en wind turbine generators 2009
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Turbine Generators (WTGs) Physical Principles and Generator Concepts
Markus Pller and Oscar Amaya/DIgSILENT GmbH
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Energy Conversion
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Energy Conversion - Basics
Kinetic Energy Rotational Energy Electrical EnergyTurbine Generator
Generator
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Energy Converstion - Basics
Power extracted by wind turbine:3
2
1wpw AvcP =
A
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Energy Conversion - Basics
Ideal value 593.0max =pc
One bladeTwo blades
Three blades
Darrieus
Dutch-Type
American
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Summary
Power in the wind increases with vw3
Power is proportional to swept area A, hence increases quadraticallywith increasing rotor diameter
Power coefficient depends on
Wind speed
Rotor speed
Number of blades
Blade design
Blade angle
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Turbine Control Concepts
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Aerodynamics
vt=R
vr
Fd
F
vw
Fl
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Stall
>krit
vw
vt=R
vr
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Pitching
vw
vr
vt=R
Fl
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Turbine Control Concepts
Stall Control:
Passive Stall:Power of the wind turbine is limited by the aerodynamic characteristicsof the turbine.
Active stall:Power of the wind turbine is limited additionally by decreasing the pitchangle (increasing the inflow angle).
Pitch Control:
Power of the wind turbine is limited by increasing the pitch angle(decreasing the inflow angle)
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Turbine Control Concepts
Stall Control:
Cost effective
Fast limitation of active power
Fixed speed operation possible
Pitch Control:
Accurate power control possible
Variable speed operation required
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Turbine Operation
Start
T
r
v
R=
Fix speed
Variable speed
P=Prated
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Operation of Fix Speed Wind Turbine (passive stall)
Start up (with open breaker) if wind speed > cut-in wind speed
Close breaker
Operation at constant blade angle over the whole wind speed range
In case of large wind speeds: Power limited by aerodynamic profile.
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Operation of Variable Speed Wind-Turbines
Start up (with open breaker) if wind speed > cut-in wind speed
Close breaker
Below rated wind-speed Maximum power coefficient (Max. Power Tracking) Evt: Speed Limitation
Above rated wind-speed: P=Prated (Limited by power electronics converter)
Pitching
Advantages of variable speed operation: Lower cut-in wind speeds Higher efficiency, especially at low wind speeds Lower power variations (compared to fixed speed turbines)
Disadvantage: More expensive!
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind Turbine Operation Typical Power Curves
passive stall
Variable speed/pitch
kW
v
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Generator Concepts
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Fixed Speed Induction Generator
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator
1.201.161.121.081.041.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
x-Axis: GWT: Speed in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
1.201.161.121.081.041.00
0.00
-2.00
-4.00
-6.00
-8.00
x-Axis: GWT: Speed in p.u.
GWT: Reactive Power in Mvar
DIgSILENT
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator
1.041.031.021.011.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
x-Axis: GWT: Speed in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
Constant Y = 1.000 p.u.1.008 p.u.
1.041.031.021.011.00
0.00
-1.00
-2.00
-3.00
-4.00
-5.00
-6.00
x-Axis: GWT: Speed in p.u.
GWT: Reactive Power in Mvar
Constant X = 1.008 p.u.
-1.044 Mvar
DIgSILENT
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator LVRT-Bahaviour
Induction generator response to a weak voltage dip
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
G\HV:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
MV:Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
80.00
40.00
0.00
-40.00
-80.00
-120.00
Cub_0.1\PQPCC:ActivePowerinp.u.
Cub_0.1\PQPCC:ReactivePowerinp.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
GWT:Speed
DIgSILENT
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator LVRT Bahaviour
Induction generator response to a strong voltage dip
2.001.501.000.500.00 [s]
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
G\HV:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
MV:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
2.001.501.000.500.00 [s]
80.00
40.00
0.00
-40.00
-80.00
-120.00
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC:Active Powerin p.u.
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC:Reactive Powerinp.u.
2.001.501.000.500.00 [s]
1.06
1.04
1.02
1.00
0.98
GWT:Speed
DIgSILENT
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator - Summary
Only fix speed operation possible (stall control required)
Reactive power compensation required
No reactive power control capability. Additional devices required:
TSCs (Thyristor switched capacitors)
STATCOMs
Risk of dynamic voltage collapse
> Typically, wind generators based on induction generators are asked todisconnect in case of voltage dips
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance
Grid
Gear Box
IG
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance
1.2001.1601.1201.0801.0401.000
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
-1.00
x-Axis: GWT: Speed in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
GWT: Electrical Torque in p.u.
ConstantY
=
1.0
00p.u.
DIgSILENT
Rotor Resistance
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Induction Generator with Variable Rotor Resistance - Summary
Simple concept for variable speed operation.
Reactive power compensation required.
