energy star multifamily high rise program
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ENERGY STARMultifamily High Rise Program
Introduction to the Prescriptive Path
July 2011
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Prescriptive Path Components
• Prerequisites
• Performance Target
• Simulation Guidelines
• Performance Path Calculator
• Modeling Checklist
• Prescriptive Requirements
• Testing and Verification (T&V)
• Benchmarking
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Prerequisites & Prescriptive Requirements
• Appliances
• Heating and Cooling Equipment & Distribution
• Envelope
• Garages and Sidewalks
• Ventilation and Infiltration
• Domestic Water Heating
• Lighting
• Pump Motor Efficiency
Appliances
• When provided in common areas and/or apartments, refrigerators, dishwashers, clothes washers, ceiling fans, ceiling exhaust fans, in-line exhaust fans and vending machines must be ENERGY STAR qualified.
• No additional Prescriptive requirement.
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Heating and Cooling Equipment – ASHRAE Mandatory Provisions
• The heating and cooling systems must comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 6.4.
• In addition, the systems must also comply with Prescriptive Path Section 6.5.
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Heating and Cooling Equipment – Sizing and Load Calculations
• Load sizing calculations must reflect the design. The installed capacity cannot exceed design by more than 20%, except when smaller sizes are not available.
• Loads must be calculated and equipment selected per latest editions of ACCA Manual J & S, ASHRAE 2009 Handbook of Fundamentals, or equivalent procedure.
• No additional Prescriptive requirement.
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Heating and Cooling Equipment – Minimum Efficiencies
• See Table 1 for list of equipment and minimum efficiencies per ASHRAE 90.1-2007 climate zones.
• See ASHRAE 189.1-2009 for equipment not listed in Table 1.
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Heating Equipment – Prescriptive Requirements
• No electric resistance space heating is permitted in any space.
• Atmospherically vented gas furnaces and boilers cannot be specified.
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Heating Equipment – Minimum Efficiencies for Boilers
• In Climate Zones 1-5: Boilers < 300,000 Btuh must be ≥ 85% AFUE.
• In Climate Zones 6-8: Boilers < 300,000 Btuh must be ≥ 90% AFUE.
• Boilers ≥ 300,000 Btuh must be ≥ 87% Et, or ≥ 89% Et if used with water-source heat pumps.
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Heating Equipment – Minimum Efficiencies for Furnaces
• For CZ 1, 2, and 3, in-unit warm-air furnaces <225,000 Btuh must be 80% AFUE or greater.
• For CZ 4&5, in-unit warm-air furnaces <225,000 Btuh must be ENERGY STAR qualified.
• For CZ 6, 7 and 8, in-unit warm-air furnaces <225,000 Btuh must be 95% AFUE or greater if gas-fired and 90% AFUE or greater if oil-fired.
• Furnaces <225,000 Btuh serving common areas must be greater than 78% AFUE.
• Warm-air furnaces ≥225,000 Btuh must be ≥80% Et if gas-fired and ≥81% Et if oil-fired.
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Heating and Cooling Equipment – Minimum Efficiencies for PTAC/PTHP
• Equations based on capacity determine minimum efficiencies for PTACs and PTHPs.
• Example: PTAC
EER=13.8-(0.3xCap/1000)
“Cap” is capacity and must be a number between 7,000 and 15,000 Btuh.
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Heating and Cooling Equipment - Minimum Efficiencies for ASHPs
• Air-cooled heat pumps in Climate Zones 1 and 2, must meet or exceed SEER 15 and 8.2 HSPF.
• They must be ENERGY STAR qualified in Climate Zones 3 to 8.
• Climate Zones 4-6 have additional HSPF requirements.
• Dual-fuel for zones 7&8
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Cooling Equipment – Minimum Efficiencies for Split ACs
• Split system air conditioners in any zone that are less than 13,000 Btuh must be SEER 13 or greater.
• For Climate Zones 1 and 2, split system ACs must be SEER 16 or greater.
• For Climate Zones 3, 4 and 5, split system ACs must be ENERGY STAR qualified.
• For Climate Zones 6, 7 and 8, split system ACs must be SEER 13 or greater.
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Cooling Equipment – ENERGY STAR or better
• In all zones, all window, through-wall, and mini-split air conditioners (or heat pumps) must be ENERGY STAR qualified.
