajor Bio-molecules of Life(Macromolecules)(Macromolecules)

Carbohydrates: (monosaccharides) fuelCarbohydrates: (monosaccharides) fuel Proteins: (amino acids) build structuresProteins: (amino acids) build structures Lipids: (fatty acids and glycerol) component Lipids: (fatty acids and glycerol) component

of cell membranes and another source of of cell membranes and another source of energy energy

Nucleic Acids: (nucleotides) DNA and RNANucleic Acids: (nucleotides) DNA and RNA

Note: ATP is required for all cellular Note: ATP is required for all cellular activities.activities.

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Cellular EnergyCellular Energy

Photosynthesis converts sunlight to Photosynthesis converts sunlight to chemical energy stored as food.chemical energy stored as food.

(chloroplast) 6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2

Cellular respiration provides energy to Cellular respiration provides energy to living things by releasing energy stored in living things by releasing energy stored in bonds of glucose (mitochondria)bonds of glucose (mitochondria)

CC66HH1212OO66 + 6 O + 6 O22 6 CO 6 CO22 + 6 H + 6 H22O and energyO and energy

•.

OrganismsOrganisms

Domain #2Domain #2

DNA DNA

DNA nucleotideDNA nucleotide

DNA and RNADNA and RNA

DNA: carries genetic information; DNA: carries genetic information; nucleus; Dbl. helix; 4 nitrogen bases; nucleus; Dbl. helix; 4 nitrogen bases; adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine; bonding : A –T; C – G;bonding : A –T; C – G;

RNA: carries message from DNA to RNA: carries message from DNA to ribosomes to build proteins; bases and ribosomes to build proteins; bases and bonding: A – U; C – G; types of RNA: bonding: A – U; C – G; types of RNA:

m-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNAm-RNA, r-RNA, t-RNA

DNA StructureDNA Structure

DNA – Storing and Transmitting DNA – Storing and Transmitting Cellular InformationCellular Information

  Key Terms:Key Terms: ReplicationReplication TranscriptionTranscription TranslationTranslation CodonCodon Amino acidAmino acid Messenger RNA (m-RNA)Messenger RNA (m-RNA) Peptide chainPeptide chain

Role of DNA in most cells:Role of DNA in most cells:(1)(1) Carry genetic information when theCarry genetic information when the

cell divides and reproduces.cell divides and reproduces.

(2) (2) Proteins are used to build structures.Proteins are used to build structures.

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule Enzymes unzip the DNA molecule New nucleotides move into place on New nucleotides move into place on

the exposed DNA strandsthe exposed DNA strands 2 new strands of DNA are now formed2 new strands of DNA are now formed Each new strand contains a copy of the Each new strand contains a copy of the

original DNAoriginal DNA

DNA ReplicationDNA Replication

GENETICSGENETICS

Domain #2Domain #2

Levels of Levels of ClassificationClassification

CladogramCladogram

Gorilla Chimpanzee

Tiger

Lizard

Fish

Four Limbs

Fur

Tail Lost

Plant and Animals

Tropisms:

1. Gravitropism

2. Phototropism

3. Thigmotropism

Behaviors

1. Reflex

2. Instincts

3. hibernation

Animal Development

Ecology

Relationships between: Organisms, Populations, Communities, Ecosystems, and Biomes

1. Population: all the members of a species inhabiting a given location

2. Community: all the interacting populations in a given area

3. Ecosystem: the living community and the physical environment functioning together as an independent and relatively stable system

4. Biomes: global or regional communities

5. Biosphere: that portion of the earth where life exists

a. Composed of numerous complex

ecosystems.

b. An ecosystem involves interactions between abiotic (physical) and biotic (living) factors.

Some Abiotic Factors:Some Abiotic Factors:

1. intensity of light

2. range of temperatures

3. amount of moisture

4. type of substratum (soil or rock type)

5. availability of inorganic substances such as minerals

6. supply of gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

7. pH

Biotic factors:Biotic factors:

All the living things that directly or indirectly affect the environment

** Thus, the organisms, their presence, parts, interaction, and wastes are all biotic factors.

EVOLUTION

Charles Darwin Wrote –

On the Origin of Species Proposed the theory of

natural selection Organisms with beneficial

adaptations get to mate and pass on their traits

Natural Selection – the best fit organisms survive to reproduce

Mechanisms of natural selection include:• Variation• Overproduction• Adaptation• Descent with modificaion

Evidence of Common Ancestry

Fossils Biogeography Embryology Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures

Beaver

NORTH AMERICA

Muskrat

Capybara SOUTH AMERICA

Coypu

Bio-Geographic Distribution of Living Species

Evolution supports all fields of biology.

Section 15-3

Beaver

Muskrat

Beaver andMuskrat

Coypu

Capybara

Coypu andCapybara

Embryology Figure 2.4.1. Cat and

human embryos in the tailbud stage. A cat embryo is shown on top, a human embryo below. Note the post-anal tail in both, positioned at the lower left below the head of each. The human embryo is about 32 days old.

Homologous Structures – common origin, differ in function,

similar in structure. This diagram shows “Descent with Modification”.

Analogous Structures

Analogous structures: differ in structure, but similar is function.

Example Bird wing Bat wing Insect wing

Vestigial Pelvis of a Whale

The vestigial wings of ostriches may be used for relatively simple functions, such as balance during running and courtship displays. What defines ostrich wings as vestigial is that they are rudimentary wings which are useless as wings.

Molecular and Genetic Evidence to Support Evolution

DNA - Analyze DNA base sequence

Pseudogenes – analyze vestigial segments of DNA

Protein structure comparison

Examine genes that determine structure

Proof of Evolution in Biology

Paleontologists – study fossil in an effort to complete the fossil record

All organisms share the same genetic code, and make most of the same proteins.

Patterns in EvolutionEvolution through natural selection is not

random Organisms can converge on a body plan Related species can diverge from similar

body plans. Two or more species can co-evolve in

response to each other

Convergent, divergent, and co-evolution