english debate
Post on 28-Nov-2014
2.963 Views
Preview:
DESCRIPTION
TRANSCRIPT
ENGLISH DEBATE
Ryche Dewata Sari ( 14 / XI IA 2 )
DEBATING IS :
© About developing communication skills
© About assembling and organizing effective arguments
© About persuading and entertaining audience
© About convincing adjudicator that your arguments are
better than your opposition
DEBATING IS NOT:
© About personal abuse, irrational attacks or
purely emotional attacks
BENEFIT OF DEBATING
Cultivates quick, multi dimensional, and logical
thinking
Improves self confidence and speaking style
Enriches leadership qualities
Improves the ability to develop reasonable opinions
Improves anticipative way of thinking
GOOD DEBATER POSSESS
Ability to acquire knowledge and analyze current
issues
Ability to generate creative ideas
Ability to think critically and logically
Ability to present the ideas clearly and systematically
DEBATING BASICS
A debate is held between two
teams of three members
each
Affirmative Vs Negative
(Government) (Opposition)
Speech Order ;
1) 1st affirmative
2) 1st negative
3) 2nd affirmative
4) 2nd negative
5) 3rd affirmative
6) 3rd negative
7) Negative reply
8) Affirmative reply
o Affirmative team (government) must defend
and give constructive arguments to the
motion. The affirmative has a right to define
the motion and it must be reasonable
definition.
o Negative team (opposition) must oppose or
give counter-case arguments to the motion.
IMPORTANT TERMS Motion = topic being discussed in the debate
Members of this house = members of parliament
Adjudicator = judge (honorable adjudicators)
Rebuttal = opinion used to attack the opponent
Theme line = statement to prove a team’s stand on the motion
Team split = arguments to support theme line
Case building = time to prepare the argument (25/30 min)
Verbal adjudication = resume from the adjudicator to decide the winner.
Margin = the score between your team with your opponent.
MOTIONMotion also known topic of the debate, is full propositional
statements that determines what a debate shall be about
*It is not in the form of questions or phrases
Example:
a. This house believes that education should be for free
b. This house believes that condoms should be distributed
at school
ROLES OF THE SPEAKER
1st affirmative Defines the motion of the debate
Presents the affirmative’s theme line
Outline the affirmative’s team split
Deliver substantial argument (1st affirmative part of the split)
Provides a brief summary/recap of the speech
1ST NEGATIVE
Provides a response to the definition (accepts or
challenges the definition)
Rebuts 1st affirmative
Presents the negative’s theme line
Outlines the negative’s team split
Delivers substantial arguments (1st negative’s part of the
split)
Provides a brief summary/recap of the speech
2ND AFFIRMATIVE
Rebuts the 1st negative’s major arguments
Briefly restates terms the affirmative’s team
case (reinforces the idea/ argument delivered
by 1st speaker)
Delivers substantial arguments (2nd
affirmative’s split). Most of the 2nd affirmative’s
time should be dealing with new substantial
material/arguments
Provides a brief summary/ recap of the speech
2ND NEGATIVE
Rebuts the 2nd affirmative’s argument (could also
rebuts first two affirmative)
Briefly restates terms the negative’s team case
(reinforces the idea/argument delivered by 1st speaker)
Delivers substantial argument (2nd negative’s split.
Most of the 2nd negative’s time should be dealing with
new arguments)
Provides a brief summary/ recap of the speech
3RD AFFIRMATIVE
Rebuts the points/arguments raised by the first two negative
speaker. The 3rd affirmative is mainly entrusted with the duty
of responding to the arguments of the negative that were not
previously dealt with by the first two affirmative speaker. 3rd
affirmative may also reinforce rebuttals that have been
stated by teammates (could also possibly bring new split)
Rebuild team’s case
Summarizes the issues of the debate (summary)
3RD NEGATIVE
Rebuts the point raised by all three affirmative speaker.
The 3rd negative speaker cannot bring a new
matter/argument/ split (see also duties of 3rd affirmative
which are quite similar to the duties of the 3rd negative
here). New examples are not considered to be new
matter/argument
Rebuilds team’s case
Summarizes the issues of the debate (summary)
REPLY SPEECH
Reply speakers give a recap of the debate and convincing
biased adjudication. (reply speech is not rebuttal)
Reply speakers duties:
Provide summary of overview of the debate/ what is the
clash/ point of contention
Identify the issues raised by both sides (what our team has
given and what the other side has given as well)
Provide a biased adjudication of the debate and also to
convince the adjudicator that your team should win that
debate.