No reactive power control capability. Additional devices required:
TSCs (Thyristor switched capacitors) STATCOMs
Limited LVRT capability. Dynamic voltage collapse problems have tobe mitigated by:
Fast increase of rotor resistance during faults
Additional reactive power compensation devices (typically TSCs)
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator
su
sr
sx
mx
rx
rr
ru
si
ritj re
:1
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
DFIG-Control and Protection
P-I
P-I P-I
P-I
md mq md mq
id
iq
id
iq
QV
Ptot
Qtot
idref iqref idref iqref
Pref Qref Vref Qref
rotor-side
converter
grid-side
converterCrow-bar Chopper
Blocking
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
-1,2 -0,8 -0,4 0 0,4 0,8 1,2Q/Sn
P/Sn
Pn
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator Reactive Capability
Theoretical characteristicConst. cos(phi)-characteristicConst. Q-characteristic
with contributionfrom Grid-Side Converter
Limited by rotor-side converter
Limited by stator current/step-up transformer rating
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator LVRT-Behaviour
DFIG response to a weak voltage dip
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
75.00
50.00
25.00
0.00
-25.00
-50.00
-75.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ:Active Powerinp.u.
Cub_1\PCC PQ:Reactive Powerin p.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
HV:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
MV:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.275
1.250
1.225
1.200
1.175
1.150
G1d:Speed
DIgSILENT
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Doubly-Fed Induction Generator LVRT-Behaviour
DFIG response to a strong voltage dip (crow-bar operation)
2.001.501.000.500.00 [s]
75.00
50.00
25.00
0.00
-25.00
-50.00
-75.00
Cub_1\PCCPQ:ActivePowerinp.u.
Cub_1\PCCPQ:ReactivePowerinp.u.
2.001.501.000.500.00 [s]
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
HV:Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
MV:Voltage,Magnitudeinp.u.
2.001.501.000.500.00 [s]
1.275
1.250
1.225
1.200
1.175
1.150
G1d:Speed
DIgSILENT
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Generator with Fully Rated Converter
SG/IG
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Generator with Fully Rated Converter/Direct Drive
SG/IG
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Generator with Fully Rated Converter Reactive Capability
Theoretical characteristicConst. cos(phi)-characteristicConst. Q-characteristic
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
-1,2 -0,8 -0,4 0 0,4 0,8 1,2Q/Sn
P/Sn
Pn
Converter current limit
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Converter Driven Synchronous Gen
FCD response to a weak voltage dip (ideal DC-chopper)
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ:Active Powerin p.u.
Cub_1\PCC PQ:Reactive Powerinp.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
HV:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
MV BusBar:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
Generator:speed
DIgSILENT
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Converter Driven Synchronous Gen
FCD response to a strong voltage dip (ideal DC-chopper)
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ:Active Powerinp.u.
Cub_1\PCC PQ:Reactive Powerin p.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
HV:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
MV BusBar:Voltage,Magnitude inp.u.
0.600.400.200.00 [s]
1.15
1.10
1.05
1.00
0.95
0.90
Generator:speed
DIgSILENT
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Directly Coupled Synchronous Generator withVariable Gear Box
Variable speedGearbox
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Synchronous Generator Reactive Capability
Reactive Capability
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
-1,2 -0,8 -0,4 0 0,4 0,8 1,2Q/Sn
P/Sn
Pn
Excitation current
Stator current
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Voltage Dip Different Generator Concepts
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
HV: u[p.u.], SynG (conventionalpower plant)
MV: u[p.u.], SynG (conventionalpower plant)
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
HV: u[p.u.], DFIG
MV: u[p.u.], DFIG
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
G\HV: u[p.u.], IG
MV: u[p.u.], IG
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
HV: u[p.u.], CDS
MVBusBar: u[p.u.], CDS
DIgSILENT
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Voltage Dip Different Generator Concepts
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
-40.00
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: P [MW], IG
Cub_0.1\PQ PCC: Q [Mvar], IG
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
80.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
-20.00
Cub_1\PCC PQ: P [MW], SynG (conventionalpower plant)
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Q [Mvar], SynG (conventionalpower plant)
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
-20.000
-40.000
Cub_1\PCC PQ: P [MW], DFIG
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Q [Mvar], DFIG
1.251.000.750.500.250.00 [s]
60.000
40.000
20.000
0.000
-20.000
-40.000
Cub_1\PCC PQ: P [MW], CDS
Cub_1\PCC PQ: Q [Mvar], CDS
DIgSILENT
GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Wind-Generator Concepts
InductionGenerator
Induction
Generator
InductionGenerator with
Variable RotorResistance
(Opti-slip) DFIG
Fixed Speed Variable Speed
Active StallStall Q-controlNo Q-control
Fully ratedconverter
No Q-control Q-control
SG
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GTZ-TERNA Expert Workshop 2009: Grid and System Integration of Wind Energy, 10.11.2009-12.11.2009, Berlin/Germany
Thank You
Markus Pller Oscar Amay
mpoeller@digsilent.de o.amaya@digsilent.de
DIgSILENT GmbH
Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9
72810 Gomaringen
www.digsilent.de
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