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Announcements:Lecture
HomeworkResearch Projects
Website for lectures and Notes
http://isnap.nd.edu/html/academics_lecture.html
http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6228923n&tag=related;photovideo
Video on bloomboxes!
Energy and SocietyPhysics 20051 and Science Technology Values 20304
Projects:
•Moral and Ethical Issues of ConsumptionSam Carlson (Theology, Politics)Alyssa Dammann (SCPP)Michael Schulz (Business)•National Security of garnering the necessary energy resources (fossil fuels, other)David Acton (Business)Andrew McDonough (political science)Linh Ngoc Hoang (SCPP)•Political and Geopolitical Instabilities associated with Energy requirementsClimate change impacts: What are they? What are the potential outcomes?Gabriel DeVela (Science)Mary Hendrie (govt. action,policy, Chinese)Matt Povlock (Business)•Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy FutureWhat technologies and scientific discoveries await us? What do they cost?Mary Crofton (Business)Colleen Dawes (ENG)Eric Secviar (PLS)•Reducing Greenhouse Gases, Is it possible? ConservationMeredith Durant (marketing)David Smolens (Business/economics)Jonathan Zurcher (SCPP, STV)•Cooling the Earth?Nick Mancinelli (Physics)Caroline Lennon (Sociology)Wes McGinnis (Business)•Efficiency: Electricity Transmission and Distribution? The GRIDJeffrey Steimle (Bio)Courtney Villa (History)Anne DeMott (AL)•Efficiency: Appliances, Automobiles, ArchitectureRoberto Sagramoso Haley (Mgmt. Business)Mary Crofton (Business)Andrew Ea (SCPP)
Homework: Chapter 1 problems due Thursday Sept. 2Chapter 2 problems due Thursday Sept. 9Chapter 3 problems due Thursday Sept. 16Chapter 4 problems due Tuesday Sept. 21Tuesday September 21: Exam PreparationExamination in class Thursday September 23
Research Projects: Would like to see a written outline by the group two weeks in advance of presentation date.
Each person prepares his/her presentation …
Each person evaluated by class…should avoid overlap
Each student expected to participate, ask questions, discuss
Paper written together….
Energy from The Fossil Fuels: Chapter 2
Goethe: “Energy will do anything that can be done in the world”
World
Nuclear power
6%Hydropower, geothermal,
solar, wind
7%
Natural
Gas
12%
Biomass
11%
Oil
32%
Coal
21%
How long will they last?Why are we using so much oil?
Year
Oil e
qu
ivale
nt
(millio
ns o
f m
etr
ic t
on
s)
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
3,500
3,000
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
Global consumption of fossil fuels
Use of oil continues to climb by 1% per year because:low price (bolstered by huge government subsidies)ease of use as a motor vehicle fuel
~2% increase/yr(cleanest and leastclimate disturbingfuel)
Although low prices have stimulated economic growth, they have discouraged:
1) improvements in energy efficiency
2) increased use of renewableenergy resources
De
cre
asin
g c
ost o
f e
xtr
actio
n
Existence
Decreasing certainty Known
Other
resources
Reserves
Undiscovered Identified
No
t e
co
no
mic
al
Eco
no
mic
al
Reserves and Resources; Definitions:
Proven reserves: reasonably certain of being produced from known reservoirs under existing economictechnological conditions.
Indicated reserves: can be recovered from knownfields using improved recoverytechniques
Inferred reserves: deposits expected in identifiedfields but not yet measured.
Reserves: Resources well known through geologic explorations and are recoverable at current prices and current technology
We know that the world’s supplies are eventually expected todecline gradually when:
affordable supplies of oil decrease as demand exceeds production and prices increases of
other energy resources become economicallyacceptable.
Oil
How big are the world’s oil supplies? How long will they last?
There are many theories but nobody knows for sure.
Behavioristic approach: history of oil production extrapolated into future to estimate amount left.
Important questions:
Answer:
How can we find out?
Everything depends onSupply and Demand
Hubbert predicted in 1956 that US oil productionwould peak between 1966 and 1971. It peaked in1970.
By the year 2050 the production of oil fromworld resources willbe at 10% of present level
Opponents: we do not knowyet how technology will advance and how much oil is not discovered yet.
Behavioristic approach
C.A. Hall and C.J ClevelandHow many barrels of oil is needed to produce a newbarrel of oil?
When it cost 1 barrel of oil to find a new barrel of oilthe oil production has to stop. This should happen ~ 2011.
New discoveries?Most petroleum geologist are not optimistic.
Technical advancements?