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Heating and Cooling Equipment-Other Prescriptive Requirements
• Cooling tower fan motors must be equipped with variable frequency drives that are controlled by a temperature sensor on the condenser water supply pipe.
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Heating and Cooling Distribution – Ducted Forced Air System Design
• For in-unit ducted forced air distribution systems, perform design calculations (using ACCA Manuals J and D, the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals, or an equivalent procedure) and install ducts according to design.
• Flex duct shall follow the Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors’ (SMACNA) installation standards for flex ducts.
• Bedrooms must be pressure-balanced.• No additional Prescriptive Requirement.
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Heating and Cooling Distribution – Insulation
• Heating and cooling supply and return ductwork must be insulated to a minimum R-8 in unconditioned space.
• Piping carrying fluid or steam with temperatures less than 60°F or greater than 105°F, must have a minimum of 1” of insulation. Pipes over 1.5” in diameter must have a minimum of 1.5” of insulation. (No additional requirement.)
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Heating and Cooling Distribution –Sealing and Leakage
• Heating and cooling ductwork must be sealed at all transverse joints and connections, including ductwork connections through drywall or other finish materials, using UL-181 compliant methods and materials.
• Total duct leakage for in-unit ducted forced air systems shall be:
≤6 CFM25 per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area for units 1200 ft2 and greater.
≤8 CFM25 per 100 ft2 of conditioned floor area for units less than 1200 ft2.
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Heating and Cooling Distribution
• Controls• Thermostats• Outside air dampers• Hydronic design• No additional Prescriptive Requirement.
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Envelope – Air Barrier & Infiltration
• The building plans shall demonstrate a continuous, unbroken air barrier separating the conditioned space of the building from the exterior and other unconditioned or commercial spaces.
• Apartments shall be sealed to reduce air exchange between the apartment and exterior as well as the apartment and adjacent spaces.
• A maximum air leakage rate of 0.30 CFM50 per square feet of enclosure is allowed.
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Envelope
• The envelope components must comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 5.4.
• See Tables 2 and 3 of the Prescriptive Path for minimum R-values and maximum assembly U-values per ASHRAE climate zones.
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Envelope – Climate Specific Requirements
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• Roof• Above-Grade Walls• Below-Grade Walls• Floors• Slabs
– Unheated– Heated
• Exterior Doors• Vertical Glazing
– Nonmetal– Metal
Envelope – Climate Specific Requirements
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• For example, an attic in Climate Zone 5 would prescriptively need R-49 in between roof rafters.
• If selecting another insulation method, the U-value of the roof assembly cannot exceed U-0.021.
Envelope – U-values, Insulation Grade
• U-value determinations must follow ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Appendix A.
• An area weighted average of the U-values of the wall and floor perimeter assemblies is acceptable.
• RESNET-defined Grade I insulation installation or Grade II if combined with continuous insulation (≥R-3 in CZ 1-4 and ≥R-5 in CZ 5-8).
• No additional prescriptive requirement.
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Envelope – Vestibules & AC sleeves
• When required by local building code, entranceways shall be designed with vestibules with weather-stripping hard-fastened to the door or frame.
• Insulated covers (R-7 or higher) for through-wall AC units must be provided by the building for use during the heating season or when AC units are not installed.
• No additional prescriptive requirement.
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Envelope – Walls & Windows
• For steel-framed and metal buildings, continuous exterior insulation is required.
• For masonry buildings with metal framing, continuous interior or exterior insulation is required.
• Specified windows must be double or triple-pane, with low-e glass or coatings.
• Maximum allowable window to wall ratio: 30%
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Garages and Sidewalks
• Garages shall be fully compartmentalized. • All pipe & conduit penetrations shall be sealed.• Garages shall not be heated for comfort or to
prevent pipes from freezing.• Radiant heating, either wall or ceiling-mounted
or within the garage floor (or sidewalks) may be used to prevent ice formation on the ground as a safety feature only.
• When exhaust is required by code, CO sensors must be installed to control operation.
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Ventilation – ASHRAE 62 requirements
• Common area ventilation systems shall be designed and tested to satisfy minimum requirements of ASHRAE 62.1-2007.
• Apartment ventilation systems shall be designed and tested to satisfy minimum requirements of ASHRAE 62.2-2007 based upon the anticipated occupancy.
• Measured rates cannot exceed ASHRAE 62-2007 rates by more than 50%.
