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Renesas Electronics America Inc.© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.
Energy Harvesting Solutions
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.2
Cymbet Smart Rechargeable Solid State Batteries Energy Harvesting Power for Wireless Platforms
Previous Experience ASIC, GPS Program Management Semiconductor marketing and sales
Education BS St. Louis University
Bill Gross, Business Development Director
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.3
Renesas Technology & Solution Portfolio
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.4
Microcontroller and Microprocessor Line-up
Wide Format LCDs Industrial & Automotive, 130nm 350µA/MHz, 1µA standby
44 DMIPS, True Low Power
Embedded Security, ASSP
165 DMIPS, FPU, DSC
1200 DMIPS, Performance1200 DMIPS, Superscalar
500 DMIPS, Low Power
165 DMIPS, FPU, DSC
25 DMIPS, Low Power
10 DMIPS, Capacitive Touch
Industrial & Automotive, 150nm 190µA/MHz, 0.3µA standby
Industrial, 90nm 200µA/MHz, 1.6µA deep standby
Automotive & Industrial, 90nm 600µA/MHz, 1.5µA standby
Automotive & Industrial, 65nm 600µA/MHz, 1.5µA standby Automotive, 40nm
500µA/MHz, 35µA deep standby
Industrial, 40nm 200µA/MHz, 0.3µA deep standby
Industrial, 90nm 1mA/MHz, 100µA standby
Industrial & Automotive, 130nm 144µA/MHz, 0.2µA standby
2010 2012
32
-bit
8/16
-bit
8/16-Bit True Low PowerHigh Efficiency & Integration
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.5
Challenge: “In the smart society sensors and displays are no longer tethered to power lines or network cables. Sensors will be on our bodies, our pets, in remote fields and they will have to run for many years on small batteries or utilizing energy harvesting techniques.”
Solution:“This class will teach attendees how to implement energy harvesting in an application. We will discuss examples of energy harvesting sources, storage methods, explain concerns for energy harvesting applications, and demonstrate how to use an RL78 MCU to solve these problems. ”
‘Enabling The Smart Society’
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.6
Why Energy Harvesting?
Energy Harvesting Target Applications
Energy Harvesting Sources
Understanding Energy Harvesting Anatomy
Battery Technology to Address Energy Harvesting
Example Energy Harvesting Application
Questions
Agenda
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.7
1821, Thomas Seebeck
Energy Harvesting an Ancient Science
1883, Charles Fritz 1880, Jacques & Pierre Curie
Thermoelectric Effect
Solar Cell Piezoelectricity
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.9
Technological advancements have made Energy Harvesting deployable
Large number of ultra low power components (wireless MCUs) introduced that make Energy Harvesting more commercially viable
#1: We have Reached a Tipping Point
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.10
Big leaps in rechargeable battery technology Batteries today a lot smaller Target applications where batteries are Inconvenient
to replace
#2: Energy Storage Technology Advancements
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.11
Conventional energy sources are not inexhaustible They produce large green house gases Are getting progressively more expensive
#3: Let’s be Green
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.12
Energy Harvesting: Starting To Get Pervasive
Lowly calories converted to precious watts
Microgym - Portland, oregonReduced Energy Bills by 60%!
Cell phone - samsung11% Efficiency
New energy tech.
250 million registered vehicles which drive more than 6 billion miles on America’s roadways every day.
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.13
Where does Energy Harvesting Make Sense?
Energy Harvesting solutions address many markets Low Data Rate Low Duty Cycle Ultra Low Power
Health & FitnessMedical
Building/Home Automation
StructuralMonitoring
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.14
Where Does Energy Harvesting Make Sense?