Other predictions
How about:
Oil prices?On the average ~ 35-45% of oil is taken from oil deposits. The remaining heavy crude oil is toodifficult and to expensive to recover. With oil prices going up it may become economical to remove ~ 25 %of the remaining deposits.
Estimates?Identified global reserves should last about 20-40years. Undiscovered oil that is thought to exist may add another 20-40 years (probably at higher prices).
60
50
30
20
10
1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year
40
2020
History Projections
0
History Projections
Netimport
US imports ~50% of the oil it uses:23% from Persian Golf:
(14% SA, 7% Iraq, 3% Kuwait)15% from Canada12% from Mexico13% from Venezuela
7% from Nigeria
Why?
Monthly Oil Imports Barrels of Oil Imported by the U.S.362 million in June 2010
% Imported from Foreign Countries62%in June 2010
Money Sent Overseas$27.3 Billion in June 2010
http://www.pickensplan.com/oilimports/
US has only 2% of the world’s oil reserves
World Reserves of Oil
World Oil Use
but it uses about 26% of the oil extracted worldwide each year.
Who has oil?
Passenger vehicles consume about 80%of our imports.
Substitution isdifficult
Where does this oil go?
Who has the world’s oil supplies?
Country Production Estimated proven reserves Number of( x 10 3 bbl/day) ( x 10 6 bbl) producing wells
Former USSR 11,500 57,000 145,000U.S 7,200 26,177 603,000Saudi Arabia 6,215 257,504 858Iran 3,120 92,850 361China 2,755 24,000 43,700Mexico 2,633 51,983 4,740Venezuela 2,118 59,040 12,752Iraq 2,083 100,000 820United Kingdom 1,860 3,825 762Nigeria 1,808 17,100 1,432
US is the second largest oil producer.# of wells in US is very large comparing to Saudi Arabia.(oil fields in US are very mature and production is very small)
In the United States, most of the oil production (roughly 70%) is concentrated today inonly five states.
energy
TEXAS
LOUISIANA
MISSISSIPPI
ALABAMA GEORGIA
FLORIDA
GULF OF MEXICOActive drilling sites
Offshore drilling for oil accounts for about 26% of US oil production. About 93% of this oil comes from the Gulf of Mexico.
International transport of oil is a big business;Potential increase of environmental problems.
Example:Exxon Valdez spill, on Good Friday in 1989near Prince William Sound. A quarter of a million barrelsof oil spilled.
Example:Oil Spill in the Gulf 20104.9 million barrels of oil spilled
What is petroleum?
A mixture of: crude oil, natural gas, and heavyasphaltic semisolids.
Complex mixture of hydrocarbons (compounds containing only) hydrogen and carbon.
Originates from the decay of organic materials(plants and marine life)
Mined coal
Pipeline
Pump
Oil well
Gas well
Oil storage
CoalOil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy
Hot water
storageContour
strip mining
PipelineDrilling
tower
Magma
Hot rock
Natural gas
Oil
Impervious rock
Water Water
Oil drilling
platform
on legs
Floating oil drilling
platform
Valves
Underground
coal mineWater is heated
and brought up
as dry steam or
wet steam
Water
penetrates
down
through
the
rock
Area strip
mining
Geothermal
power plant
Coal seam
.
The principal products of an oil refinery:
gasoline (fuel for spark-ignition engines)
diesel fuel (fuel for compression-ignition enginesalso called diesel engines)
kerosene (fuel for jet engines)
fuel oils (fuel for industrial and residential furnaces)
Diesel oil
Asphalt
Greaseand wax
Naphtha
Heating oil
Aviation fuel
Gasoline (45%
of refinery
output)
Gases
Furnace
Heated
crude oil
Refining process
A very small remaining fractionis used to produce chemicals, which are the basis for the socalled petrochemical industry; (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics,plastics, detergents, textiles etc.)
Distillationcolumn.
Low land use
Easily transported
within and
between countries
High net
energy yield
Low cost (with
huge subsidies)
Advantages
Air pollution
when burned
Artificially low
price encourages
waste and
discourages
search for
alternatives
Need to find
substitute within
50 years
Disadvantages
Natural Gas
What is natural gas?It is a mixture of light hydrocarbons
(~ 85% methane and ~ 15% ethane), some propane,butane and highly toxic hydrogen sulfide.
It is formed from decayed organic material.Associated gas lies above most reservoirs of crude oil.Non-associated gas is found by itself in other
underground sources (usually more costly to recover) .
Why is the gas consumption growing?
