environmental science chapter 3 the dynamic earth mr. manskopf all notes can be found at :

Environmental Environmental ScienceScience Chapter 3 Chapter 3

The Dynamic EarthThe Dynamic Earth

Mr. ManskopfMr. Manskopf

All notes can be found at http://www.manskopf.com

Big IdeasBig Ideas► The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the

geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere. and the biosphere.

► The Earth’s geosphere is a complex system that The Earth’s geosphere is a complex system that is constantly changing impacting life on Earth. is constantly changing impacting life on Earth.

► A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our planet makes life on Earth possible in many planet makes life on Earth possible in many ways. ways.

► Life is contained in a very thin layer near the Life is contained in a very thin layer near the Earth’s surface that contains all that is needed Earth’s surface that contains all that is needed for survival. for survival.

► Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that shapes our world landscape, moderates our shapes our world landscape, moderates our climate, provides habitat and most of all makes climate, provides habitat and most of all makes life possiblelife possible

Has Earth always looked this way?

Will it always look this way?

Section 1: The GeosphereSection 1: The Geosphere

Section 1 GoalsSection 1 Goals

►Describe the main structure of the Describe the main structure of the interior of the Earthinterior of the Earth

►How does the plate tectonic theory How does the plate tectonic theory explain earthquakes, mountain explain earthquakes, mountain building and volcanoes?building and volcanoes?

►Describe how wind and water alter Describe how wind and water alter Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.

What is the Geosphere?What is the Geosphere?

►Geosphere: Geosphere: consists of all the consists of all the rocks, soil and rocks, soil and loose rocks on loose rocks on Earth’ surface.Earth’ surface.

►Most inside of Most inside of EarthEarth

►About 6,000 km About 6,000 km in radiusin radius

Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior► 3 main “layers” inside 3 main “layers” inside

EarthEarth► Crust: Solid outer Crust: Solid outer

layer, very thinlayer, very thin► Composed of lighter Composed of lighter

elementselements► Less than 1% of massLess than 1% of mass► Thickest under Thickest under

continents (30 miles)continents (30 miles)► Earthquakes, Earthquakes,

mountains, mining all mountains, mining all take place heretake place here

Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior

►Mantle: beneath the Mantle: beneath the crust, makes up crust, makes up most of the massmost of the mass

►Mostly liquid rock Mostly liquid rock called magmacalled magma

►More than 2,000 More than 2,000 miles thickmiles thick

► Convection currents Convection currents moving liquid rock moving liquid rock aroundaround

Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior

► Core: innermost, Core: innermost, hottest layerhottest layer

►Made of very dense Made of very dense metals like iron and metals like iron and nickel nickel

►HOW DO WE KNOW HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT IS GOING ON WHAT IS GOING ON INSIDE THE EARTH?INSIDE THE EARTH?

Earth’s InteriorEarth’s Interior

Plate Tectonic TheoryPlate Tectonic Theory

Why don’t we get Earthquake in Camden?

Why do the earthquakes seem to follow a pattern?

Plate Tectonic TheoryPlate Tectonic Theory

WHY DO MOUNTAIN BELTS FORM CHAINS?

Why do the locations of Why do the locations of volcanoes form patterns?volcanoes form patterns?

Plate Tectonic TheoryPlate Tectonic Theory

► Crust is broken into large pieces that are Crust is broken into large pieces that are slowly moving aroundslowly moving around

► Similar to chunks of ice floating on lakeSimilar to chunks of ice floating on lake►Most plates Most plates

continent sizecontinent size►Move about Move about

2-5 cm/yr2-5 cm/yr

Plate Tectonic TheoryPlate Tectonic Theory

► Plate Boundaries: Plate Boundaries: where plates touch where plates touch each other.each other.

► Creates earthquake, Creates earthquake, mountains and mountains and sometimes sometimes volcanoesvolcanoes

► ConvergentConvergent►DivergentDivergent► TransformTransform

EarthquakesEarthquakes

► Vibrations of the Vibrations of the Earth’s crust caused Earth’s crust caused by rocks in the crust by rocks in the crust breakingbreaking

► Faults are cracks in Faults are cracks in crustcrust MOST are MOST are located near plate located near plate boundariesboundaries

► Can we get Can we get Earthquakes in NJ???Earthquakes in NJ???

EarthquakesEarthquakes► Seismic Waves carry the energy of an Seismic Waves carry the energy of an

earthquake through the Earthearthquake through the Earth►Measured on the Richter ScaleMeasured on the Richter Scale

http://earthquake.usgs.gov/

Earthquakes occur ALL the time

What do you think kills most people in earthquakes?

How can we build safer buildings and other structures?

