english 306a; harris 1 syntax word patterns. english 306a; harris 2 syntactic arguments syntactic...

English 306A; Harris 1

Syntax

Word patterns

Syntactic arguments

Syntactic form• Linear Sentence

patterns• Grammatical roles• Phrase structure rules• Hierarchical structure

Syntactic functions• Event schemata• Semantic roles • “Energy” flow

Homer preens

Homer preensDOINGAgent: Homer

Linear Sequence

English basic sentence patterns (p.89)

VT-COMP

Intransitive TransitiveDitransitive CopulativeComplementTransitive-complement

1 argument (Subj)

2 arguments (Subj, DObj)

3 arguments (Subj, DObj, IObj)

2 arguments (Subj, Comp)

2 argument (Subj, Comp)

3 arguments(Subj, DObj, Comp)

S NP VP

Homer preens.

Homer loves his blanket.

Homer throws the dog a bone.

Homer is incredibly sexy.

Homer goes to the bar.

Homer throws a bone to the

VT-COMP

NPs VPs

S NP VP

Homer preens.

Homer loves his blanket.

Homer throws the dog a bone.

Homer is incredibly sexy.

Homer goes to the bar.

Homer throws a bone to the

VT-COMP

NPs VPs

Basic English phrase structureS

(Det) (AP)* N (PP)

(Deg) A

(Aux) V (NP) (NP) (PP)*VPCOP (Aux) VCOP

APNPPP

Phrase Structure Rules

X YX “is a” YX Y X precedes Y(X) X is optionalX*X iterates: 1 - ∞ XsX X or YY

S NP VP

Phrase Structure Rules

Hierarchy

Linear Sequence

Structural analysis

Adjective

blackboard

black boardN

Lexical Syntactic

Phrase structure

Syntactic analysis

the black board

Phrase structure

Syntactic analysis

the black boardvery

Homer is sexy

Sexy Homer

Linear Sequence

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

Homer is sexy

Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

Homer is sexy

Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

Homer is sexy

Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP Adj

S Copular verb phrase

Homer is sexy

Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP N

S Copular verb phrase

Homer is a sexpotDet

Hierarchy

Sexy Homer

N VCOP N

Homer is in troubleP

Copular verb phrase

Linear Sequence

The preening Homer

Homer preens

Linear Sequence

The preening Homer

Homer preens

Hierarchy

The preening Homer

Homer preens

Hierarchy

The preening Homer

Homer preens

Hierarchy

The preening Homer

Homer preens

Intransitive verb phrase

Linear Sequence

The loving Homer

Homer loves his blanket

Linear Sequence

The loving Homer

N V Det N

Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

Hierarchy

The loving Homer

N V Det N

Transitive verb phrase

Linear Sequence

Homer’s eating habits

The big bald guy eats crap

Linear Sequence

N VDet NAdjAdj

Hierarchy

N VDet NAdjAdj

NPAP AP

Hierarchy

N VDet NAdjAdj

NPAP AP

Hierarchy

N VDet NAdjAdj

NPAP AP

Structural ambiguity

I saw the man from the store.

1. I was in the store, I looked out the window, and I saw the man: “from the store” modifies ‘saw’.

2. The man is associated with the store, and I saw him: “from the store” modifies ‘the man’.

Structural ambiguitySame linear sequence, different hierarchy

P Det NDet

Pro V N P Det NDet

Subject Object Comp. Subject Object

Patient PatientLocation

Sentences

Homer preens.Homer loves his blanket.Homer eats.Homer eats crap.The fat bald guy eats crap.The fat bald guy eats vast quantities of

artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.

artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone .

Arguments

artery-hardening crap.The fat bald guy throws the dog a bone.

Sentences

Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations

guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little

Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone to the dog

Homer is sexy.Homer is a nuclear-plant operations guy.Homer is in the kitchen.Homer goes to the bar.The collar belongs to Santa’s Little

Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone to the dog.

Arguments

Helper.Marge bakes a cake for Maggie.Bart throws a bone at the dog.

VT-COMP

VT-C0MP

Semantic roles

PatientEssive

Semantic roles

Patient Essive

Semantic roles

Patient Essive

Semantic roles

Agent Goal

Semantic roles

Patient Possessor

Semantic roles

PatientAgent Receiver

Semantic roles

PatientAgent Goal

Semantic RolesRole Definition

Agent The entity that performs the action

Patient The entity undergoing the action; the object of the experience

Experiencer The entity that experiences the state

Receiver The entity that receives something from the action

Essive Anything predicated by the (main) verb “to be”

Possessor The entity who possesses something.