Relatively clean
Relatively cheap
Relatively easy to transport through pipelines
Natural gas can be converted to liquid( LNG; liquefied natural gas) at very low temperatures (-300F). Then it can be shipped over long distances. It takes up only 1/600 of the volume of room temperature gas. Libya, Algeria, Nigeria, Venezuela are possible sources of natural gas that way.
How about an overseas transport?
Natural gas can be used to produce electricity.
More efficient than burning coal, oil,or using nuclear power.
Produce much less CO2 and smog causingnitrogen oxides
Gas-fired electrical- generating units canbe small (apartments or office building)
Who has the world’s natural gas supplies?
Russia and Kazakhstan 42% of world’s reservesIran 15%Qatar 5%Saudi Arabia 4%US, Nigeria and Venezuela 3%(each)
.
Advantages Disadvantages
Good fuel for
fuel cells and
gas turbines
Easily transported
by pipeline
Less air pollution
than other
fossil fuels
Low cost (with
huge subsidies)
High net energy
yield
Ample supplies
(125 ? years)
Sometimes
burned off and
wasted at wells
because of low
price
Shipped across
ocean as highly
explosive LNG
Releases CO2
when burned
Nonrenewable
resource
Coal
Where are the largest supplies?
US has about ¼ of total reserves.
World recoverable reserves of coal
Twice as much of our energy consumptioncomes from oil as from coal.
Why?
Transportation
US oil consumption
90% of coal used today is used to produce electricity.52% of U.S electricity comes from coal.
Coal contribution to total energy consumption ~ 18%
Increasing moisture content
Increasing heat and carbon content
Peat
(not a coal)
Lignite
(brown coal)
Bituminous Coal
(soft coal)
Anthracite
(hard coal)
Heat
Pressure Pressure Pressure
Heat Heat
Partially decayed
plant matter in swamps
and bogs; low heat
content
Low heat content;
low sulfur content;
limited supplies in
most areas
Extensively used
as a fuel because
of its high heat content
and large supplies;
normally has a
high sulfur content
Highly desirable fuel
because of its high
heat content and
low sulfur content;
supplies are limited
in most areas
Increasing heat and carbon content
What is coal?
Subbituminous:Low sulfur contentLow mining cost
Rank Carbon % Energy content (Btu/lb)Lignite 30 5000- 7000Subbituminous 40 8000- 10000Biumonous 50-70 11,000- 15,000Anthracite 90 14,000
Mined coal
Pipeline
Pump
Oil well
Gas well
Oil storage
CoalOil and Natural Gas Geothermal Energy
Hot water
storageContour
strip mining
PipelineDrilling
tower
Magma
Hot rock
Natural gas
Oil
Impervious rock
Water Water
Oil drilling
platform
on legs
Floating oil drilling
platform
Valves
Underground
coal mineWater is heated
and brought up
as dry steam or
wet steam
Water
penetrates
down
through
the
rock
Area strip
mining
Geothermal
power plant
Coal seam
Strip mining:Relatively cheepSafeHigh output
Environmental problems:Disturbance to the landUpset local water supply and drainage systemsAcid (H2SO4)
Advantages Disadvantages
Low cost (with
huge subsidies)
High net energy
yield
Ample supplies
(225–900 years)
severe threat to
human health
severe land
disturbance, air
and water pollution
Very high
environmental
impact:
Mining and
combustion
technology
well-developed
Air pollution can
be reduced with
improved
technology (but
adds to cost)
Each year in US air pollutants fromcoal burning:
kill 65,000 – 200,000 peoplecauses ~ 50,000 cases of respiratory
diseaseresults in several billion $ of property
damage
Fossil Fuels we discussed…..
Petroleum/Oil
Natural Gas
Coal
Shale
Tar sand
What is the order of CO2 emissions?
Future sources of oil
Oil shale
Oil shale is an organic solid combustible compound called kerogen trapped in a rock. Heating the rock produces shale oil.
Bad news:Most deposits are of such a low grade that it takes moreenergy and money to mine and convert the kerogen to crude oil than the resulting fuel is worth.
Good news:Estimated potential global supplies are about 240 times larger than estimated global supplies of conventional oil.
Tar sand (or oil sand)It is a mixture of clay, sand, water and a combustible organic material called bitumen (a thick and heavyoil with a high sulfur content).
Raw coal or Biomass
Pulverizer
Air or
oxygen
Steam
Pulverized coal
Slag removal
Recycle unreacted
carbon (char)
Raw gases Clean
methane
gas
Recover
sulfur
Methane
(natural gas)
2C
Coal
+ O2 2CO
CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O
Remove dust,
tar, water, sulfur
Coal gasification
Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
OilCRS offers a more accurate reflection of America's substantial oil resources. While America is often depicted as possessing just 2 or 3 percent of the world's oil-a figure which narrowly relies on America's proven reserves of just 21 billion barrels-CRS has compiled US government estimates which show that America is endowed with 167 billion barrels of recoverable oil. This is the equivalent of replacing America's current imports from OPEC for more than 75 years.
