energy conversion
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Generators and Motors
Are rotating electrical machines that convert mechanical energy input to usable electrical energy
Generators
Yoke
Pole and Pole Shoe
Field Winding
Armature
Commutator
Brushes
Main Parts
Main Parts
• Support the field
coil and spread
the flux over large
area
• It is cylindrical
in shape to
which even
number of
poles is bolted
Yoke Field Winding
Pole and Pole Shoe
It is cylindrical in shape to which even number of poles is bolted
• A cylindrical core
• Made of sheet steel
laminations and
insulated from each
other by a thin layer of
paper and varnish to
reduce iron loss
Armature
Main Parts
Cylindrical in shape and consists of segments of hard drawn copper . A mica strip insulates each segment from each other. Windings of armature are terminated on it
Main Parts
• Used to connect the external circuit to the
armature
Commutator
Brushes
General Types of AC Armature Winding
Lap Winding Wave Winding
Type of winding which
coil end are connected
to commutator segments
that are near to one
another.
Type of winding which
the coil ends are
connected to
commutator segments
that are of some
distance from one
another; nearly 360
degrees
Parallel Paths
a = Armature current paths for both DC motor and DC generator
M = plex or degree of multiplicity of the winding P = number of poles
a = mP a = 2m
For Lap
WindingFor Wave
Winding
Parallel Paths
Winding m
Simplex 1
Duplex 2
Triplex 3
Quadruplex 4
Voltage across the armature of the DC generatorAC not DC
General Voltage of a DC Generator
(EMF)
Commutation
responsible in converting the generated AC voltage in the armature to DC
the reversal of current in the coil passes through the brush position
Commutator
General Voltage of a DC Generator
(EMF)
Eg =ZPΦN
X 10-8 V60a
Eg = generated voltage/induced voltage Φ = flux per pole, lines or maxwells N = speed of rotation of the armature; rpm Z = number of active conductors a = number of parallel paths
Armature Reaction
When the generator is loaded, the armature conductor carries current and hence current carrying conductors produce a magnetic flux of its own which affects the flux created by the main poles.
Effects of Armature Reaction
Field Strength in the gap is weakened under the leading pole tips and strengthens under the trailing pole tips.
Magnetic field of the machine is distorted.
Neutralizes the cross-magnetizing effects of armature reaction
Connected in series with armature such that the current in it flows in opposite direction to that flowing in armature conductors directly below the pole shoes
Compensating Windings
A better method of providing commutating field.
Does not reduce armature reaction
Interpoles
Types of DC Generators
SeriesShunt
Self Excited GeneratorSeparately Excited
DC Generator
Compound
Long Shunt Short Shunt
Separately Excited DC Generator
Ia = ILIf = V/Rf
Eg = VT + Va + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia( ra + rbc )
The field winding is energized from an external DC source is called “exciter”. The exciter maybe a battery or another DC generator.
The field winding is energized by its own armature( shunt, series or compound)
Self Excited DC Generator
Shunt Generator
Ia = ISH +ILIf = VT/RSH
Eg = VT + Va + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia( ra + rbc )
Self Excited DC Generator
Series Generator
Ia = IS = ILEg = VT + Va +Vs + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia( ra + Rs + rbc )
Compound Generator
Long Shunt
Ia = ISH = IS = ILISH = VT/RSH
Eg = VT + Va + VS + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia(ra + rbc + RS)
Self Excited DC Generator
Compound Generator
Short Shunt
Self Excited DC Generator
IS = ILIa = ISH + ILEg = Va + Vbc + VSH
Eg = VT + Va + VS + Vbc
Eg = VT + Ia(ra + rbc) + IsRs
Self Excited DC Generator
Where:Eg = generated voltage/induced voltage of the generator Ia = armature current; AIL = load current / line current; AISH = shunt field current; AIS = series field current; Ara = armature winding resistance; ΩRbc = brush contact resistance; ΩRSH = shunt field resistance; ΩRS = series field resistance; ΩRL = Load resistance; Ω
Self Excited DC Generator
VT = load voltage / terminal voltage; VVSH = shunt field winding resistance drop; VVS = series field winding resistance drop; VVa = armature winding resistance drop; VVbc = brush contact resistance drop; V
Losses in DC Generator
Losses due to current in the various windings of the machine
Armature copper loss
Field copper loss
Brush contact loss
Copper Loss
Losses in DC Generator
Iron Loss
Magnetic or core losses
Hysteresis Loss
Eddy Current Loss
Losses in DC Generator
Mechanical Losses
Air friction of rotating armature
Bearing friction
Brush friction
Machine designed to generate alternating curves
Alternators
Operating Principle
When the rotor rotates, the stator conductors are cut by the
magnetic flux, hence they have induced emf produced in
them. Because of the magnetic poles are alternately N and
S poles, they have induced an emf and hence current in the
armature conductors, which first flow in one direction and
then in the other. Hence an alternating emf is produced in
the stator conductors whose frequency depends on the
number of poles moving past in a conductor in one second
and whose direction is given by Flemings’s Right hand Rule.
