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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Carolyn Opio, Livestock Policy Officer - FAO
A Global Resource Crisis
• Climate change
• Resource scarcity
• Land scarcity
• Water scarcity
• Nitrogen and Phosphorus cycles
• Energy crisis – peak oil
• Mass extinction – rapid loss of biodiversity
Livestock and Environment
• 26 % of all land is grazed; 35 % of all crop land is for feed
• Have contributed to 20% of degrading of rangelands
• Livestock use 15% of global agriculture water, some with pollution
• Pose a threat to bio-diversity in 306 of the 825 eco-regions
• are major source of greenhouse gas: 14.5% of anthropogenic emissions (FAO, 2013)
Pollution Greenhouse gas
emissions Land degradation /biodiversity loss
Distribution of livestock production systems
Livestock provides 31% of total protein supply
North America
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Northern Africa
Western Europe
Eastern Europe
South Asia
South East Asia
East Asia
Australia + NZ
Protein per capita consumption (g/cap/day)
Source: FAOSTAT
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
79
55 56
8981
63
112
83 84
93
5965
9197
105101
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Vegetal
Other
Milk
Meat
Fish, Seafood
Eggs
g/capita/day
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 200924
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
24
54
12
118
73
56
726
64
87
111
1990 2000 2009
North America
Southern Africa
Western Africa
Northern Africa
Western Europe Eastern Europe
South Asia
South East Asia
East Asia
Australia + NZ
Meat per capita consumption (kg/cap/yr)
24
54
12
118
73
56
7
26
64
87
111
Northern Africa Southern Africa Western Africa Northern America South America Eastern Asia Southern Asia South-Eastern Asia Eastern Europe Western Europe Australia and New Zealand
1990 2000 2009
Source: FAOSTAT
Drivers of consumption and future trends
World demand for livestock food products since 1990:
Milk +30% Meat +60% Eggs + 80%
+70% by 2050
• Population growth : +30% since 1990 +30% or 9.6 billion people by 2050
• Income growth : +1.5%/year since 1980, +5 to 7%/ year in Asia
+2%/year by 2050
• Urbanization: 20% in 1900, 40% in 1990, >50% in 2010 70% of urban people in 2050
World production
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
World meat production (milion tonnes)Source: FAOSTAT
East Asia
Europe
NorthAmerica
Other
Central &South America
Million tonnes
Source: FAOSTAT
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
World milk production (million tonnes)Source: FAOSTAT
East Asia
W. Europe
N. America
Central & S. America
Other
South Asia
E. Europe
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
World eggs production (million tonnes)Source: FAOSTAT
East Asia
Europe
N. America
Central & S. America
Other
Million tonnes
Million tonnes
Meat Milk
Eggs
Food security and nutrition
• Livestock products supply about 13% of calories consumed worldwide and 20% in developed countries.
• They supply around 30% of total protein consumption worldwide and more than 40% in developed countries.
• They provide critical nutrients to vulnerable groups
• Livestock can increase the world’s edible protein balance by converting protein found in forage into forms digestible by humans
Livestock transforms non edible resources into edible products
Source: GLEAM
Feed basket composition (DM) Cattle, small ruminants, buffalos, pigs and chicken
= 27% of global grain
production (wheat, barley, maize, millet,
sorghum and rice)
Income and employment
• Supports the livelihood of about 800 millions poor, of which 25% in sub-Saharan Africa and 45% in South Asia
• Contributes about 40% to agricultural GDP. This share rises with income and level of development and is above 50% for most OECD countries
• Past annual growth of 3.5%, expected to rise to 4% in 2020 in developing countries
Economic development • Livestock development plays a significant role in economic growth
and poverty reduction
• Growth in demand for agrif-ood products represents a potential increase of income for livestock producers
• Livestock is a major source of international trade, with 180 billion $US of exports in 2010, around 17% of all agricultural products export value.