VolcanoesVolcanoes

► Volcano is a mountain Volcano is a mountain built by when lava built by when lava cools on the surface cools on the surface of the crustof the crust

►Most common at Most common at Convergent and Convergent and Divergent plate Divergent plate boundariesboundaries

► 75% of volcanoes in 75% of volcanoes in the Ring of Firethe Ring of Fire around Pacific Oceanaround Pacific Ocean

Volcanic ImpactsVolcanic Impacts

► Local Impacts: Local Impacts: earthquakes, ash earthquakes, ash cloud, deadly cloud, deadly gasses, gasses, mudslidesmudslides

► Global Impacts: Global Impacts: decreased decreased temperatures temperatures due to ash due to ash blocking out blocking out sunlightsunlight

Rock TypesRock Types► Igneous Rocks: Igneous Rocks:

formed from cooled formed from cooled magma or lavamagma or lava

► Sedimentary Rocks: Sedimentary Rocks: formed from formed from compressed sediment compressed sediment like sand and mudlike sand and mud

►Metamorphic Rocks: Metamorphic Rocks: forms when other forms when other rocks are put under rocks are put under lots of heat and lots of heat and pressurepressure

Rock CycleRock Cycle

►http://www.classzone.com/books/earthhttp://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm0602/es0602page02.cfm

Will this mountain continue to Will this mountain continue to grow forever? WHY?grow forever? WHY?

Which mountains are older? Which mountains are older? How can you tell?How can you tell?

Wearing Down Earth’s Wearing Down Earth’s SurfaceSurface

► Plate Tectonics Plate Tectonics Builds Mountains and Builds Mountains and creates new rockscreates new rocks

► Erosion is the Erosion is the removal and removal and transport of Earth transport of Earth materials like rocksmaterials like rocks

► Water is main agent Water is main agent of erosion on Earthof erosion on Earth

► Wind, waves, Wind, waves, glaciers, and othersglaciers, and others

Section 1 ReviewSection 1 Review

►Describe the main structure of the Describe the main structure of the interior of the Earthinterior of the Earth

►How does the plate tectonic theory How does the plate tectonic theory explain earthquakes, mountain explain earthquakes, mountain building and volcanoes?building and volcanoes?

►Describe how wind and water alter Describe how wind and water alter Earth’s surface.Earth’s surface.

Section 2: The Atmosphere Section 2: The Atmosphere GoalsGoals

►Describe the composition of the Describe the composition of the atmosphereatmosphere

►Describe the layers of the Describe the layers of the atmosphereatmosphere

►Explain the 3 ways heat is Explain the 3 ways heat is transferred in the atmospheretransferred in the atmosphere

►Explain the greenhouse effectExplain the greenhouse effect

Our AtmosphereOur Atmosphere► Atmosphere: a THIN Atmosphere: a THIN

layer of gases layer of gases surrounding our planetsurrounding our planet

►Makes life possibleMakes life possible► Provides vital gases for Provides vital gases for

plants and animalsplants and animals► Blocks out harmful sun Blocks out harmful sun

raysrays► Keeps temperature Keeps temperature

comfortablecomfortable► Burns up meteoroids Burns up meteoroids

Our AtmosphereOur Atmosphere

► 78% Nitrogen78% Nitrogen► 21% Oxygen21% Oxygen► 1% others like 1% others like

argon, methane, argon, methane, carbon dioxidecarbon dioxide

►Dust, dirt, bacteria, Dust, dirt, bacteria, viruses, ash, air viruses, ash, air pollution, salt, skin, pollution, salt, skin, bits of cloths, etc.bits of cloths, etc.

Atmosphere is a dynamic place

Layers of AtmosphereLayers of Atmosphere►Divided into 4 main layers according to Divided into 4 main layers according to

changes in temperaturechanges in temperature

Layers of AtmosphereLayers of Atmosphere

► Troposphere: lowest Troposphere: lowest layer, all weather layer, all weather occurs here, most occurs here, most dense layer, dense layer,

► Temperature and Temperature and air pressure drop air pressure drop quickly as altitude quickly as altitude increasesincreases

Layers of AtmosphereLayers of Atmosphere

► Stratosphere: layer Stratosphere: layer above troposphere, above troposphere, contains ozone contains ozone layer which blocks layer which blocks out harmful UV sun out harmful UV sun raysrays

► Contains high levels Contains high levels of Ozone Oof Ozone O33

Layers of AtmosphereLayers of Atmosphere

►Mesosphere: Mesosphere: coldest layercoldest layer as as low as -93low as -93ooCC

► Thermosphere: Thermosphere: hottest layerhottest layer, but , but would not feel would not feel hot ???hot ???

Energy Transfer in Energy Transfer in AtmosphereAtmosphere

How does the air get warm?How does the air get warm?