Alternators
Frequency of the Generated Voltage
f =P(rpm)
Hertz120
Where:
F = frequency, Hz
P = no. of poles
rpm = speed of rotation
Where:E = total generated voltage, VN = no. of turns per coilΦ = flux per pole, maxwellskd = distribution factorkp = pitch factor
Note:For full winding, kp = 1For concentric winding, kd = 1
Alternators
E = 4.44NΦkdkp x 10-8 V
Generated Voltage
of an Alternator
Alternators
Effects of Various Types of Load
on the Alternator Terminal Voltage
Resistive Loads
Capacitive Loads
Inductive Loads
Resistive Loads Incandescent
lamps, heating devices or loads with unity power factor
8% to 20% drop in terminal voltage below its no-load value
Alternators
Inductive Loads
• Induction motors,
electrical
welders,
fluorescent
lighting or loads
with lagging
power factor.
• 25% to 50% drop
in terminal
voltage below
the no-load value
Capacitive Loads
• Capacitor devices
or special types of
synchronous
motor or loads
with leading power
factor.
• Tend to raise or
increase the
terminal voltage of
the alternator
above the no load
value.
Rotating electrical machines that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy
It has a reverse operation with generators
The presence of back emf causes the armature current to automatically changes with the increase of load on the motor. If there is no back emf, the armature may take very high current and winding may be damaged (like during starting, the current is high
Motors
Utilizes DC energy as input to produce mechanical actions
Ec =ZPΦN
X 10-8 V60a
DC Motors
Counter EMF of MotorsWhere:
Ec = back emf or counter emf,V
P = no. of poles
Φ = flux per pole, lines or
maxwells
N = speed of rotation of the
armature; rpm
Z = number of active conductors
a = number of parallel paths
Types of DC Motors
Shunt
Series
Compound
Its field winding is connected across the armature
Nearly constant or adjustable
Medium starting torque
Used for fan, blower, pump, grinder, etc
Note:
To reverse the direction of rotation, interchange the brush or reverse the connection of the shunt field
Never open the field circuit while the motor is operating for it will “race” or “run away”
Shunt Motor
Shunt Motor
IL = Ia + ISH
ISH = Vs/RSH
Ec = Vs – Va – Vbc
Ec = Vs – Ia(ra + rbc)
The field winding is connected in series with the armature
Variable speed High starting torque Used for elevators, crane, conveyor, hoist, gear drive,
etc.
Note:To reverse the direction of rotation, interchange the
brushesNever start this series motor without load or remove the
load while operating for it will “race” or “run away”.
Series Motor
Series Motor
IL = Is = IaEc = Vs - Va - Vbc - VSF
Ec = Vs – IL(ra + rbc + Rs)
Variable-speed or adjustable speed
Has a series and shunt field coils similar to compound generator
High starting torque
Used for elevators, conveyor, crane, milling machine, punching machine, etc
Compound Motor
Torque Developed in the Armature
T = 9.55 (
Ia x Ec
)N-m T = kIaΦ
N
Where:T = torque developed, N-mN = speed of rotation, rpmΦ = flux per pole, weber
K = proportinality constant
Mechanical Power Output
HP = 2πNT
HP = 2πNT
33,000 44,760
Where:
HP = horsepower
Percentage rise in the speed of the motor when the mechanical load is removed
%NR = NNL - NFL
x 100%NFL
Speed Regulations
• Where:
• NNL = no-load speed
• NFL = full-load speed
An Arc machine that operates at synchronous speed and converts electrical energy to mechanical energy
Synchronous Motors
Stator
Houses 3 phase armature windings in the slots of the core and receives power from 3-phase supply
Rotor
Has a number of alternate N and S poles. The rotor poles are excited by an exciter, which is a DC generator, mounted on the rotor shaft
Parts of Synchronous Motors
Under-excitation
the field excitation that the back emf is less than the applied voltage. The motor has lagging power factor
Normal Excitation
Operates at almost unity power factor
Over-Excitation
Operates in leading power factor
Characteristics of Synchronous Motors
Used where a constant speed is required
Used in power factor correction in the factories
Uses of Synchronous Motors
When a 3-phase supply is applied to the stator, a rotating magnetic field is produced. This rotating magnetic field produces induced emfin the rotor windings that cause induced current to circulate.
