environmental science
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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
Earth Lights from SpaceEarth Lights from Space
Earth’s Systems and Changes
• Earth: A dynamic system
• Four interconnected subsystems: Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
• Four subsystems mutually adjust
What is Environmental Science?
• Environmental Science IS NOT Environmentalism
• Environmental Science is an interdisciplinary study of connections and is based on SCIENTIFIC principles
• Environmentalism is a social movement dedicated to protecting the environment (air, water, fauna, flora, etc)
Earth
• Earth: geospatially isolated in the universe• Population explosion: exponential growth• Facing limited resources: energy, soil, fresh
water, forests, ocean fisheries, rangelands• Global environment: conflicts and integrated
resolutions• Lessons from Easter Island: aware of limited
resources and needs for sustainable global economy
Environmental Sciences
• Environment: A complex system with physical, biological, geological, ecological, and geopolitical aspects.
• Requires multidisciplinary research Environmental geology, environmental chemistry, global climate change, biological diversity and ecosystems, environmental economics, environmental ethics, environmental law, etc.
• Environmental crisis
Population, environmental hazards, resource limitations and contaminations, environment ownership (both in space and over time)
Fundamental Concepts
Population growthSustainabilitySystem and changeHazardous Earth processesScientific knowledge and values
Human Population Growth
Environmental problem• Population “time bomb”:
Exponential growth• Earth’s carrying capacity limited
More resources, more land space, more waste
• Exponential growth• Uneven growth in space and over time• Good news
The rate of increase in population is decreasing
Human Population Growth
Sustainability
• Ability of natural systems (human cultural systems and economies) to adapt and survive to changing environmental conditions indefinitely.
• Interplay between Natural Resources (Materials-renewable, such as soil, water, air/ nonrenewable, such as oil, minerals) and Natural Services (Fnc of nature-nutrient cycling, pest control, ozone protection) to establish equilibrium in Natural Capital
Plant and AnimalBiodiversity
SEPM Photo CD-10, Environmental Science 1, 1997
Sustainability• An evolving concept • Long-term
implications• Requiring careful
resources allocation, large-scale
• Development of new technology for resource use, recycling, and waste disposal
Sustainability
Measuring sustainabilityMeasuring sustainability• Use and consumption of resources
• Replenishment and renewable rates
• Development and improvement of human environment vs. workable environment
• Humans are living unsustainably by wasting, depleting and degrading the Earth’s Natural Capital at an exponentially accelerated rate. (e.g. overgrazing, overfishing)
Consumption ComparisonsConsumption Comparisons
– 18% of the global population living in developed countries consumes 88% of the world’s total resources.
– USA alone accounts for 6% of the global population , but consumes 25% of its energy resources.
– The Developed world produces 75% of all pollution and wastes.
Ecological Footprints
• Resources vs. Reserves
• Renewable vs. Nonrenewable
• Conservation vs. Preservation
• Recycling
• Reuse
Ecological Footprints
• Amount of biological productive land and water needed to supply the people living in a particular area
• In 2006 WWF estimated that humanity’s global ecological footprint exceeded the Earth’s biological capacity by 25%
• The US has the largest ecological footprint• By 2050, humanity will be trying to use
twice as many renewable resources as the Earth can supply
Pollution
• What is pollution?
• Point sources
• Nonpoint sources
• Unwanted effects of pollution
Why Do We Have Environmental Problems?
• Major causes of environmental problems are
• Population growth• Wasteful and unsustainable resource use• Poverty• People with different environmental
worldviews often disagree about the seriousness of environmental problems
Trying to manage nature without knowing enoughabout it
Populationgrowth
Unsustainableresource use
Poverty Excludingenvironmental costs from market prices
SEPM Photo CD-10, Environmental Science 1, 1997
Some Harmful Results of Poverty
Environmental Effects of prosperity
• Harmful effects– High consumption and waste of resources– Advertising – more makes you happy
• Beneficial effects– Concern for environmental quality– Provide money for environmental causes– Reduced population growth
Hazardous Earth Processes
Hazardous Earth processes and risk statistics Hazardous Earth processes and risk statistics for the past two decadesfor the past two decades
• Annual loss of life: About 150,000• Financial loss: >$20 billion• More loss of life from a major natural disaster
in a developing country (2003 Iran quake, ~30,000 people)
• More property damage occurs in a more developed country
Scientific Principles of Sustainabilities
• Relience on Solar Energy
• Biodiversity
• Population Control
• Nutrient Cycling
Population Control
Reliance onSolar Energy
Biodiversity
Nutrient Cycling
Four scientific principles of sustainability
These four interconnected principles of sustainability are derived from learning how nature has sustained a variety of life on the earth for about 3.7 billion years.
• The top left oval shows sunlight stimulating the production of vegetation in the Arctic tundra during its brief summer (solar energy) and the top right oval shows some of the diversity of species found there during the summer (biodiversity).
• The bottom right oval shows Arctic gray wolves stalking a caribou during the long cold winter (population control).
• The bottom left oval shows Arctic gray wolves feeding on their kill. This, plus huge numbers of tiny decomposers that convert dead matter to soil nutrients, recycle all materials needed to support the plant growth shown in the top left and right ovals (nutrient cycling).
Increasing resource use
Sustainability EmphasisCurrent Emphasis
Pollution prevention
Waste prevention
Protecting habitat
Environmental restoration
Less resource waste
Population stabilization
Protecting natural capital
Waste disposal(bury or burn)
Pollution cleanup
Protecting species
Environmentaldegradation
Depleting and degrading natural capital
Population growth
Some shifts involved in bringing about the environmental or sustainability revolution. Question: Which three of these shifts do you think are most important? Why?Task= 4%---Last date for submission-----25-02-2013Basis for project designing
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