environmental impacts assessment for gsm radiated power and fm radio broadcasting in baghdad eng....
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Environmental Impacts Assessment for GSM radiated power and FM Radio Broadcasting in
Baghdad
Eng. Jawad Al-AboudiEnvironmental Research Center
Environment and Water Directorate / Ministry of Science and TechnologyBaghdad, IRAQ
This presentation includes:
-The effects of EMF exposure- Previous research and studies results- International limits and local limits- Local researches in EMF exposure assessment- Recommendations and suggestions
Radiation types
Radio Frequency (natural, man made)Effect: Molecular rotation and torsion results in heating, mainly due to power absorbed by tissue. IT IS NON IONIZING
Infrared – Warming of skin surface, non ionizingVisible – Electron level changes, non ionizingUltra violet – Ionizing but skin deep effect (Sunburn)X-ray (medical, TV screens) - Ionizing effect (deep)Nuclear (natural / power plants) – Ionizing effect, radiation hazard is deeper and risk of cancer)Gamma ray (radioactive process) - Ionizing effect (risk of mutation and cancer)
“Higher the frequency deeper the effect”
Incr
easi
ng F
requ
ency
Base Stations and Headsets Mobile Radio Systems Radiation: Analysis, Mitigation and Simulations TechniquesProfessor JACOB GAVAN (Fellow IEEE)Holon Institute of Technology (H.I.T)Faculty of Engineering – Dept of Communication Engineering
Temperature distribution after 3 minute of cell phone call, Thermal Effect
ICNIRP exposure limits ( for limited exposure time)
GSM type IEEE FCC ARPANSA ICNIRP ANSI
900MHz6 W/m2
--
6 W/m2
--
4.5 W/m2
41.1 v/m0.1092 A/m
4.5 W/m2
41.25 v/m0.111 A/m
6 W/m2
--
1800MHz12 W/m2
--
10 W/m2
--
9 W/m2
58 v/m0.1544 A/m
9 W/m2
58.33 v/m0.157 A/m
12 W/m2
--
GSM type IEEE FCC ARPANSA ICNIRP ANSI
900MHz30 W/m2
--
30 W/m2--
22.5 W/m292.1 v/m
0.2442 A/m
22.5 W/m290 v/m
0.24 A/m
30 W/m2--
1800MHz60 W/m2
--
50 W/m2--
45 W/m2130 v/m
0.3453 A/m
45 W/m2127.28 v/m0.339 A/m
50 W/m2--
General public exposure limits
Professional workers limits
ICNIRP Limits compared with other standard limits
Overview of Al-Sader City (Baghdad), a case study (1)
Mobile phone tower distribution in (Sector 5)
Over view of Al-Binouk section (Baghdad), a case study (2)
Overview of AlShaab city, a case study (3)
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 tower A
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 tower B
90 100 110 120 1300
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
EMF Exposure (GSM) case study 5
Distance, meter (Tower A as reference point)
Expo
sure
leve
l V/m
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 0.990123456
1 1 1.068 1.134 1.24 1.46 1.521 1.66 2.347
5.652
Measurements in AlSader city (Percentile)
percentile
Expo
sure
leve
l V/m
harmonic mean geometric mean minimum standard deveation
median average max0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1.39422895623763
1.52317425340704
1 1.00811431635932
1.241.584342105263
16
7.18Statistical calculations for Al-Sader city
Measurements in Wasit Governorate, case study(4)
Iraq, Baghdad(Peak) Iraq, Wasit (Peak) IEEE FCC ARPANSA ICNIRP ANSI
7.18 V/m 7.76 V/m 47.56 V/m 47.56 V/m 41.1 V/m 41.25 V/m 47.56 V/m
Iraq, Baghdad(Peak)
Iraq, Wasit (Peak) Italy Russia Poland newzealand Austria Check new south
Wales 7.18 V/m 7.76 V/m 6.14 V/m 2.74 V/m 6.14 V/m 27.45 V/m 0.614 V/m 9.51 V/m 0.0614 V/m
Location Peak value Average Date
Wasit 7.76 V/m 1.8441 V/m 22/1/2012
Baghdad / AlSader 7.18 V/m 1.584 V/m 15/5/2011
Baghdad / Binouk 5.52 V/m 1.76 V/m 24/10/2010
Measurements in Iraq compared with international limits
Measurements in Iraq compared with local limits in some countries
Measurements in Wasit and Baghdad Governorates
GSM Tower distribution in Paris, (Nedhif, 2008)
CountryPeak
power density
mW/m2
Researcher
Germany 100 (Humann, 2007)
KSA 100 (Alshebili, 2009)
Baghdad 81 MOST
Italy 23.87 (Arnelli, 2000)
Kosovo 15.66 (Mimozal, 2007)
Palestine 16.6 (Muhammad, 2005)
Malaysia 8.3 (ECOST, 2003)
