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ENERGY OPTIMSATION
in the Kenyan Agriculture
Market potential and business opportunities
Berlin, September 2015
By Poojan Dodhia.
Energy Optimisation Background
Unreliability of national grid power away from major cities.
High dependency on diesel generators as a back up.
Industry segments with a continuous base load are most at risk from
unreliable power, and high costs of diesel, such as Flower and
agricultural farms with cold storage facilities, Sisal Decortication
Plants, Tea processing industry, grain milling plants (Wheat, Maize,
etc.).
Potential sectors such as Irrigation are high power demand areas,
and are exposed to risks such as irregular power supply, and are
often located in remote areas.
Fact Finding & Delegation Preparation –
ENERGY OPTIMISATION
Quite high power tariffs, e.g. 18,92 KSH/ kWh (including all kWh-related fees and
charges and VAT) for small businesses with a consumption < 15.000 kWh or 15 KSH
for CI1
High frequency of power price fluctuation due to oil imports.
Still not reliable power supply very often 1 accumulated day per week of power
outage diesel generator ( 30-40 USCent/ KWh) LCOE of roughly 22 USCent.
Enabling environment for renewable energies
Feed-in-Tariffs (e.g. 10 UScent, energy from biomass and biogas, 12 USCent for
power from Solar PV systems/ main grid, 20 UScent for solar power/ mini grid)
Standardized PPAs (< 0,5 -10 MW)
Opportunity for commercial entities to produce a certain percentage of their power
for free after system payback.
Opportunity for products to become cost competitive.
Range of financing mechanisms for systems that have a social impact, and larger
systems for 5MW and above.
Drivers for Renewable Energies
Why Agricultural sector ?
Most important sector in Kenya’s economy:
Share of 24% at the GDP
Contributes by 65% to total export revenues
Especially farms are often located in weaker-grid areas
They have the need for power e.g. pumps, cold rooms, pack houses etc.
Under local and international environmental regulation to reduce waste
dumping.
International regulations and product demand, are pro-environmentally
friendly, sustainable, low carbon foot-print, and fair trade products.
Most agricultural exporters are favored by foreign currency revenues.
Bioenergy and Solar PV Potential Analysis
Highest RE potential:
Sisal and horticulture industry
Cereal industry
Largest farms in Rift valley
Pressure to enhance efficiency/
productivity trend towards value
addition
Many energy-consuming large
mills (with > 1 MW load)
Solar PV potential; almost no
potential for bioenergy (due to
“Conservation Agriculture”)
SOLAR PV POTENTIAL
FARMS: Little potential as silos
and other electrical devices are
only a few months per year in
operation
MILLS: Great potential in mills,
due to 24/7 operation mode;
several large mills (e.g. …)
Cereal industry (cont.)
BIOENERGY POTENTIAL
FARMS: Little potential in
the farms, since agro-
wastes are increasingly
being brought back to the
fields “conservation
agriculture”
MILLS: by principle limited
potential, but integrated
mills with baking operation
- boiler fired with
briquettes, possibly from
wheat bran
-
+
-
+ CASE: UZURI BAKERY
195 KW load
LCOE 14,5 USCent/ kWh
Solar PV system of 150 kWp
5,4 years payback period
Dairy Industry
60% of the milk is not formally
collected, but sold over the fence
some programs to improve the
collection, e.g. by setting-up
decentralized cooling facilities
Dairy farms have tanks up to
10,000 liters power load of 40
KW
Dairy farms: e.g. Charles Boit,
Chemusian Farm, Makongi Farm:
Milk processing: Brookside (44%),
Githunguri, SAMEER, Happy Cow
SOLAR PV POTENTIAL
FARMS: continuous load for cooling
(throughout the day), power also for
milking, but no base load; however
quite low load
Milk processing: electricity for cooling
and homogenization;
Thermal energy for pasteurization,
sterilization
Dairy industry (cont.)
BIOENERGY POTENTIAL
FARMS: Thanks to zero-
grazing cow dung can
easily be collected
+
+
CASE: Charles Boit Farm
40 KW load
LCOE 19,8 USCent/ kWh
(Small Commercial category!!)