One or more characteristics have to be met in order to implement energy harvesting
Energy source readily available
Heavy usage of cords
Can’t afford downtime
Large number of devices
Environmentally friendly
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.15
Energy Source Vs. Harvested PowerEnergy Source Harvested PowerTemperature (Pyroelectric) 10 μW/cm3
Ambient Radio Frequency 1 μW/cm2
Ambient Light 100 mW/cm2 (Direct Sun)100 μW/cm2 (Office Light)
Thermoelectric 60 μW/cm2
Vibration (micro generator) 4 μW/cm3 (Human Motion Hz)800 μW/cm3 (machines-KHz)
Vibrations (Piezoelectric) 200 μW/cm3
Airflow 1 μW/cm2
Shoe Inserts 330 μW/cm2
Hand Generators 30 W/KgHeel Strike 7 W/cm2
Source: Journal of Technology Studies; Potential Ambient Energy-Harvesting Sources and Techniques by Faruk Yildiz (2005)
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.16
Energy Harvesting Block Diagram
Solar Thermal RFVibration
sensor unit
Harvester(generator) Power
Management
Power
MCU RF
SensorAFE
Power Supply Unit
rechargeablebattery
Control unit
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.17
Changes in System Requirement
MCU RF
Conventionalbattery
Sensor
Common power line supplied by conventional battery
Typical Systemwith Conventional Battery
RechargeableBattery
RF
MCU
Sensor
alwaysrunning
↓
Power Management Unit Always ON
Energyharvester
Conventionalbattery
Ex. Intelligent power management +RTC+Serial communication (IIC), Memory
Powermanagement
The Emerging System with Energy Harvester
Sensor
MCU RFConventionalbattery
Electric power supplied only when the peripheral devices have to work
Conscious of Power Consumption
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.18
RL78 : True Low Power MCU
Communication
8 x I2CMaster
2 x I2CMulti-Master
8 x CSI/SPI7-, 8-bit
4 x UART7-, 8-, 9-bit
1 x LIN1ch
Analog
ADC10-bit,12-bit, 26ch
Internal Vref.
Memory
Program Flashup to 512KB
SRAMup to 32KB
Data Flashup to 8KB
System
DMA4ch
Interrupt Controller4 Levels, 20 pins
Clock GenerationInternal, External
Power Management
HALTRTC, DMA Enabled
SNOOZESerial, ADC Enabled
STOPSRAM On
Timers
2 x Timer Array16-bit, 16ch
Interval Timer12-bit, 1ch
WDT17-bit , 1ch
RTCCalendar
Temp. Sensor
Safety
RAMParity Check
POR, LVD
MUL/DIV/MAC
DebugSingle-Wire
ADCSelf-diagnostic
ClockMonitoring
MemoryCRC
RL78 CPU Core 16-bit CISC, 44 DMIPS at 32MHz
Power Management Operating: as low as 66uA/MHz (NoOp) Active: 144uA/MHz Halt: 0.57µA (RTC + LVD) Stop: 220nA (RAM retained) Snooze: 580uA (UART), 780uA (ADC)
System +/- 1% Internal Oscillator (32MHz, 24MHz) 16x16 Multiplier, 32/32 Divider, Multiply-
Accumulate 1.6V – 5.5V Operating Voltage Range
Analog 1.6V (Vcc) operation 26 channels, 10-bit,12-bit 2.1µs conversion
time Internal Voltage Reference (1.44V)
Communication SPI, UART, I2C, LIN
Package 25LGA (3x3)
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.19
Design Considerations for EH-Powered Systems Determine energy available from your environment
Indoor solar is in tens to hundreds of microwatts Thermoelectric in tens to hundreds of microwatts based on
delta Temperature Harvest energy as efficiently as possible
Design for Maximum Peak Power Point Avoid components with excessive leakage or quiescent current
Calculate application power requirements and minimize to fit available input EH power Use sleep modes of components when possible Write Energy- Aware code -> no polling loops, check Vcc
before running Size storage for times when energy is not available
Bigger battery is not always better: don’t fill the pool with a paper cup!