Non-food services
• Livestock is major contributor to crop-production in developing world: fertilization and draught power to cultivate about 40% of arable land
• Provides insurance and ready cash to rural poor as household capital reserve
• Is a source of significant adding value by-products, such as leather, fibers…
• Help territorial expansion
• Core aspect of cultures and religions
FOOD
AGRICULTURE
HUMAN BENEFITS ENVIRONMENT
NATURAL RESOURCES
RESPONSE FOCUS
Resource protection
Resource use efficiency
Balancing human benefits
ECOSYSTEMS ECONOMIC and SOCIAL
OUTCOMES
Livestock agenda for action
Response focus
The game changer: resource scarcity
The game changer: resource scarcity
• Resource scarcity has become an economic reality – coping with scarcity an economic necessity
The game changer: resource scarcity
• Resource scarcity has become an economic reality – coping with scarcity an economic necessity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
lug-
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feb
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apr-
12
maize
soybean meal
USD per ton
Feed Prices over the last 10 years
The game changer: resource scarcity
• Resource scarcity has become an economic reality – coping with scarcity an economic necessity
• Climate change affects agriculture like no other sector
• Livestock has a large potential to respond
0
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feb
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mar
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apr-
12
maize
soybean meal
USD per ton
Feed Prices over the last 10 years
Rational resource use
Rational resource use
• Healthy human diets
Rational resource use
• Healthy human diets
• Full use of feed material with no alternative value (roughages, by-products, waste)
Rational resource use
• Healthy human diets
• Full use of feed material with no alternative value (roughages, by-products, waste)
• Improving natural resource use efficiency
Rational resource use
• Healthy human diets
• Full use of feed material with no alternative value (roughages, by-products, waste)
• Improving natural resource use efficiency
• Restoring value to grassland (payment-based environmental service provision)
Rational resource use
• Healthy human diets
• Full use of feed material with no alternative value (roughages, by-products, waste)
• Improving natural resource use efficiency
• Restoring value to grassland (payment-based environmental service provision)
• Let the polluter pay (zero discharge of waste)
Improve natural resource use efficiency
• Despite higher resource costs, sector growth will continue
• Huge performance gaps within systems/ species and across countries
• Potential to reduce the sector’s environmental burden, and to enhance its role in climate change mitigation, nutrient recycling and biodiversity protection
• Technical solutions are available but policies need to be better aligned
Sustainable Livestock • Better Policies needed
– To drive up resource efficiencies and to address externalities
– To exploit the growth potential for poverty reduction
– To counter pathogen threats
– To improve animal welfare
• Better Science needed
– for a better and integrated understanding of “livestock and human needs”
– To develop policy and technical options
Livestock, Resources and Poverty
• The poverty question is part of the Livestock-resource equation
• Investments and knowledge to:
• Enable smallholders/pastoralists to intensify where production potential and markets allow
• Create markets for environmental services from grazing (carbon, water, biodiversity)
• Create alternatives to livestock
Concluding remarks
Concluding remarks
Growing resource scarcity will determine the trajectory of the livestock sector
Concluding remarks
Growing resource scarcity will determine the trajectory of the livestock sector
The livestock sector has a large potential to respond to resource scarcity
Concluding remarks
Growing resource scarcity will determine the trajectory of the livestock sector
The livestock sector has a large potential to respond to resource scarcity
Sustainability is not a state but a continuous process of improvement (change of practice) - Interpretation depends on location and context
Concluding remarks
Growing resource scarcity will determine the trajectory of the livestock sector
The livestock sector has a large potential to respond to resource scarcity
Sustainability is not a state but a continuous process of improvement (change of practice) - Interpretation depends on location and context
There is no solution without simultaneously resolving the social/poverty issue
Concluding remarks
Growing resource scarcity will determine the trajectory of the livestock sector
The livestock sector has a large potential to respond to resource scarcity
Sustainability is not a state but a continuous process of improvement (change of practice) - Interpretation depends on location and context
There is no solution without simultaneously resolving the social/poverty issue
Requires political will, dialogue and transparency
THANK YOU
carolyn.opio@fao.org
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