Natural GasFurther, CRS notes the 2009 assessment from the Potential Gas Committee, which estimates America's future supply of natural gas is 2,047 TCF-an increase of more than 25 percent just since the Committee's 2006 estimate. At today's rate of use, roughly 90 percent of which is produced domestically, this is enough natural gas to meet American demand for nearly 90 years.
CoalThe report also shows that America is number one in coal resources, accounting for more than 28 percent of the world's coal. Russia, China, and India are in a distant 2
nd, 3
rd, and 5
th, respectively.
CRS: AMERICA'S COMBINED ENERGY RESOURCES LARGEST ON EARTHInhofe, Murkowski Release Memo Showing U.S. Is World Leader in Conventional Fuels
October 23, 2009
You are in:Reports > Congressional Research Service Reports (CRS) and Issue Briefs > -- By Topic > Energy
http://fpc.state.gov/c20420.htm
-01/19/10 Displacing Coal with Generation from Existing Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants
-06/28/10 The 2010 Oil Spill: Criminal Liability Under Wildlife Laws [162 Kb]
-01/05/09 Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs
Over 300 reports on Energy…2005-2010…….
Example:
Bacterial colony starts growing in a jar at about 11:00 am. The size of the doubles each minute, and the jar is full at 12:00 noon. AT what time was the jar 1/8 full?
Example: The Energy Content of the recoverable conventional fossil fuels
Remaining in the US are in the ratio of approximately ---------/-----------/-------------For petroleum/natural gas/coal
Energy Conversions:Petroleum 6.12 x109 Joules/barrel 5.80 x106 Btu/barrelNatural Gas 1.09x109 Joules/1000 cubic feet 1.03x106 Btu/1000cubic feetCoal 2.81x1010 Joules/1 ton 2.66x107 Btu/ton
Recoverable amount of petroleum in US (Table 2.9)Oil…. 134 billion barrelsNatural Gas……. 871 trillion cubic feetCoal…………… 275x109 ton
Billion = 109
Trillion = 1012
Oil: 134 x109 barrels (5.8x106 Btu/barrel)= 7.85 x 1017 BtuNatural Gas: 871x1012 cubic feet (1.03x103Btu/cubic feet)= 8.97 x1017 BtuCoal: 275x109 ton ( 2.66x107 Btu/ton)=7.31 x 1018 Btu
Ratio is approximate 1: 1.1: 9
Example: If your home requires 1 million Btu of heat energy from the furnace on a cold winter day, what is the cost in dollars to heat the house with natural gas, Assuming a 60% furnace efficiency.
IN order to have 1 million to heat the house..you need to burn
1 million Btu 60%? 100%
1.6 million Btu
Natural Gas…………..1.03x106 Btu/1000cubic feet
Pg. 43 price of natural gas $13.28 dollars/1000ft3
2008 12.24 12.58 13.13 14.49 16.31 18.82 20.68 20.08 18.36 15.49 13.82 12.84
2009 12.39 12.15 11.83 11.56 12.50 13.83 14.83 15.14 14.34 11.62 11.25 10.31
2010 10.48 10.58 10.86 11.78 12.73 14.24
1.6 million Btu/(1.03 million Btu/1000 ft3)=1.55 (1000ft3)
1.55 x $13.28= $20.58
How are we going to do this?
Part I: InstructorEnergy Fundamentals Fossil Fuels Renewable Energy Resources
(Wind, Solar, Geothermal, BioMass) Nuclear Energy Energy Conservation Transportation Architecture (Residential and Industrial), Global Effects
Energy and Society
How are we going to do this?
Part II: Class
Energy and Society
1. Moral and Ethical Issues of Consumption2. National Security of garnering the necessary energy resources (fossil fuels, other)3. Political and Geopolitical Instabilities associated with Energy requirements4. Financial Considerations of energy transitions (wood to fossil fuels to other resources)5. Science for a Secure and Sustainable Energy Future6. How to address the challenges of Energy in the US?
• Energy Independence. • Environmental Sustainability. • Economic Opportunity.
7. Reducing Greenhouse Gases, Is it possible?8. Cooling the Earth?9. Efficiency: Electricity Transmission and Distribution? The GRID10. Efficiency: Appliances, Automobiles, Architecture11. Alternative Energy Resources (risks, benefits, costs)
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