Induction Motors
Principles of Induction Motors
By Lenz’s Law, the induced current tends to oppose the action producing it and therefore circulate in such a manner that a torque is produced. However, the rotor not rotate as fast as the rotating magnetic field.
Principles of Induction Motors
Induction Motors
The speed at which the rotating flux rotates
Speeds of Induction Motors
Synchronous Speed Rotor Speed Slip
• Actual speed of the motor
• It cant be calculated but it can be measured using tachometer or speedometer
• The difference between the synchronous speed and the actual speed
Squirrel Cage Motor
Used where low power needed and speed control is needed Slip Ring
Used only when high starting torque is required
Types of Induction Motors
Advantages of Induction Motors
Requires minimum care
and maintenance
High efficiency
Good power factor
Self-starting
Simple in construction,
robust and almost
unbreakable
Disadvantages of Induction Motors
Speed cannot be varied
without loss of
efficiency
Speed decreases with
the increase load
Has inferior starting
torque
Converters
and
Rectifiers
Methods of Converting AC to DC
Motor-Generator Set
An AC and DC generator
mechanically coupled; AC
motor can be synchronous
or induction motor
Rotary Converters
Single machine with one
armature and one field
Combines the function of a
synchronous motor and DC
generator
Methods of Converting AC to DC
Motor Converters
Rectifiers
consists of ordinary slip
ring induction motor
coupled both mechanically
and electrically to a DC
generator
Converts AC to
unidirectional current by
virtue of permitting flow of
currents in only one
direction
Applications of Generators and Motors
Trade name for rotating amplifiers
Quick response DC generator, output of which is controlled by a very small field power
Power amplifier; most suitable use as an exciter in a closed loop control system
Amplidyne
Applications of Generators and Motors
Generator employing silicon rectifiers as static commutation devices
Aircraft generator
Brushless Generators
Applications of Generators and Motors
Rotary transformer
A composite machine having a single magnet frame but two separate armature windings, one acting as a generator and the other as a motor, and independent commutators
Dyna-motor
Applications of Generators and Motors
A single-stage rotating amplifier relying on the use of positive feedback
Rototrol Magnicon
• Trade name for rotating amplifiers with cross field excitation
Applications of Generators and Motors
Converts thermal energy into electric by breaking a stream of hot ionized gas
Plasma hydrodynamic generator
Magnetohydrodynamic Generator
Applications of Generators and Motors
A stream of gas is ionized, the positive ions being carried away by the stream while the electrons are collected by an electrode ring causing a current to flow through a wire between the ring and a collecting grid
Electrohydrodynamic Generator
Applications of Generators and Motors
Rotating amplifier
Similar to the nature of amplidyne
Metadyne Generator
Applications of Generators and Motors
An induction motor and a synchronous converter mechanically and electrically coupled
Converts AC to DC
Motor Converter
Applications of Generators and Motors
A converter consisting of an AC motor directly coupled to a DC generator
No electrical connection between the two machines
Motor Generator
Applications of Generators and Motors
A converter based on electronic devices of the semiconductor, mercury arc or gaseous type, usually in combination with a transformer
Static Converter
Applications of Generators and Motors
Thermal-electrical conversion device
Thermocouple Generator
Transformers
It is an AC device that transfers power from one circuit to another without rotating and change of frequency
The windings are placed on outside of the core
Transformer Construction
Core Type
The windings are placed on inside of the core such that the magnetic circuit completely surrounds the winding
Transformer Construction
Shell Type
Parameters of Transformer
Equivalent Circuit of an ideal Transformer
For Ideal Transformers
Pp = PS
Parameters of Transformer
Voltage Ratio a = EP
=NP
ES NS
1=
IP=
NS
a IS NP
Impedance Ratio
Current Ratio
a² =ZP
= (NP
) ²ZS NS
Parameters of Transformer
Where
A = ratio of transformer/ turn ratio
EP = primary line (impressed) voltage
ES = secondary line (impressed) voltage
NP = no. of primary turn
NS = no. of secondary turn
IP = primary line current
IS = secondary line current
Losses in Transformers
Hysteresis Eddy Current
Iron Losses Copper Losses
Losses in Transformers
Hysteresis
Heating loss due to the collision of iron’s magnetic particles when it aligned to the external magnetic induction