Solar PV system of 44 kWp
4,6 years payback period
CASE: Charles Boit Farm
400 cows 7200m3 dung/ a
460 tons Organic Dry Matter/a
350.000 kWh/ a (much more
than needed)
Horticulture Industry
54% of agricultural production,
82% of agricultural exports
Dynamic development (esp. flower sub-sector),
e.g. increase of production by 65% in
general, from 2010-12; veg. has a share of
nearly 50% at production (value-based)
but growing international competition
because of high production costs (e.g. as
labor costs, energy costs).
Buyer perspective: Green supply chain
motivation of farms to go for green
150 registered Flower Farms
large veg farms have a share of 70%: KHE,
AAA Growers, East Africa Growers,
Vegpro etc.
SOLAR PV POTENTIAL
Baseload for coldrooms /
packhouses with an average of
about 100 kW.
References: e.g. flower farms as
Uhuru, Tambuzi etc.
Potential for solar pump
irrigation: pumps often run
completely on diesel
Horticulture Industry (cont.)
BIOENERGY POTENTIAL
Waste: 1/3 of the weight of fresh
flowers; Biogas from flower
waste can cover about 10% of
electricity demand
References: Simbi Roses,,
Vegpro (2 MW turbine)
Seasonality in some segments
affects commercial viability +
+
CASE: KHE solar pump 75 KW load, grid, 4 m pump head, 600
m distance between river and dam,
LCOE 14,8 UScent/ kWh Solar PV
system of 75 kWp (solar fraction 20%)
5,7 years payback period
CASE: VegPro 2MW Biogas Plant 2MW Anaerobic Digestion mainly Baby
corn stalk (waste), High sucrose content.
Other added wastes include rose waste,
and other agricultural waste. 1MW
internal use, the remaining 1MW to be
sold to external off-taker (Net Metering).
+
-
+
Sisal Industry
Rising global demand; due to
lagging rising production sisal
price increases
Production in Kenya: 26.000
Tons in 2014 (+23% compared
to 2008), 90% for export
10 leading Sisal farms, e.g.
REA, TEITA, with a market
share of 90%
SOLAR PV POTENTIAL
High potential because of
continuous base load over day
(7 am – 5 pm), over the month
(6 days/ week) and over the
year
Sisal Industry (cont.)
BIOENERGY POTENTIAL
Great potential, since 1 ton of
sisal fiber causes 25 ton solid
waste (pulp)
The first projects are
implemented (e.g. Kilifi, 150 KW),
others are under development
(e.g. 1 MW Teita)
+
CASE: Alphega 1 MW load (3 decorticators, 8 brushes
etc.), 14 UScent/ kWh LCOE grid
power; 18,4 USCent/ kWh (1 accumu-
lated day diesel)
800 KW Solar PV system (without fuel
saver) 7,4 years payback period
800 KW solar PV system with fuel
saver 5,6 years payback
+
CASE: Teita
7,500 tons sisal fibre/ year, 187,500 ton
sisal pulp/ year.
6,937,500.00 m3/ year methane gas.
1MW biogas plant and 8 MW biomass
plant using sisal stumps.
$4 million biogas plant, $12 million
biomass plant, planned. Feed into Grid.
+
5 % of GDP , 18% of agricultural GDP
Large cattle ranches have often
diversified into wildlife conservation
(e.g. rhinos) and tourism
High concentration of cattle ranches in
Laikipia; e.g. large farms such as Ol
Pejeta (6000 cattle), Ol Jogi, Suyian,
Sosian etc.
Very few large slaughterhouses, just
KMC Athi River with slaughter capacity
of 1000 cattle and 2000-3000 goats
Cattle Ranches/ Meat Industry
SOLAR PV POTENTIAL
FARMS: Partly off-grid
relying on diesel gensets
Electricity demand for pumps
(water demand of 30 l/ day/
head) and for high-end tourist
facilities
Cattle/ Meat Industry (cont.)
BIOENERGY POTENTIAL
FARMS: limited potential
because of extensive grazing
ABATTOIR: slaughterwaste
biogas production for 11 MW
installed capacity
biogas to replace boiler oil (for
steam production for sterilization)
-
CASE: Sosian Ranch 18 KW load (for lodge.), just diesel
genset of 25 KVA – LCOE: 32 USCent/
kWh
Solar PV system of 100 KW with
battery (418 kWh capacity) 5,1
years payback; 17 USCent LCOE
+
CASE: KMC 21 tons waste/ day
Methan gas: 640 m3/ day
138.480 l thermal oil/ year can
be replaced (i.e. 10% of the total
oil demand)
Payback period: 1 year
Power production not viable
+
After China and India largest tea producer;
continuously growing production (+4% p.a.)
