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Electromagnetic FieldTesting
RF safety
Meeting the Requirements of
the EU Directive 2103/35/EU
1 EMF Exposure in the EU
2 Directive 2013/35/EU
3 EMF Standards
4 Sectors / Applications
5What is needed from an
EMF meter
Contents
Council Recommendation
1999/519/ECof 12 July 1999
General public
Occupational safety and health
Council Directive
89/391/EEC
(Framework Directive)
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU
...
EMF exposure in the EU
Directive 2013/35/EU
Council Directive 89/391/EEC of 12 June 1989 on the introduction of measures to encourage
improvements in the safety and health of workers at work (also known as the Framework Directive)
Directive 2004/40/EC
Directive 2008/46/EC
April 2012 October 2013 July 2016
DIRECTIVE 2013/35/EU OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 26 June
2013 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the
risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (20th individual Directive within the
meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC) and repealing Directive 2004/40/EC
Worker's exposure to EMF in the EU
1 EMF Exposure in the EU
2 Directive 2013/35/EU
3 EMF Standards
4 Sectors / Applications
5What is needed from an
EMF meter
• 20th individual Directive (within 89/391/EEC), lays down minimum requirements for the protection of workers from risks to their health and safety arising, or likely to arise, from exposure to electromagnetic fields during their work.
• This Directive covers all known direct biophysical effects and indirect effects caused by electromagnetic fields.
• The exposure limit values (ELVs) cover only scientifically well-established links between short-term direct biophysical effects and exposure to electromagnetic fields.
• This Directive does not cover suggested long-term effects.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU - scope
• Exposure Limit Values (ELVs): values established on the basis of biophysical and biological
considerations, in particular on the basis of scientifically well-established short-term and
acute direct effects.
● Health effects ELVs: those ELVs above which workers might be subject to adverse
health effects.
● Sensory effects ELVs: those ELVs above which workers might be subject to transient
disturbed sensory perceptions and minor changes in brain functions.
• Action Levels (ALs): operational levels established for the purpose of simplifying the
process of demonstrating the compliance with relevant ELVs or, where appropriate, to take
relevant protection or prevention measures specified in this Directive;
● for electric fields, ‘low ALs’ and ‘high ALs’ means levels which relate to the specific
protection or prevention measures specified in this Directive.
● for magnetic fields, ‘low ALs’ means levels which relate to the sensory effects ELVs and
‘high ALs’ to the health effects ELVs.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU - definitions
• ELVs and ALs are based on the recommendations of the ICNIRP.
• Where it is demonstrated that the relevant ALs are not exceeded, the
employer shall be deemed to be in compliance with the health effects ELVs
and sensory effects ELVs.
• Low ALs and sensory effects ELVs may be exceeded when justified and
under certain provisions, basically:
● health effects ELVs are not exceeded;
● the excessive spark discharges and contact currents are prevented;
● information on the situations has been given to workers;
● the sensory effects ELVs are exceeded only temporarily.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – ELVs and ALs
Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric fields from 1 Hz to 10MHz
Frequency range Electric field
strength Low ALs
(E)[Vm -1 ] (RMS)
Electric field strength
High ALs
(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)
ICNIRP
(V/m)
1 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,0 × 104 2,0 × 10 4 2,0 × 10 4
25 ≤ f < 50 Hz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 4 5,0 × 10 5 /f
50 Hz ≤ f < 1,64 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 6 /f 5,0 × 10 5 /f
1,64 ≤ f < 3 kHz 5,0 × 10 5 /f 6,1 × 10 2 5,0 × 10 5 /f
3 kHz ≤ f ≤10 MHz 1,7 × 10 2 6,1 × 10 2 1,7 × 10 2
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
0,1
1
10
100
Frequency (Hz)
E (k
V/m
)
E field 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)
Low ALs
High ALs
ICNIRP Reference levels
Note B1-1 : f is the frequency expressed in hertz (Hz).
Note B1-2 : The low ALs (E) and high ALs (E) are the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) values of the electric field strength which are equal to the peak values divided by √2 for sinusoidal fields. In the case of non-sinusoidal fields, the exposure evaluation carried out in accordance with Article 4 shall be based on the weighted peak method (filtering in time domain), explained in the practical guides referred to in Article 14, but other scientifically proven and validated exposure evaluation procedures can be applied, provided that they lead to approximately equivalent and comparable results..
Note B1-3 : ALs represent maximum calculated or measured values at the workers' body position. This results in a conservative exposure assessment and automatic compliance with ELVs in all non-uniform exposure conditions. In order to simplify the assessment of compliance with ELVs, carried out in accordance with Article 4, in specific non-uniform conditions, criteria for the spatial averaging of measured fields based on established dosimetry will be laid down in the practical guides referred to in Article 14. In the case of a very localised source within a distance of a few centimetres from the body, the induced electric field shall be determined dosimetrically, case by case.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – ELVs and ALs
Table B2. ALs for exposure to magnetic fields from 1 Hz to 10 MHz
Frequency range Magnetic flux density
Low ALs(B)[µT] (RMS)
Magnetic flux density
High ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)
ICNIRP
[µT]
1 ≤ f < 8 Hz 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,0 × 10 5 /f 2
8 ≤ f < 25 Hz 2,5 × 10 4 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 2,5 × 10 4 /f
25 ≤ f < 300 Hz 1,0 × 10 3 3,0 × 10 5 /f 1,0 × 10 3
300 Hz ≤ f < 3 kHz 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f 3,0 × 10 5 /f
3 kHz ≤ f ≤ 10 MHz 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2 1,0 × 10 2
Same notes as previous slide.