Eddy Current
Loss due to eddy
current(eddy currents are
currents circulating around
the magnetic core of the
transformer
Condition for Maximum Efficiency
Copper Loss = Core Loss
Transformer
Open Circuit Test or No-load Test
Determine the no-load loss or core loss
Transformer
Short Circuit Test or Impedance test
Equivalent impedance, leakage reactance and total resistance of the transformer as referred to the winding in which the measuring instruments are placed
Rated or Full-load copper loss
Autotransformer
Has only one winding which performs
the function of both primary and
secondary winding. These
transformers are used as regulating
transformers where only a small
variation of voltage is required
Electrolysis and Batteries
Electrolysis
The conduction of electric current
through the solution of an electrolyte
together with the resulting chemical
changes
Important Terms
Anode
Cathode
Ions
Anions
Cations
plate or electrode connected to the + terminal
plate or electrode connected to the - terminal
The electrolyte gets chemically decomposed
Ions having + charge
Ions having - charge
The mass of an ion set free by a current in the process of electrolysis is proportional to the quantity of charge that has passed through the electrolyte
Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis
First Law
W α Q α It W = ZIt
Where
W = mass of ion liberated
I = current in amperes
t = time in seconds
Z = a constant value that depends upon the nature of substance
When the same current passes through several electrolyte for the same time, the mass of various ions deposited at each of the electrodes are proportional to their chemical equivalents
m1=
E1=
Z1
m2 E2 Z2
Faraday’s Law of Electrolysis
Second Law
Where
m1 & m2 = mass of ion deposited or liberated
E1 & E2 = chemical equivalent weights (atomic weight / valency)
Z1 & Z2 = electromechanical equivalent
Applications of Electrolysis
Electroplating
Depositing a thin layer of precious metal (silver,
gold) over an inferior metal
Extraction and Purification of Metals
Battery
Primary Cells Secondary Cells
Chemical action not
reversible
An assembly of voltaic primary and secondary cell
Also known as
accumulators
or storage
batteries
Uses acid as an
electrolyte
Uses alkali as an
electrolyte
Acid Cells
Alkali Cells
Local Action
The continuous dissolution of the zinc rod even
when the cell is not connected to the external circuit
This is due to impurities present in commercial zinc. The impurities
form small tiny cells, which are short circuited by the main body of
the zinc rod
Can be minimized by using amalgamated zinc
The collection of hydrogen bubbles on the surface of the copper plate
Polarization
Effects of Polarization
The bubbles act as insulators and hence increase the internal
resistance of the cell
Sticking H2 ions on the +Ve plate exert repulsive
force on the other H2 ions coming towards the Cu
plate. Minimized by surrounding the cathode by
depolarizers, which oxidizes H2 bubbles as soon as
they are produced
Charging the Battery
Process of reversing the current flow through the battery to restore the battery to its original position
5 Types of Charge
1. Initial Charge
2. Normal Charge
3. Equalizing Charge
4. Floating Charge
5. Fast Charge
List of Batteries and their Corresponding Output
Primary
Alkaline Mn02 1.15 V
Carbon Zinc 1.5 V
Electrolyte 2.8 V
Leclanche 1.2 V
Li-organic 2.8 V
Magnesium 1.5 V
Manganeses dioxide (alkaline) 1.5 V
Mercad 0.85 V
Mercury 1.2 V
Mercuric Oxide 1.35 V
Silver Oxide 1.5 V
Solid 1.9 V
Zinc-Air 1.1 V
Zinc-Chloride 1.5 V
List of Batteries and their Corresponding Output
Secondary
Edison 1.2 V
Lead - Acid 2.1 V
Manganese Dioxide (alkaline) 1.5 V
Nickel - Cadmium 1.25 V
Nickel - Hydrogen 1.2 V
Nickel - Iron 1.2 V
Silver - Cadmium 1.05 V
Silver - Zinc 1.5 V
Zinc - Chloride 2.0 V
Zinc - Nickel Oxide 1.6 V
Most Commonly Used Cells
Primary
Type Voltage (V) Remarks
Carbon - Zinc 1.5
used for flash lights
and toys; low cost
and low current
capacity
Zinc - Chloride 1.5higher current
capacity
Manganese Alkaline 1.5
hydroxide electrolyte
and high current
capacity
Silver Oxide 1.5 hydroxide electrolyte
Lithium 2.8 long life, high cost
Most Commonly Used Cells
Secondary
Type Voltage (V) Remarks
Lead Acid 2.1 wet electrolyte
Silver - Zinc 1.5
rechargeable dry cell,
high current
capacity
Silver - Cadmium 1.05rechargeable dry cell,
high efficiency
Nickel - Cadmium 1.25rechargeable dry
battery
Review
Questions
1. A 4-pole DC generator with duplex lap winding has 48 slots and four elements per slot. The flux per pole is 2.5 x 106 maxwells and it runs at 1500 rpm. What is the output voltage?