India 6.366 (Kummar, 2009)
Austria 39.6 (Neubauer, 2001)
Baghdad/Binouk Baghdad/Alsha’ab Paris
18 22 12
Measurement in Iraq and some countries
Number of towers in Baghdad and Paris for the same area
Exposure limits according to frequency, Hz
AM FM VHF UHF78/f 0.5 28 28 1.375xf 0.5 ICNIRP
823.8/f 27.5 27.5 2xf 0.5 IEEE
824/f 27.5 27.5 2xf 0.5 ASNI
824/f 27.5 27.5 2xf 0.5 FCC
61.4 61.4 61.4 3.07xf 0.5 ARPANSA
F= frequency in MHz
International Exposure limits for Radio and TV Broadcasting
Low: 10uW/m2 = 0.0614 v/mMedium: 10- 100 µw/m2 = 0.0614 – 0.2 v/mHigh: above 100 µw/m2 = above 0.2 v/mExtreme: 10000 – 100000 µw/m2 = 1.94 - 6.14 v/m
OEKOTEST, 2001
Exposure levels classification
Broadcasting type Exposure limits,
mW/cm2
AM (100-180)/f2
FM 0.2 (27.5 V/m)
VHF 0.2 (27.5 V/m)
UHF 1 - 1500/f2
In 2011, Iraqi MOEN issued instructions and recommendations represent the requirements for the environmental agreement for new TV and Radio broadcasting stations, according to these local instructions, the broadcasting stations classified as an environmental pollutants (Grade C)
Iraqi local limits (MOEN)
TV & Radio Broadcasting Stations in IraqBroadcasting type Iraq Baghdad
FM 113 31
AM 7 4
TV (UHF) 27 10
TV (Satellite) 31 23
Std. Deviation
MeanV/m
MaxV/m
MinV/m measurements Station
0.792 2.17 4.95 1 97 Alfura’at
0.693 2.1 3.55 1.07 60 Iraqia
1.245 3.584 7.19 1.96 26 Summaria
2.04 5.174 20.17 1.74 317 Al-Ahd
1.053 2.746 4.83 1 42 Al-Salam
1.834 2.582 8.09 1 52 Al-Jawadain
1.171 3.003 8.93 1.07 93 Al-Mustaqbal
1.284 2.943 8.24 1.07 55 Al-Balagh
Statistical calculations of selected Radio stations in Baghdad
Statistical findings of Alfoura’at broadcasting stationN Range Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Variance
Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Statistic Std. Error Statistic Statistic
Exposure level V/m 97 3.95 1.00 4.95 2.1707 .08042 .79203 .627
Valid N (listwise) 97
Alfoura’at Broadcasting station in Baghdad, case study (5)
Statistical analysis of Alfoura’at Broadcasting station in Baghdad
EMF level, V/m Limits
28 ICNIRP
27.5 IEEE
27.5 ASNI
27.5 FCC
61.4 ARPANSA
27.5 Local limits
20.17 Peak measurement
MAX EMF Exposure V/m Location8.0 Slovenia (Valic, 2012)0.41 Switzerland, (Theodoros, 2009)
7.742 Germany (Schmiedel , 2008)1.7 Belgium (Wout, 2010)
0.247 Bulgaria, (Theodoros, 2009)1.43 France, (Theodoros, 2009)6.0 USA, (NRPB, 2003)
20.17 IRAQ , Baghdad
FM radiation Peak exposure in Baghdad compared with international limits
FM radiation Peak exposure in Baghdad compared other studies
Conclusions and suggestions:
1. All measurements are below the international standard limits, but, they are higher than local limits of some counties.
2. The international limits are protect the professional workers and publics from EMF thermal effects, we are looking forward for new international standard limits considering the non-thermal effects
3. In Iraq most of GSM towers are fixed on the top of the citizen’s houses.4. The better use of mobile phone the lower exposure level5. Child should avoids the use of mobile phone6. More knowledge to the possible impacts of EMF exposure including the
best use of mobile phone should be included in educational text books in primary schools
7. Workers close to FM transmitters should periodically replace each other to avoid continuous exposure.
8. All people and workers who are work or live near GSM or FM transmitters must be subjected to free medical examinations.
9. All types of tower that’s transmitted EMF energy must be fixed away from houses, schools and child health care centers as far as possible.
10. High power Radio and TV transmitters should be far from studio, workers and office
11. Radio and TV frequency band had the lower international standard limits12. All measurements are implemented with normal human height (1.75 cm),
higher readings expected in upper levels13. Most of FM radio station in Baghdad located in crowded residential areas
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