KTDA as state-owned tea producer with 60
factories and a couple of international large
private players (e.g. Unilever, Finlays etc.)
Challenge: Decreasing market prices, while
production costs increase (+ 148% labour costs from 1998-2010, + 200%
increase of energy costs)
Almost no bioenergy potential, as there is no
waste (except from instant tea production)
Enhancing efficiency of biomass boilers through
briquettes (?)
Relatively high continuous load over day and
year –power mainly needed for whithering and
CTC (crush-tear-curl) reference project: 1 MW
Solar PV Williamson Tea
Tea Industry
Upward trend: Coffee price on world market has
recovered production in Kenya increases again (e.g.
+ 6% in current year)
Challenge in Kenya: very low yield of 2 kg/ coffee plant
(international benchmark: 30-40 kg); sector is
dominated by small scale farmers; 50 larger coffee
estates (> 50 ha)
Seasonality affects any RE system: pulper machines
are only in operation for 6-7 months/ year Potential
exists only if there is year-round irrigation need, i.e.
before and after the months of harvest.
Biogas: up to 50% of the weight of fresh coffee bean is
pulp, which can be used for biogas production;
Biomass: 6% of the fresh coffee bean is the envelope
("husk") which can be used as biomass energy, either
directly as a fuel in boilers or in the form of briquettes.
Coffee Industry
Just few larger nut processing industries (around
5-8, e.g. Wondernut, Equatorial, Kentaste,
SERENDI etc.)
Revitalization initiatives of the Government
(export ban of raw nuts since 2009 to promote
local value-addition etc.)
77% of coconut: husk and nut shell
briquetting and/ or gasification through
pyrolysis
Solar PV case study for SERENDI, a coconut
processor:
continuous load over day and year
system of 12 kW (just for partly replacing grid
power) with a payback period of 4,5 years
Nut Industry
Pillars of economy: mainly cattle ranching agriculture and
tourism; in some areas around Nanyuki/ Timau/ Meru,
agriculture (cereal, Roses, and Vegetables), but 90% of
Laikipia region is too dry and high for agriculture
Local Government promotes a lot of value-addition locally
abattoirs, milk collection cooling centers and is also
interested in power generation projects.
40% of the county large ranches with power demand for
Pumps, mostly off-grid
high-end lodges, mostly off-grid
CSR for communities (e.g. power supply, Biomass as
substitute to reduce de-forestation)
some of these ranches also plan to invest in
slaughterhouses
Laikipia Unity and Land Initiative productive use (e.g. RE
power plants) of abandoned land (10% of whole county!)
shall be promoted (land is not appropriate for cultivation)
Focal Region: LAIKIPIA
Installed RE systems
Sector/ company Technology Key Features
SISAL/ Kilifi Biogas (in operation)
150 kWp system,
Feedstock: sisal pulp and cow dung
EPC: Agricomp
SISAL/ Teita Biomass 8 MW, feedstock: old sisal plants
planned
TEA/ Finlays Biogas (in operation)
180 kWp system,
EPC: AKUT with 90-95% German
technology
Tea Williamson Solar PV (in operation)
1 MW Solar PV hybrid system (for
replacing power from grid and from diesel
genset)
EPC: Solarcentrury
FLOWERS/ Simbi
Roses
Biogas (in operation)
55 kW system
FLOWERS/ Karen
Roses.
Solar PV
(in operation)
249 kWp Solar PV hybrid system
EPC: Cappello Energy S.A.R.L.
VEG/ Vegpro Biogas (in operation)
2 MW system
EPC: Snow Leopard
Success factors
for market entry
Pro-active approach „Shape the demand“ (in cooperation with strategic
partners)
Demand-oriented approach instead of supply-driven approach; products
and services have to be adapted to local needs
Full committment of top management is required, as the market entry/
business development takes at least 2-3 years
„Make the difference“/ provide a value-added to the clients: Bringing in expertise in Quality-initiatives
Training of stakeholders (e.g. Flower council, KTDA etc.)
Coming along with complete business model (e.g. ESCO-business model)
Providing information about potential finance (credit lines, equity funds, impact
investment funds etc.) and supporting the clients to get access (e.g. with help
of AHK)
Do not neglect COMMUNICATION!