Source The starting point for a movement

Goal The end point for a movement

Path The route over which movement happens

Time The time an event occurs

Location The place an event happens

Event schemata

BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHavingMovingTransferring Com

Semantic RolesRole Event Schemata

Agent DOING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING

Patient BEING, HAPPENING, DOING, EXPERIENCING, HAVING, MOVING, TRANSFERRING

Experiencer EXPERIENCING

Receiver TRANSFERRING

Essive BEING

Possessor HAVING, TRANSFERRING

Source

MOVING, TRANSFERRINGGoal

TimeALL

Location

Simplex event schemata

BeingHappeningDoingExperiencingHaving

E.g.s Homer is large.Homer is a safety inspector.Homer is in the shower.

Complemen

tsSubjects

Subject NP ≈ PatientComplement ≈ Essive

Essives

Patients

Subject NP ≈ Patient

E.g.s Homer fell.Homer ages.Homer stumbled.

Subjects

Patients

Subject NP ≈ Agent

E.g.s Homer eats.Homer yells.

Subjects

Agents

Subject NP ≈ Agent(Object NP ≈ Patient)

E.g.s Homer eats.Homer yells. Homer catches Bart.Homer kissed Marge.

Subjects

Agents Objects

Patients

Subjects

Agents

Subject NP ≈ Experiencer(Object NP ≈ Patient)

E.g.s Homer laments.Homer loathes Flanders.Homer saw Chief Wiggum.

(Contrast: Homer watched Chief Wiggum.)

Subject NP ≈ Experiencer(Object NP ≈ Patient)

E.g.s Homer laments.Homer loathes Flanders.Homer saw Chief Wiggum.

Subjects

Experiencer

Objects

Patients

Subject NP ≈ PossessorObject NP ≈ Patient

E.g.s Homer has three kids.Homer has a keen sense of

smell.Homer has chicken pox.Homer owns a dog.Homer possesses a hatbox.

Subjects

Possesso

rsObjects

Patients

Complex event schemata

Simplex occurrence (Happening or Doing) with explicit reference to motion.

Start = SourceEnd = GoalRoute = Path

MovingHappening/Doing

Transferring

Simplex occurrence (Happening or Doing) with explicit reference to motion.

Happening + Source/Path/GoalDoing + Source/Path/Goal

MovingHappening/Doing

Transferring

Happening + Source/Path/Goal

Subj NP ≈ PatientComplements ≈ Source, Path, Goal

MovingHappening

Transferring

Happening + Source/Path/Goal

E.g.s Homer staggered home.Homer staggered home from

Apu’s.Homer staggered home, down

the sidewalk from Apu’s.

MovingHappening

Transferring

Happening + Source/Path/GoalMovingHappening

Transferring

Homer staggered home, down the sidewalk from Apu’s.Patient SourcePathGoal

Doing + Source/Path/Goal

E.g.s Homer climbed out of the

window.Homer climbed up Mount

Splashmore from base camp to the summit.

Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s.

MovingDoing

Transferring

Doing + Source/Path/Goal

MovingDoing

Transferring

Homer ran screaming across the back yard to Flander’s.

Agent Path Goal

HavingMoving+MovingTransferring

A complex schema already

Happening or Doing

+ Source/Path/Goal

MovingDoing

MovingHappening

E.g.Bart found a wallet.Homer won $1.76 from the

Springfield Lottery Corporation.

Having MovingHappening+MovingTransferring

VT-COMP

E.g.Homer won $1.76 from the SLC.

Possessor

GoalReceiver

Having:

Moving:Happening:

Possessor

SourcePatient

Patient

PatientPatient

Having MovingHappening+MovingTransferring

VT-COMP

E.g.Homer sold the dog.Homer sold the dog to Moe.

Having MovingDoing+MovingTransferring

VT-COMP

E.g.Homer sold the dog.

Possessor Patient

Source Patient

Having:

Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:

E.g.Homer sold the dog to Moe.

Possessor Patient

Source Patient

Having:

Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:

Possessor

Receiver

E.g.Homer sold Moe the dog.

Possessor Patient

Source Patient

Having:

Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:

Possessor

Receiver

E.g.Homer told his wife a story.

Possessor Patient

Source Patient

Having:

Moving:

Agent PatientDoing:

Possessor

Receiver

Homer sold Moe the dog. Homer sold the dog to Moe.

VT-COMPV3

N V Det N

Homer sold Moe the dog Homer sold the dog to Moe

N V Det N

Transferring

Subject D-ObjectI-Object Subject CompD-ObjectPossessor Patient

Source PatientAgent Patient

PossessorGoal

Receiver

Possessor PatientSource PatientAgent Patient

PossessorGoal

Receiver

Syntax

The sentencethe verb and its argumentsthe subject and the predicate phrase

Event schematasimplexcomplex (simplex + relocation)semantic roles

english 306a; harris 1 syntax word patterns. english 306a; harris 2 syntactic arguments syntactic...

p npaux v np np pp

dobj3 arguments subj

iobj2 arguments subj

comp3 arguments subj

comp2 argument subj

n ppdeg

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