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.20
Energy Harvesting Power Conversion, Storage and Mgmt
Power TransducerPhotovoltaic
ThermoelectricPiezoelectric
InductiveRF
ΔTemp
MotionVibration
EM Field
Energy Processing & StoragePower Conversion & ConditioningPower ManagementEnergy Storage
EnerChip™ EPCBC-915 or
CBC3150 CCEH
OptionalMCU + Radio
Light
• Need high efficiency energy conversion and power management• Need rechargeable energy storage devices – batteries or supercapacitors
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.21
EnerChip™ CC Family – Energy Conversion andEnergy Storage Designers need a reliable energy storage device with:
Thousands of recharge cycles, Low self Discharge, Flat Vout Reflow Tolerant, Surface Mount Technology & Assembly Process 3.3V compatibility, Power-fail detect & Automatic back-up Drop-in solution, Small footprint & Minimal external component count
EnerChip CC is EH Converter and Battery in a Chip!
EnerChip CC Features:• CBC3150 – 50uAhr, 9 x 9 mm• CBC3112 – 12uAhr, 7 x 7 mm• CBC3105 – 5uAhr, 4 x 5 mm
(Available Q3-2011)• < 1mm Thick, DFN SMT• Expand up to 9 CBC050s
Devices - 500uAHr• Integrated CBC050 EnerChip,Threshold control, Power-Fail Detect & Charge Pump
• High-Value solution
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.22
Solar Energy Harvesting using Pulse Width Modulation Techniques
VIN
RESETN/EN Fly Cap –Cpump running
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.23
Variable Impedance Transducers - SolarMaximum Peak Power Tracking
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.24
Constant Impedance Transducers – Thermal, Piezo
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.25
Cymbet Energy Processor for Universal Energy Harvesting High efficiency EH transducer input power conversion from
transducers Uses Maximum Peak Power Tracking algorithms Provides energy storage device management Power output regulation with Energy Aware system management
Energy Processor on EVAL-09 EH Kit
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.26
Energy Storage Options
Feature Li-Ion Thin Film Supercapacitor
Recharge Cycles 100s 5K – 15K 100-500K
Self Discharge Moderate Negligible High
Charge Time Hours Minutes Several-Minutes
SMT & Reflow Poor-None Good Poor
Physical Size Large Small Medium
Capacity 0.3 – 2500 mAH 12 – 700 uAH 10 – 100 uAH
Environment Impact
High Minimal Minimal
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.27
Using Solid State Batteries for Zero Power Wireless Devices
Ultra Low Power
Processors
Smart Devices and
SensorsEverywhere
Wireless is pervasive
Integration withother
components
Miniaturization
Eco-Friendly and
Renewable Energy
HP: 1 trillion
sensors in 5 years
60 mm wireless devices annually
Solar poweredsensors
Complete wireless
sensor with power
800mm Micro machines in a
package
10 year components Pennies to dollars
Low energy for Space used
Bulky Size/Metal “coin” package
Not Eco-Friendly - Toxic Chemicals
Transportation Safety Issues
Requires holders and secondary assembly
TRENDS
CURRENT SOLUTIONS
Coin Cell Batteries Supercapacitors
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.28
The Solution:EnerChip™ Smart Solid State Batteries
Core of technology is lithium conducting amorphous glass electrolyte Lithium phosphorous oxynitride (LiPON) Good ionic conductivity; electronic insulator Low self-discharge
EnerChips on Silicon Wafer
• Li ions transported across electrolyte during cycling• Electrons blocked from transport by glass electrolyte
Lithium Cobalt Oxide Cathode and Lithium Free Anode Crystalline structure permits thousands of charge-discharge cycles No pastes, gels, binders, or other additives Excellent charge/discharge rate capability Constant voltage/any current charging mechanism
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.29
Wafer
Diced