AHK Kenya Energy Desk
supports you…
Analysis of target market/ assessment of market potential
Identification of potential clients and business partners
Pre-Assessing potential projects/ clients (e.g. in context of
renewable energies: load profile, energy costs etc.)
Pre-auditing and short-listing of potential business
partners (e.g. contractors of refrigeration systems etc.)
Organization of individual business trips/ fact-finding missions
Support to follow-up/ collection of more information (e.g. also
about competitors)
Support of German company and/ or local customer to mobilize
proper finance
Marketing of a showcase
Strategy consultancy: Giving information about proper
business models and building bridge to proper cooperation and
promotion programms
Business Trip
Energy Optimization Kenya
TIME 16. – 20. November 2015
Arrivals in Nairobi: Sunday, 15.11. (Noon/ Afternoon)
Departure Kenya, Saturday/ Sunday, 21/22.11
(any time)
AGENDA 15.11., Briefing Dinner
16.11., Kenyan-German Conference on Energy Optimisation
20.11.. Seminar with Laikipia Stakeholders (Still to be Confirmed)
17.-20.11., Individual Site Visits/ On-site conversations at the
locations: (Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru, Laikipia (Nanyuki), Taita-Taveta,
Mombasa, Kilifi, And Kwale).
PROCEDURE/
next steps
Registration Deadline: Mid September
Development of individual movement and interview plans /
coordination of plans with the individual companies. 30.09.2015
Arranging all calls : 30.09.2015
Individualized itinerary and meeting schedule,
Visible positioning under the label „made-in-Germany“
Subsidized trip Your benefits
BACK-UP
• Renewable Energies play an increasing role in
Kenya’s overall energy mix, such as their increased
use of Geothermal power, Wind Energy, and
hydropower.
• Technology specific Feed-in-tariffs have been
introduced in Kenya’s Energy policy for many years.
• Aside from large grid connected projects such as
the Turkana Wind Project, Solar PV and Bio-
energies (Biogas/Biomass) are demanded, and
needed to optimize the power supply particularly in
the commercial and industrial sectors.
• Such commercial and industrial sectors are the
Agricultural/ Floricultural sectors, and other various
industries, to name a few; dairy processing, Tea
Processing, Cement Industries, and Food
Processing to name a few.
• Potential renewable areas within the agricultural
sectors that have been identified include remote
irrigation pumping units.
Energy Optimization Background
SolarCentury, Williamson Tea Project, Kericho, Kenya
file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/SCKE007-0115-
Changoi-Hybrid.pdf
Olkaria Geothermal Plant, Kenya.
http://www.coastweek.com/3732-latest-news-Kenya-plans-
to-axe-electricity-price-by-47-per-cent-in-three-years.htm
KENYA ENERGY MIX
KENYA ENERGY SECTOR
Ministry of Energy, May 2015
KENYA RENEWABLE ENERGY MIX
Ministry of Energy, May 2015.
KENYA ENERGY SECTOR
List of IPP’s
Ministry of Energy, July 2015.
• Extension Plans of Kenya’s Power Capacity.
• Feed-in-Tariffs
Renewable Energy Regulations
Technology Installed Capacity (September
2013) Extension plan (2013-2016)
Total Capacity
2016
Hydropower 770 24 794
Thermal 622 250 432
Geothermal 241 1646 1887
Wind 5 630 635
Coal 0 1920 1920
Natural Gas 0 1050 1050
Cogeneration (Biomass) 26 18 44
• Feed in Tariff
Renewable Energy Regulations
• CEREAL MILL – Uzuri Foods Ltd.
AHK KENIA SOLAR PV CASE
STUDIES
Fakten & Berechnung Annahmen
Last 195 KW 24/7
Dieselgenerator Kein Generator im Einsatz
Empfohlene Größe der
PV-Anlage
150 kW
Lastprofil ist sehr gleichmäßig
Da kein Dieselgenerator eingesetzt wird, kein Fuel
Saver erforderlich; Stromausfälle nicht so groß und
lang, dass sich Batterien lohnen würden
Investitionskosten 180.000 USD 1.200 USD/ kW (turn-key)
Stromerzeugung durch PV (150 kWp System) 229.500 kWh/ Jahr 2.000 kWh/ m2 Solarertrag (lt. SolarGIS)
Ersetzen von Strom (aus Netz) 229.500 kWh/ Jahr Angesichts der Betriebszeit der Backfabrik kann der
Solarertrag vollständig genutzt werden
Stromgestehungskosten (Levelized Costs of
Energy; LCOE)
14,5 USD-Cent kWh
(14,87 KSH/ kWh)
Auf Basis der Stromrechnung von 04/ 2015:
kWh-abhängige Kosten (kWh Gebühr und alle
Gebühren) beliefen sich für den Verbrauch von
insgesamt 80.503 kWh auf 1.031.750 KSH. Mit 16%
VAT sind die Kosten 1.196.830 KSH.