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Ventilation – Duct sealing & Leakage
• Ventilation system ductwork must be sealed at all transverse joints and connections including boot to wall/ceiling connections through drywall using UL-181 compliant materials and methods.
• Ductwork penetrations must be sealed at the roof curb to prevent air leakage through the duct system and/or the building envelope.
• Central exhaust systems must be tested for duct leakage, which cannot exceed 5 CFM50 per floor per shaft. See T&V Protocols for details.
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Ventilation – Controls
• Central exhaust fans ≤ 1/16 HP must be direct-drive and have variable speed controllers.
• Central exhaust fans between 1/16 and 1 HP must be direct-drive with ECM motors and variable speed controllers.
• Central exhaust fans 1 HP and larger must have NEMA Premium efficient motors.
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Ventilation – Controls, continued
• Central exhaust and in-line exhaust systems serving apartments must have self-balancing dampers at each grille.
• Powered common laundry ventilation must be installed with automatic demand control to turn off ventilation fans when no dryers are operating.
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Domestic Water Heating – ASHRAE Mandatory Provisions
• Domestic water heating systems must comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 7.4 and 7.5.
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Domestic Water Heating – Minimum Efficiencies
• Domestic water heating equipment shall be ENERGY STAR qualified, where applicable.
• Minimum Efficiencies:
Hot Water Supply Boiler (oil or gas): 85% Et
In-Unit Storage or Instantaneous:
Gas (EF): 0.69-(0.002 x Tank Gallon Capacity)
Electric (EF): 0.97-(0.001 x Tank Gallon Capacity)
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Domestic Water Heating - Type
• Atmospherically vented gas water heaters, tankless coils and side-arm water heaters shall not be specified.
• If storage is provided, the maximum storage tank capacity shall be specified based on occupancy.
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Domestic Water Heating – Temperature and Pressure
• Self-contained or electronic mixing valves shall be used to control hot water temperature for central domestic water heating systems.
• The temperature of the stored hot water shall be just sufficient to deliver water to apartments within a temperature range of 120-125°F.
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Domestic Water Heating – Low Flow
• All lavatory faucets or aerators must be WaterSense labeled.
• The average flow rate for all other faucets must be ≤ 2.00 gpm.
• The average flow rate for all showers must be ≤ 1.75 gallons per minute per stall and all showerheads must be WaterSense labeled.
• All tank-type toilets must be WaterSense labeled.
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Lighting
• Lighting must comply with ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 9.4.
• 80% of installed light fixtures must be ENERGY STAR qualified or have ENERGY STAR qualified lamps (bulbs) installed.
• Lighting must be designed to meet light levels (footcandles) by space type as recommended by the Illumination Engineering Society (IESNA) Lighting Handbook, 9th edition.
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Lighting – Footcandles (lumen/ft2)
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ASHRAE Space Type
Lighting Power
Densities (W/ft2)
Recommended Light Levels
(Weighted Avg. Footcandles)
ASHRAE Space Type
Lighting Power
Densities (W/ft2)
Recommended Light Levels
(Weighted Avg. Footcandles)
Apartments 0.75* 16 Stairway 0.69 15
Storage 0.63 20 Restroom 0.98 12
Elevator 0.64 16Office (enclosed/open)
1.11/0.98 35
Food Preparation
0.99 40Conference/meeting/multipurpose
1.23 30
Dining Area - For Family Dining
0.89 23Electrical/Mechanical
0.95 30
Lobby 0.90 16 Workshop 1.59 50
Corridor/Transition
0.66 10 Parking garage 0.19 7
Lighting – Common Areas
• All non-apartment spaces, except those where automatic shutoff would endanger the safety of occupants, must have occupancy sensors or automatic bi-level lighting controls. Automatic controls are required in 24-hour areas such as corridors and stairwells.
• Total installed lighting power for the combined common spaces should not exceed ASHRAE 90.1-2010 allowances for those combined spaces.
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Lighting – ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Lighting Power Densities (LPDs)
ASHRAE Space Type
Lighting Power
Densities (W/ft2)
Recommended Light Levels
(Weighted Avg. Footcandles)
ASHRAE Space Type
Lighting Power
Densities (W/ft2)
Recommended Light Levels
(Weighted Avg. Footcandles)
Apartments 0.75* 16 Stairway 0.69 15
Storage 0.63 20 Restroom 0.98 12
Elevator 0.64 16Office (enclosed/open)
1.11/0.98 35
Food Preparation
0.99 40Conference/meeting/multipurpose
1.23 30
Dining Area - For Family Dining
0.89 23Electrical/Mechanical
0.95 30
Lobby 0.90 16 Workshop 1.59 50
Corridor/Transition
0.66 10 Parking garage 0.19 7
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Lighting – Calculations
• The requirement of ASHRAE 90.1-2007, Section 9.1.4a, that light fixtures MUST be calculated with the maximum labeled wattage of the fixture is not required.