► Radiation is the transfer Radiation is the transfer of energy across spaceof energy across space

► Stand out in the sun Stand out in the sun wearing a black shirtwearing a black shirt

► Sun 93 million miles Sun 93 million miles awayaway

► Travels at 186,000 mi/sTravels at 186,000 mi/s►Only about 50% of solar Only about 50% of solar

energy is absorbed by energy is absorbed by Earth’s surfaceEarth’s surface

Energy Transfer Energy Transfer

► Conduction: energy Conduction: energy transfer when the 2 transfer when the 2 object with different object with different temperatures touch temperatures touch

► Air touching the Air touching the ground warms by ground warms by conductionconduction

► You touch a hot You touch a hot metal pan and burn metal pan and burn your handyour hand

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer► Convection: Convection:

heat transfer heat transfer by moving by moving fluid (liquid or fluid (liquid or gas)gas)

►Hot air rising Hot air rising off the warm off the warm groundground

►Why does hot Why does hot air rise?air rise?

•Explain how out atmosphere warms?

•Why doesn’t all the heat escape into space?

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

Greenhouse EffectGreenhouse Effect

►Gases in the Gases in the atmosphere trap in atmosphere trap in heat not allowing it to heat not allowing it to escape into spaceescape into space

►Mainly COMainly CO22, water , water vapor and methane gasvapor and methane gas

►Natural process, well Natural process, well understood for understood for centuriescenturies

►Without those gases Without those gases Earth is a very cold Earth is a very cold placeplace

Our atmosphere is critical to life on Earth, yet is very thin and fragile

Section 2 ReviewSection 2 Review

►Describe the composition of the Describe the composition of the atmosphereatmosphere

►Describe the layers of the Describe the layers of the atmosphereatmosphere

►Explain the 3 ways heat is Explain the 3 ways heat is transferred in the atmospheretransferred in the atmosphere

►Explain the greenhouse effectExplain the greenhouse effect

Section 3: Hydrosphere and Section 3: Hydrosphere and BiosphereBiosphere

►Describe the main “steps” in the water Describe the main “steps” in the water cyclecycle

►Explain how the ocean is a dynamic Explain how the ocean is a dynamic system of current, waves, and tidessystem of current, waves, and tides

►Explain why life is confined to the Explain why life is confined to the biosphere.biosphere.

HydrosphereHydrosphereHydrosphere: includes all water on Earth

Rivers, lakes, streams, groundwater, glaciers, water vapor, oceans, clouds, etc.

Water CycleWater Cycle

Where is most water found?Where is most water found?

97% in Oceans, less than 3% is fresh water

Most freshwater is in glaciers and ice caps

OceansOceans

Cover 70% of Earth’s surface

Ocean WaterOcean Water

The sodium and chlorine NaCl form salt

Why is it salty?

Which parts of oceans would be saltier?

Ocean Temperature ZonesOcean Temperature Zones

How is it possible that England is 700 miles further How is it possible that England is 700 miles further away from the equator than Camden, yet it has much away from the equator than Camden, yet it has much

warmer winters?warmer winters?

Ocean CurrentsOcean Currents

Ocean CurrentOcean Current

► Streamline Streamline movements of water movements of water in the oceansin the oceans

► Surface currents Surface currents caused by windcaused by wind only only a few meters deepa few meters deep

► Surface current Surface current impact climates impact climates worldwide moving worldwide moving heat from equator to heat from equator to polar regionspolar regions

Ocean Motions: TidesOcean Motions: TidesTides are caused by the gravity of the moon and sun pulling water closer to them

Ocean Motions: WavesOcean Motions: Waves

Waves are caused by wind

Stronger Wind = Bigger Waves

Fresh WaterFresh Water

Fresh Water: GroundwaterFresh Water: Groundwater

GroundwaterGroundwater

What do you think makes groundwater a good source for water?

What could be some problems with using groundwater?

BiosphereBiosphere

►What makes life What makes life possible in the possible in the biosphere?biosphere?

► SunlightSunlight►Moderate Moderate

temperaturestemperatures► Liquid WaterLiquid Water►GravityGravity

Life starts with the plants

Primary Producers

Where do YOU get your energy from?

Section 3 ReviewSection 3 Review

►Describe the main “steps” in the water Describe the main “steps” in the water cyclecycle

►Explain how the ocean is a dynamic Explain how the ocean is a dynamic system of current, waves, and tidessystem of current, waves, and tides

►Explain why life is confined to the Explain why life is confined to the biosphere.biosphere.

Chapter 3Chapter 3

► The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the The Earth is a dynamic system consisting of the geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and geosphere, the atmosphere, the hydrosphere and the biosphere. the biosphere.

► The Earth’s geosphere is a complex system that is The Earth’s geosphere is a complex system that is constantly changing impacting life on Earth. constantly changing impacting life on Earth.

► A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our A thin mixture of gasses that surrounds our planet makes life on Earth possible in many ways. planet makes life on Earth possible in many ways.

► Life is contained in a very thin layer near the Life is contained in a very thin layer near the Earth’s surface that contains all that is needed for Earth’s surface that contains all that is needed for survival. survival.

► Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that Water is a simple, yet complex molecule that shapes our world landscape, moderates our shapes our world landscape, moderates our climate, provides habitat and most of all makes climate, provides habitat and most of all makes life possiblelife possible