Energiekosten-Einsparungen
(PV 150 kW)
33.278 USD
(229.500 kWh x 0,145 USD)
Amortisationszeit
5,4 Jahre
• DAIRY FARM – Boit Farm
AHK KENIA SOLAR PV CASE
STUDIES
Fakten & Berechnung Annahmen
Last 60 KW (after expansion)
40 KW for cooling (10.000 l tank)
20 KW for melking station (32 Kühe auf einmal)
3-4 kW für 1000 l Kühlung
4-5 KW für Melkanlage (8 Kühe in Batch)
Dieselgenerator Kein Generator im Einsatz
Empfohlene Größe der
PV-Anlage
44 KW
90% Effizienz
Lastprofil für Kühlung relativ gleichmäßig (40 kW);
Lastprofil für Melkanlage nicht kontinuierlich: Kühe
werden um 4 am, 12 Mittag und 4 pm gemolken (2
Minuten pro Kuh, 32 Kühe gleichzeitig über jeweils 3
Stunden pro Melkzeit)
Da kein Dieselgenerator eingesetzt wird, kein Fuel Saver
erforderlich; Stromausfälle nicht so groß und lang, dass
sich Batterien lohnen würden
Investitionskosten 61.600 USD 1.400 USD/ kW (turn-key)
Stromerzeugung durch PV (44 kWp System) 67.320 kWh/ Jahr 2.000 kWh/ m2 Solarertrag (lt. SolarGIS)
Ersetzen von Strom (aus Netz) 67.3230 kWh/ Jahr Angesichts der Betriebszeit der Kühlanlage kann der
Solarertrag vollständig genutzt werden
Stromgestehungskosten (Levelized Costs of Energy;
LCOE)
19,8 USD-Cent kWh Auf Basis der Stromrechnung von 06/2015; auch nach
Expansion wird die Farm noch in die SC Kategorie (small
consumers, < 15000 kWh) fallen.
Anlage ist darauf ausgerichtet, nur Strom aus dem Netz zu
ersetzen
Energiekosten-Einsparungen (PV 44 KW) 13.329,4 USD
(67.320 kWh x 0,198 USD-Cent)
Amortisationszeit
4,6 Jahre
• DAIRY FARM
AHK KENIA BIOGAS CASE STUDIES
Potenziale Annahmen/Basiswerte
Abfallmenge, Kuhdung 7200 m3/ Jahr Bei 400 Milchkühen
Organische Abfälle 460 Tonnen/ Jahr http://energy4farms.eu/biogas-calculator/ ; knapp 16 m3 Dung haben
1 Tonne organische Trockensubstanz
Biogas 161.150 m3/ Jahr
http://energy4farms.eu/biogas-calculator/
Pro Tonne organischer Trockensubstanz lassen sich 350 m3 Biogas
gewinnen.
Methangas 96.690 m3/ Jahr Methangehalt:
bei zweistufigem System: 60%
Stromproduktion 348.000 kWh/ Jahr 10 kWh Gesamtenergie/ m3 Methan;
Effizienz von 30-36% bei Stromproduktion
Horticulture / Flowers, Vegetables,
Fruit
• Flower Sector Biogas potential
AHK KENIA BIOGAS CASE STUDIES
Potenziale Annahmen
Methangas 2.434.230 m3/ Jahr 54m3 Methan/ Tonne Blumenabfall;
136.601 Tonnen Blumenexporte (im Jahr 2013); ca. 33%
davon Abfall (45.078 Tonnen)
Stromproduktion 7.302.689 – 8.763.228 kwH/ Jahr 10 kWh Gesamtenergie/ m3 Methan;
Effizienz von 30-36% bei Stromproduktion
Stromerzeugungskapazität Ca. 1 MW 7000-8000 Volllast-Stunden/ Jahr
• Horticultural Sector, KHE Ltd – Solar PV Potential
AHK KENIA SOLAR PV CASE
STUDIES
Fakten & Berechnung Annahmen
Last 112 KW
Für 5 Kühlräume und Büros
Kontinuierliche Last wird angenommen.