a. 60
b. 360
c. 225
d. 120
Review Questions
2. Find the frequency in kilocycles per second in the armature of a 10 pole, 1200 rpm generator?
a. 100
b. 1000
c. 10
d. .1
Review Questions
3. What is the voltage regulation when the full load voltage is the same as no-load voltage assuming a perfect voltage source?
a. 100%
b. 10%
c. 1%
d. 0%
Review Questions
4. In DC motors, the emf developed which opposes to the supplied voltage
a. Residual emf
b. Coercive emf
c. Induced emf
d. Counter emf
Review Questions
5. What will happen to a DC series motor when its load is removed?
a. the motor will stop
b. the motor speed remains the same
c. the torque remains the same
d. the motor will over speed
Review Questions
6. The armature of a DC generator is laminated to _________.
a. Reduce the bulk
b. Provide passage for cooling air
c. Reduce eddy current losses
d. Insulate the core
Review Questions
7. Which of the following helps in reducing the effect of armature reaction in DC generators?
1. Interpoles
2. Compensating Windings
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. Both 1 & 2
d. Neither 1 & 2
Review Questions
8. The loss in DC generator that varies with the load is ___________.
a. Copper loss
b. Eddy current Loss
c. Hysteresis Loss
d. Windage Loss
Review Questions
9. Magnetic field in a DC generator is produced by _________.
Electromagnets Permanent Magnets Iron Core Steel Laminations
a. 1 onlyb. 2 onlyc. 1 & 2 onlyd. 1,2,3 & 4
Review Questions
10. In DC generator, the cause of rapid brush wears maybe _________.
Severe sparking Rough commutation surface Imperfect contact Slots disorientation
a. 1,2 & 3 onlyb. 1,2 & 4 onlyc. 2,3 & 4 onlyd. 1,2,3 and 4
Review Questions
11. Which of the following components of a DC generator plays vital role for providing direct current of a DC generator
a. Dummy coils
b. Commutator
c. Eye bolt
d. Equalizer ring
Review Questions
12. Find the voltage regulation of a generator when full load voltage is 110 V and the no load voltage is 120 V.
a. 1%
b. 9.09%
c. 90.9%
d. 10%
Review Questions
13. Where does voltage generated in a DC generator depends?
Field resistance Speed Flux Field current Armature resistance
a. 1,2 and 3 onlyb. 2 and 3 onlyc. 2,3 and 4 onlyd. 1,3 and 5 only
Review Questions
14. Generators are often preferred to be run in parallel because of ___________.
Great reliability
Meeting greater load demands
Higher efficiency
a. 1,2 and 3
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 2 and 3 only
Review Questions
15. DC generator preferred for charging automobile batteries is __________.
a. Shunt generator
b. Long shunt compund generator
c. Series generator
d. Any of these
Review Questions
16. The purpose of providing dummy coils in a generator is __________.
a. To reduce eddy current losses
b. To enhance flux density
c. To amplify voltage
d. To provide mechanical balance for the rotor
Review Questions
17. Which of the following generating machine will offer constant voltage on all loads?
a. Self excited generator
b. Separately excited generator
c. Level compounded generator
d. All of the above
Review Questions
18. A DC generator works on the principle of
a. Lenz’s Law
b. Ohm’s Law
c. Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetism Induction
d. None of the above
Review Questions
19. With a DC generator, which of the following regulation is preferred?
a. 100% regulation
b. Infinite regulation
c. 50% regulation
d. 1% regulation
Review Questions
20. The purpose of an amperite regulator
a. Power regulation
b. Loss regulation
c. Current regulation
d. Voltage regulation
Review Questions
21. The only purpose of a DC generator that has been modified to function as an amplidyne is to
a. Serve as a booster
b. Serve as a regualtor
c. Serve as a meter
d. Serve as power amplifier