• Example: A fixture with a 13 W screw-in CFL can be modeled as 13 W, plus any associated ballast power. See Appendix B of Prescriptive Path for suggested ballast power.
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Lighting – Calculations inside Units
• Overall in-unit lighting power density may not exceed 0.75 W/ft2.
• Use 1.1 W/ft2 for areas inside units where lighting is not installed (ex. Living rooms and bedrooms that use switched outlets).
• Use data from light fixtures to calculate LPD of spaces where lighting is installed and take the weighted average to get the overall LPD.
• In spaces where supplemental lighting will be needed, installed fixtures may only illuminate up to 2 ft2 per Watt.
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Lighting – Calculations inside Units
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BR1 – 150 ft2
BR2 – 150 ft2
Bath – 50 ft2
Kitchen - 200 ft2
Living Room- 300 ft2
Hall – 100 ft2
950 ft2 x 0.75 Watts/ft2 = 712 Watts
Lighting – Calculations inside Units
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BR1 – 150 ft2
BR2 – 150 ft2
Bath – 50 ft2
Kitchen - 200 ft2
Living Room- 300 ft2Hall – 100 ft2
Unlit area –100 ft2, assume 110 W supplied by occupant
Lit area –200 ft2, 100 W installed
Lighting – Exterior
• 80% of outdoor lighting fixtures must be ENERGY STAR qualified or have ENERGY STAR qualified lamps installed.
• Fixtures must include automatic switching on timers or photocell controls except fixtures intended for 24-hour operation, required for security, or located on apartment balconies.
• Total installed exterior lighting power cannot exceed ASHRAE 90.1-2010 allowances.
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Lighting – Exit Signs
• All exit signs must be specified as LED (not to exceed 5W per face) or photo-luminescent and must conform to local building code; fixtures located above stairwell doors and other forms of egress must contain a battery back-up feature.
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Pump Motor Efficiency
• All three-phase pump motors 1 HP or larger shall meet or exceed efficiency standards for NEMA Premium™ motors, where available.
• Many motors are NEMA labeled and this label alone, does not ensure that a motor is energy-efficient. This requirement refers specifically to the NEMA Premium energy efficient motors program.
• Motors 5 HP or larger for circulating pumps serving hydronic heating or cooling systems must be specified with variable frequency drives.
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Metering
• The commercial/retail parts of the building shall be separately metered or sub-metered for electricity, gas, fuel oil, water, and steam, where applicable.
• The building owner must secure signed utility bill releases from individual apartment occupants to allow for benchmarking or obtain whole-building consumption data from their local utility.
• The building owner must provide a signed release for the common area/whole-building utility meters.
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Testing and Verification
• Buildings following the Prescriptive Path must also follow the Testing and Verification Protocols.
• These protocols are the mandatory requirements for the inspection, testing and verification of components related to the building’s energy performance.
• The intent of the protocols is to verify that – the construction documents & final building include all
Prerequisites and Prescriptive requirements.– measures have been installed and perform as
expected.
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Testing and Verification
• Changes to the initial design noted during inspections must be reflected in the revised T&V Worksheets and submitted at the end of construction.
• All Prescriptive requirements must still be met in order to earn the ENERGY STAR. If any are not met, an As-Built energy model could be used to earn the ENERGY STAR, if it meets the 15% Performance Target and Prerequisites.
• The T&V Worksheets and Photo Template must be submitted as they document the results of all mandatory testing and verification.
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Prescriptive Path Components
PrerequisitesPrescriptive RequirementsTesting and Verification (T&V)
• Benchmarking
Prescriptive Path Steps
• Apply to Program; become Partner• Meet Prerequisites & Prescriptive requirements• Review plans, submit T&V worksheets to EPA• Build according to Design• Conduct Testing and Verification• Submit T&V worksheets and Photo Template to
EPA• Earn ENERGY STAR • Benchmark for two years
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