Dieselgenerator 482 kVA Für die Last überdimensioniert;
wird nicht berücksichtigt, da ein Fuel saver zum
Ersetzen von Strom von Dieselgensets macht i.d.R.
bei einer 100 KW –Anlage noch keinen Sinn
wirtschaftlich.
Empfohlene Größe der
PV-Anlage
100 KW
Lastprofil für Kühlung relativ gleichmäßig ;
Investitionskosten 140.000 USD 1.400 USD/ kW (turn-key)
Stromerzeugung durch PV
(100 KWp)
153.000 kWh/ Jahr 2.000 kWh/ m2 Solarertrag (lt. SolarGIS)
Ersetzen von Strom (aus Netz) 153.000 kWh/ Jahr Angesichts der Betriebszeit der Kühlanlage kann
der Solarertrag vollständig genutzt werden
Stromgestehungskosten (Levelized Costs of
Energy; LCOE)
14,3 USD-Cent kWh Auf Basis der Stromrechnung von 04/2015;
Anlage ist darauf ausgerichtet, nur Strom aus dem
Netz zu ersetzen
Energiekosten-Einsparungen
(PV 100 KW)
21.879 USD
(153.000 kWh x 0,143 USD-Cent)
Amortisationszeit
6,4 Jahre
• Sisal Industry - Alphaega
AHK KENIA BIOGAS CASE STUDIES
Potenziale Annahmen/Basiswerte
Sisalpulpe 38.000 Tonnen/ Jahr 2014 20-25 Tonnen Pulpe/ Tonne Sisalfaser;
1900 Tonnen Faserproduktion in 2014
Methan gas 1.406.000 m3/ Jahr 2014 37m3 Methan/ Tonne Sisalpulpe;
38.000 Sisalpulpe Alphega
Stromproduktion 4.218.000 – 5.061.600 kwH/ Jahr
(11.556 – 13.867 kWh/ Tag)
10 kWh Gesamtenergie/ m3 Methan;
Effizienz von 30-36% bei Stromproduktion;
350 Produktionstage/ Jahr
Stromerzeugungskapazität 603 kW – 633 kW 7000-8000 Volllast-Stunden/ Jahr
Sisal Waste, After Decortication
http://sisalkenya.info/Sisal_Photos_Kenya/Sisal_Photos_Kenya/SisalWholeStory.html
.
• Sisal Industry – Alphaega Solar PV
AHK KENIA SOLAR PV CASE
STUDIES
Fakten & Berechnung Annahmen
Last Rund 1 MW 582 KW: 3 Dekortier-Maschinen im Parallelbetrieb
(3 x 194 kW, 10 Stunden),
120 KW: 8 Bürsten (8 x 15 KW, 8 Stunden)
220 KW: 3 Pumpen (10 Stunden)
8980 kWh/ Tag
Dieselgenerator Nicht bekannt In diesem Szenario wird davon ausgegangen, dass
die Solaranlage lediglich Strom aus dem Netz
ersetzen soll.