REPLY SPEECH
- May be delivered by 1st or 2nd speaker
- Reply speech is not rebuttal
- Reply speaker may not bring new matter
DEFINITION
The motion must be defined by affirmative team
A definition clarifies the motion
A definition gives a clear description of boundaries to the
motion; limiting what the debate will be about into a focused
discussion
It will try to avoid different interpretations from both teams of
what actually being debated
It must be debatable
Explain the key-words in motion/topic
Definition should allow the negative team to debate/dispute
A GOOD DEFINITION SHOULD NOT BE
Truistic definition; it is ‘true’ by nature
Tautological or circular definition; it is logically
impossible to negate
Squirreling definition; doesn’t have logical link to the
motion
Time and place setting; it consists of specific
knowledge
FAIR DEFINITON IS A MUST
THEME LINE
It used to prove a team’s stand on the motion, and
answer the question “WHY” to the defined motion.
It is the underlying logic of a team’s case
It is “Case In A Nutshell”
It is the main idea that links together the first, second,
and third speaker
It can be in form of short sentence (single sentence)
Ex : we agree with this motion because…………. (+)
we don’t agree with this motion because…. (-)
TEAM SPLIT- Debating is a team activity (one person/ speaker
cannot take all arguments and become the sole
defender of team’s case)
- It is a distribution of the arguments among the
speaker (first and second speaker)
- Each individual speech must prove the motion (try to
avoid “Hung Case”)
- Ex : Social 1st speaker
Economy 2nd speaker
Politics 2nd speaker
REBUTTAL
Good rebuttal should be
1) Showing that the opposing argument is illogical
2) Showing that the opposing argument is based on an error of fact or a
misinterpretation of fact/ evidence
3) Showing that the opposing argument does not have strong and enough
data, fact, or evidence
4) Showing that the opposing argument is irrelevant to the proof of the
topic/ motion
5) Showing that the opposing argument involves unacceptable implication
and application
When we rebut we must show how and why the
opposition arguments are invalid :
An argument may be wrong in fact or logic – if so, say
how and why
An argument may contradict their team
An argument may be true but completely irrelevant
It is not necessary to rebut every single point and fact
raised by the opposition.
It is not simply in the form of “questions”
ARGUMENT
What adjudicators look for in good argument:
1) Relevance
2) Organization
3) Consistency and internal logic-i.e. don’t contradict
yourself or you teammates.
4) Clarity (remember, debating is about persuading
your audience and adjudicator that you’re right – so
make sure they can understand what you’re
saying)
5) Effective use of evidence
GETTING THE ARGUMENTS RIGHT
1) Identify what you have to prove under the
motion
2) Identify what helps you to prove it
3) Anticipate the questions/rebuttal
4) Block the opportunity for those
5) Present the arguments in good order
GOOD ARGUMENT SHOULD HAVE:
A = Assertion
R = Reason
E = Evidence/ Example
L = Link
ADJUDICATION
1) MATTER (the content) 40%: what you present/ say;
ARGUMENT, EVIDENCE, EXAMPLES (could be from
authentic materials) and REBUTTALS
2) MANNER (how you present/say) 40%; DELIVERY/
PUBLIC SPEAKING ABILITY: how effective and
persuasive is the speaker’s manner in delivering
the argument
ELEMENTS OF MANNER
Gesture
Eye contact
Stance
Language
Vocal style; volume,
clarity, intonation,
and pronunciation
Use of notes; not to
read a lot
Expression of
sincerity
Fluency
Humor
No personal attack
METHOD (HOW YOU ORGANIZE WHAT
YOU SAY) 20%
Structure and organization includes:
- Structure of individual speech (time
management, i.e. overtime/under time)
- Structure of the team’s case (fulfillment of
the roles of the speakers)
- Response to the dynamics of the debate
ADJUDICATORS BRIEFING
REMEMBER!
⋆ Assess what is in a debate only
⋆ You don’t think for the debaters
⋆ Don’t use personal belief
⋆ Use your common sense
⋆ Take detail notes of the debate
Adjudicator is an Average Reasonable Person
PHYLOSOPHY OF ADJUDICATING
Decide who wins the debate
Decide margin of the debate
Decide team’s score
Provide decision with acceptable
reason
SCORING METHOD;
Decide who the winner is
(compare both teams and analyze each
strength and weaknesses; advantages and
disadvantages; how team’s advantages benefit
them)
Decide the margin
Assigning score to each team (giving score for
each of the speaker according to the marking
scale; try not to give extreme score)
MARKING SCALE
Matter/Manner Method Meaning
27 13 Very poor
28-29 14 Below average-Poor
30 15 Average
31-32 16 Above average-very
good
33 17 Excellent
MARKING SCALE; MARGIN
Margin Meaning
1-4 A very close debate with only minor
differences separating both teams
5-9 A relatively clear decision with one team
having an obvious advantage
10-12 A very clear win
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
top related