Review Questions
22. A simple method of increasing the voltage of a DC generator is ________
a. Increase the length of the armature
b. Decrease the length of the armature
c. Increase the speed of rotation
d. Decrease the speed of rotation
Review Questions
23. A 4-pole lap wound armature has 120 slots and 4 conductors per slot. The flux per pole is 50 mWb and it generates 240 volts. Find the speed.
a. 1200 rpm
b. 800 rpm
c. 600 rpm
d. 300 rpm
Review Questions
24. The power stated on the nameplate of any motor is always the ________
a. Gross Power
b. Output power at the shaft
c. Power drawn in kVA
d. Power drawn in kW
Review Questions
25. A DC motor is used to ___________
a. Generate power
b. Change mechanical to electrical energy
c. Change electrical to mechanical energy
d. Increase energy put to it
Review Questions
26. A DC motor is still used in industrial applications because it
a. Is cheap
b. Is simple in construction
c. Provides fine speed control
d. None of the above
Review Questions
27. Carbon brushes are preferable to copper brushes because
They have longer life They reduce armature reaction They have lower resistance They reduce sparking
a. 1 and 2 onlyb. 2 and 3 onlyc. 3 and 4 onlyd. 1 and 4 only
Review Questions
28. The field poles and armature of a DC machine are laminated to ________
a. Reduce the weight of the machine
b. Decrease the speed
c. Reduces eddy current
d. Reduce armature reaction
Review Questions
29. Steam turbo alternators are much smaller in size than water turbine alternators for a given output. This is so because _________.
Steam turbo alternators are built with smaller capacities Steam turbo alternators run at high speed Steam turbo alternators have long rotors
a. 1 & 2 onlyb. 1 & 3 onlyc. 2 & 3 onlyd. 1,2 and 3
Review Questions
30. When the speed of a DC motor increases, its armature current ________
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Remains constant
d. None of the above
Review Questions
31. The amount of the back emf of a shunt motor will increase when __________
a. Load is increased
b. The field is weak
c. The field is strengthened
d. None of the above
Review Questions
32. The speed of a DC motor is ________
a. Directly proportional to the flux per pole
b. Inversely proportional to the flux per pole
c. Inversely proportional to the applied voltage
d. None of the above
Review Questions
33. The torque developed by a DC motor is directly proportional to ______
a. Flux per pole x armature current
b. Armature resistance x applied voltage
c. Armature resistance x armature current
d. None of the above
Review Questions
34. The speed of a _______ motor is practically constant
a. Cumulatively compounded
b. Series
c. Differentially compounded
d. Shunt
Review Questions
35. ________ motor is a variable speed motor.
a. Series Motor
b. Shunt Motor
c. Cumulatively Compounded
d. Differentially Compunded
Review Questions
36. What do you call an electromagnet with its core in a form of a magnetic ring?
a. Paraboloid
b. Solenoid
c. Toroid
d. Motor
Review Questions
37. The working principle of a transformer is ________
a. Self induction
b. Static induction
c. Mutual induction
d. Dynamic induction
Review Questions
38. A type of transformer that is protect technicians from deadly electrical shock is called a/an ______
a. Absorber transformer
b. Step down transformer
c. Step up transformer
d. Isolation transformer
Review Questions
39. What is the typical use of an autotransformer?
a. Toy transformer
b. Control transformer
c. Variable transformer
d. Isolating transformer
Review Questions
40. Synchronous motor is capable of beig operated at _________
a. Lagging pf only
b. Unity pf only
c. Leading pf only
d. All of the above
Review Questions
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