Empfohlene Größe der
PV-Anlage
800 KW
Dekortiermaschinen und Pumpen laufen über 10
Stunden im Parallelbetrieb und ermöglichen die
vollständige Nutzung des Solarertrags
Investitionskosten 1.120.000 USD 1.400 USD/ kW (turn-key)
Stromerzeugung durch PV
(800 kWp System)
1.285.200 kWh/ Jahr 2.100 kWh/ m2 Solarertrag (lt. SolarGIS)
Stromverbrauch 2.786.045 kWh/ Jahr Dekortiermaschinen, Bürsten, Pumpen
Ersetzen von Strom (aus Netz) 1.092.420kWh/ Jahr 6-Tage-Woche, d.h. 86%
Stromgestehungskosten (Levelized Costs of
Energy; LCOE)
13,9 USCent/ kWh
(14,21 KSH/ kWh)
CI 1- Tarif: 8,70 KSH/ kWh zzgl. 2,97 KSH/ kWh
(für diverse Abgaben), 5% REP Gebühr, 16% VAT
Energiekosten-Einsparungen (
PV 800 kW)
151.846 USD
(1.092.420 kWh x 0,139 USD-Cent)
Amortisationszeit
7,4 Jahre
Sosian Ranch
Fakten & Berechnung Annahmen Last (Tag) 18 KW
Tendenziell Grundlast, da 10 Kühl- und Eisschränke kontinuierlich betrieben werden
Dieselgenerator: 25 kVA
Last(Nacht) 20-22 KW Auslastung der Lodge: 10 von 16 Yimmern sind belegt
Jedes Zimmer ist mit einem Haartrockner (2 KW) und ca. 5 Leuchten (a 30 W) ausgestattet ca. 8 KW
Last zwischen 6.00 – 11 pm
Sicherheitslampen (über gesamte Nacht): ca. 1 KW Last Strombedarf/ -nachfrage (Tag) 216 kWh
Strombedarf/ -nachfrage (Nacht) 268 kWh 216 kWh für Eis- und Kühlschränke
40 kWh für Stromlast von 10 Zimmern (8 KW x 5 Stunden)
12 kWh Sicherheitslampen
Empfohlene Größe Batteriesystem 418 kWh 1 Nacht und ½ Tag Autonomiezeit:
376 kWh (108 + 268 kWh)
Effizienz: 0,9
Empfohlene Größe der
PV-Anlage 100 KW
Solarfraktion von 100%, d.h. dass der Strombedarf eines Tages komplett durch Solar PV gedeckt werden
kann (einschli. Nacht-Bedarf) – ca. 150.000-160.000 kWh bei teilweise geringerer Auslastung der Lodge.
2000 kWh/ m2 pro KWp Solarertrag in Laikipia
Investitionskosten Solar PV 140.000 USD 1.400 USD/ kW (turn-key)
Investitionskosten Batterie 108.680 USD 280 USD/ KWh
Investitionskosten GESAMT 248.680 USD
Stromerzeugung durch PV
(100 kWp System) 153.000 kWh/ Jahr 2.000 kWh/ m2 Solarertrag (lt. SolarGIS)
Ersetzen von Strom
(von Dieselgenerator) 153.000 kWh/ Jahr Es wird hier nicht berücksichtigt, dass der Dieselgenerator derzeit lediglich 8 Stunden/ Tag läuft;
Wenn die tatsächlich gegenwärtigen Dieselkosten als Basis genommen werden, darf auch nur der
tatsächliche Stromverbrauch als Basis gewählt werden.
Es wird aber davon ausgegangen, dass mit der Solar PV-Anlage auch der bislang nicht gedeckte
Strombedarf befriedigt werden soll.
Stromgestehungskosten(Levelized
Costs of Energy; LCOE) 32 USD-Cent/ kWh 32 USCent/ Kwh (von Diesel genset)
Energiekosten-Einsparungen
(PV 100 KW) 48.960 USD
(153.000 kWh x 0,32
USD-Cent)
Amortisationszeit
5,1 Jahre
• MEAT INDUSTRY
• KMC
AHK KENIA BIOGAS CASE STUDIES
Potenziale Annahmen
Abfallmenge
(Festabfälle)
82.280 Tonnen/ Jahr 2.057.000 Rinder/ Jahr geschlachtet; 5.716.000 Schafe / Ziegen;
1 Rind ü 2-3 Schafe/ Ziegen ergeben 40 kg Abfall
Methangas 5.936.502 m3/ Jahr Mit 200 kg Abfall lassen sich 40 m3 Biogas erzeugen (Erfahrung aus
Dagoretti Schlachthaus), d.h. 200 m3 Biogas/ Tonne bzw. 120 m3
Methangas/ Tonne – scheint aber sehr hoch; konservativer lt.