Bare Die Packaged Part
Packaged
To Surface Mount MachineTo Reflow Solder
Final Assembly
SSB on Board
Surface Mount AssemblySolid State Battery is Reflow Solder Tolerant
Tape & Reel
Surface Mount AssemblySolid State Battery is Reflow Solder Tolerant
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.30
Solid State Batteries Have Key Attributes for EH Systems
Capacity with Cycling
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Discharge Cycle #
Cap
acity
(µA
h) 4.2V
4.15V
4.1V
4.3V
4.0V
High Cycle Life Flat Output Voltage Profile
Charge Current & Charge Capacity vs, Charge Time
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Perc
ent o
f Cha
rge
Time (Minutes)
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0
Char
ge C
urre
nt/
Batt
ery
Capa
city
Fast and Simple Charge
Char
ge Lo
ss %
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Stand Time (Years)1 2 3 4 5
Non-Recoverable
Recoverable
Self-Discharge
Low Self-Discharge
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.31
Optimizing EH-Powered Wireless Sensors
Extended Ultra-Low Power standby modeMinimum active duty cycle Interrupt driven performance on-demand
1uA
Active
‘Stand-By’
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.32
EH Power and System Performance Analysis
Photovoltaic Cell18 cm2 x 5.36 uW/cm2
@ 200 Lux = 97uW (Low light conditions –Power output scales
linearly with Lux input)
Energy ConversionUnder 100uW is 50%
efficient due to electronics = 50uW
Battery Charging100uAh battery
charges at 4.06V so rate is 12uAh - takes ~8 hours to recharge
with no activity
Ultra Low Power System Standby Power UsageAssume 1uA/hour
Wireless Radio Power100uAh Battery has 1260mJ capacity after System Load
drain and efficiencies ~1000mJ for 392uJ radio
pulses = 2500 radio pulses/charge
Uses 12 uAhr over 12 hours
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.33
Examples of Real World Energy Harvesting Systems
Intra Ocular Pressure Sensor uses Solar100’s picoWatts to 100’s nanoWatts power
Forest Fire Detection System Uses pH Differential 100’s milliWatts power
Entry Security Wireless Sensor Uses Solar100’s microWatts to 10s milliWatts power
Data Logger uses RF Wireless Harvesting100’s microWatts to 10’s milliWatts
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.34
Energy Usage Profile - RL78 Solar Energy Harvesting Demo -
Wireless Device Initialization
5.9mA x 3.36ms
Receive orTransmit with
Humidity Reading
29mA x 5.3ms
153uASec + 38.4uASec + 117.6uASec = 329uASec for Wireless Pulse
Radio In Sleep between Wireless Transmissions
5ua x 2 sec
10uASec
32mA x 1.2ms
29mA x 4.0ms
19.8uASec
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.35
Humidity Analyzer Block Diagram
RECEIVERTRansmITTER
Cymbet EH board
ZigBee Module
Humidity Sensor
Connector Board
ZigBee Module
Connector Board2xAA Battery
Rl78/L12 Display Board
RL78/G13 RL78/L12
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.36
RL78 – Low Power MCU Active Current: 144uA/MHz Standby Current: 0.57mA
(RTC + LVD) Stop: 220nA (RAM retained) 16-bit CISC, 41 DMIPS at
32MHz
Demo Components
Solar Panel Operating Voltage: 0.8V Output Current: 200μA@ 200Lux
2X Thin Film Battery Capacity: 100 uAh Pulse Discharge: 30 mA Voltage: 3.6V Operating Temp: 0 to 70C
© 2012 Renesas Electronics America Inc. All rights reserved.38
Technological advancements have made Energy Harvesting deployable today! Increasing efficiency of harnessing renewable energy sources New and creative energy harvesting resources being used Large number of ultra low power components (wireless MCUs)
introduced that make Energy Harvesting more commercially viable
Big leaps in battery technology Batteries today a lot smaller Now target applications where batteries were traditionally
Inconvenient to replace
‘Enabling The Smart Society’ in Review…
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