Businessplan für Dagoretti: 6,36 Tonnen Festabfälle ergeben 705 m3
Biogas, d.h. 111 m3 Gas/ Tonne bzw. 72,15 m3 Methangas/
Tonne
Stromproduktion 17.809.506– 21.371.407 kwH/ Jahr
(57.081 – 68.498 kWh/ Tag)
10 kWh Gesamtenergie/ m3 Methan;
Effizienz von 30-36% bei Stromproduktion;
Betrieb des Schlachthauses ca. 312 Tage bzw. 6 Tage/ Woche
(Erfahrungswert KMC)
Stromerzeugungskapazität 11,4 MW bei ca. 6 Stunden/ Tag Betriebszeit
(Erfahrungswert von Dagoretti)
Potenziale
Slaughter activity 500 cattle
1000 shoats
Abfallmengen 21.000 kg/ Tag
5.000 kg/ Tag (Kuhdung)
11.000 kg/ Tag (Pouch Dung)
5.000 kg/ Tag Blut
Methangas 640 m3/ Tag (d.h. 30,5 m3/ Tonne)
(1.198.080 m3/ Jahr bei 6 Tagen/ Woche und 312 Tagen/ Jahr)
Ersetzen von Kesselöl zur Dampferzeugung 138.480 L/ Jahr (ca. 10%)
• Coconut Industry- Serendi Kenya
AHK KENIA SOLAR PV CASE
STUDIES
Fakten & Berechnung Annahmen
Last ca. 15 KW durchschnittlich
Für Ölpresse und Schneidemaschine (ca. 8 Stunden/ Tag), Büros etc.
Ölpressen mit einer Bearbeitungskapazität von 20.000 Kokosnüssen (d.h.
200 kg/ Stunde) haben i.d.R. eine Stromlast von 8-10 KW.
Dieselgenerator 80 kVA Für die Last überdimensioniert;
wird nicht berücksichtigt, da ein Fuel saver zum Ersetzen von Strom von
Dieselgensets macht i.d.R. bei einer KW –Anlage unter 300 KW noch
keinen Sinn wirtschaftlich.
Empfohlene Größe der
PV-Anlage
12 KW
(bei 2200 kWh/m2 und bei Bedarf von min. 20,000 kWh/ Jahr)
Grundlast: hauptsächlich Ölpresse(n) mit insges. 10 KW: andere Maschinen
sind nur stundenweise im Einsatz.
Jährlicher Strombedarf der Ölpresse(n) bei 6-Tages-Woche und 8 Stunden/
Tag Betrieb 20.000 – 25.000 kWh/ Jahr
Investitionskosten 15.600 USD 1.300 USD/ kW (turn-key)
Stromerzeugung durch PV
(12 KWp)
20.200 kWh/ Jahr 2.200 kWh/ m2 Solarertrag (lt. SolarGIS)
Ersetzen von Strom (aus Netz) 17.372 kWh/ Jahr 6-Tageswoche, d.h. 86% des Solarertrags kann genutzt werden.
Stromgestehungskosten (Levelized Costs of Energy; LCOE) 20,1 USD-Cent kWh Auf Basis der Stromrechnung von 04/2015; SERENDI ist als kleiner
kommerzieller Stromverbraucher eingestuft (SC-Tarif)
Anlage ist darauf ausgerichtet, nur Strom aus dem Netz zu ersetzen
Energiekosten-Einsparungen
(PV 100 KW)
3.492 USD
(17.372 kWh x 0,201 USD-Cent)
Amortisationszeit
4,5 Jahre
• Coconut Biomass – Serendi Kenya
AHK KENIA BIOENERGY CASE
STUDIES
Firma Beschreibung
Nuss-Hülse (“husk”) Pro Nuss: 930 g husk (67% der gesamten Frucht)
Bei Verarbeitung von max. 20.000 Nüssen/ Tag: 18.600 kg/ Tag husk
(20.000 x 0,930 kg)
Nussschale Pro Nuss: 138 g Schale (10% der gesamten Frucht)
Bei Verarbeitung von max. 20.000 Nüssen/ Tag: 2.760 kg Schalen/ Tag
GESAMT 21.360 kg/ Tag (Husk und Schale)
• Potential sectors for solar PV are seen to be with industries that have a
continuous base load such as for Grain mill, Flower Farms, Sisal Farms, and
the Tea processing industry.
• A continuous base load favors the economics of a Solar PV system, and
hence is more attractive for some of these large industrialists to consider their
options for Solar PV.
• Potential for bio-energy, especially biogas plants are considered to be very
good with the Sisal sector: Case studies show that with the waste, almost all
the electricity needs can be met. The first plant was built as early as 7 years
ago: more concretely are in the planning (including Teita). Good prospects
are also in dairy farms, flower farms and partly at Agriculture. On the one
hand there is a significant number of potential customers and, secondly, there
are often large amounts of waste from which biogas to cover a significant
proportion of the demand for electricity can be obtained. This is also the first
major commercial projects, such as the 2 MW plant at the leading horticultural
company Vegpro.
Solar PV and Bioenergy Potential
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