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 1000000 10000000
1
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1000000
Frequency (Hz)
B (
uT)
H field 1 Hz to 10 MHz (ICNIRP = Low ALs)
Low ALs
High ALs
ICNIRP Reference levels
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – ELVs and ALs
Table B1. ALs for exposure to electric and magnetic fields from 100 kHz to 300 GHz.
Frequency range Electric field strength
ALs(E) [Vm -1 ] (RMS)
Magnetic flux density
ALs(B) [µT] (RMS)
Power density
ALs(S) [Wm -2 ]
ICNIRP
(V/m)
100 kHz ≤ f < 1 MHz 6,1 × 10 2 2,0 × 10 6 /f - 6,1 × 10 2
1 ≤ f < 10 MHz 6,1 × 10 8 /f 2,0 × 10 6 /f - 6,1 × 10 8 /f
10 ≤ f < 400 MHz 61 0,2 - 61
400 MHz ≤ f < 2 GHz 3 × 10 -3 f ½ 1,0 × 10 -5 f 1/2 - 3 × 10 -3 f ½
2 ≤ f < 6 GHz 1,4 × 10 2 4,5 × 10 -1 - 137
6 ≤ f ≤ 300 GHz 1,4 × 10 2 4,5 × 10 -1 50 137
0,1 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
10
100
1000
Frequency (MHz)
E (V
/m)
E field 100 kHz to 300 GHz (ICNIRP = ALs)
ALs (E)
ICNIRP Reference levels
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – ELVs and ALs
✔ The employer shall assess all risks for workers arising from electromagnetic fields at
the workplace and, if necessary, measure or calculate the levels of electromagnetic
fields to which workers are exposed.
✔ The employer shall identify and assess electromagnetic fields at the workplace.
✔ If compliance with the ELVs cannot be reliably determined on the basis of readily
accessible information, the assessment of the exposure shall be carried out on the basis
of measurements or calculations.
✔ The assessment, measurement and calculations shall be planned and carried out by competent services or persons at suitable intervals.
✔ the employer shall give particular attention to the following (amongst others):
• the frequency, the level, duration and type of exposure, including the distribution over the worker's body and over the volume of the workplace.
• multiple sources of exposure;
• simultaneous exposure to multiple frequency fields.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – The employer
• Once the relevant ALs are exceeded and unless the assessment demonstrates that the relevant
ELVs are not exceeded and that safety risks can be excluded, the employer shall devise and
implement an action plan that shall include technical and/or organisational measures, taking into
account in particular:
➔ other working methods that entail less exposure to electromagnetic fields;
➔ the choice of equipment emitting less intense electromagnetic fields, taking account of the work to be
done;
➔ technical measures to reduce the emission of electromagnetic fields, including, where necessary, the use
of interlocks, shielding or similar health protection mechanisms;
➔ appropriate delimitation and access measures, such as signals, labels, floor markings, barriers, in
order to limit or control access;
➔ in case of exposure to electric fields, measures and procedures to manage spark discharges and contact
currents through technical means and through the training of workers;
➔ appropriate maintenance programmes for work equipment, workplaces and workstation systems;
➔ the design and layout of workplaces and workstations;
➔ limitations of the duration and intensity of the exposure; and
➔ the availability of adequate personal protection equipment.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – The employer
• The employer shall ensure that workers who are likely to be exposed to risks from electromagnetic fields at work and/or their representatives receive any necessary information and training, in particular (amongst others):
➔ the values and concepts of the ELVs and ALs, the associated possible risks and the preventive measures taken;
➔ the possible indirect effects of exposure;
➔ the results of the assessment, measurement or calculations of the levels of exposure to electromagnetic fields how to detect adverse health effects of exposure and how to report them;
➔ the possibility of transient symptoms and sensations related to effects in the central or peripheral nervous system;
➔ safe working practices to minimise risks resulting from exposure;
• With the objective of the prevention and the early diagnosis of any adverse health effects, appropriate health surveillance shall be carried out. Health records and their availability shall be provided for in accordance with national law and/or practice.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – The workers
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Exposure may exceed the ELVs if the exposure is related to the installation, testing, use,
development, maintenance of or research related to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
equipment for patients in the health sector, provided some conditions are met
• Military Activities
Member States may allow for an equivalent or more specific protection system to be
implemented for personnel working in operational military installations or involved in
military activities, including in joint international military exercises, provided that adverse
health effects and safety risks are prevented;
• Specific sectors or activities
Member States may allow, in duly justified circumstances and only for as long as they remain
duly justified, for the ELVs to be temporarily exceeded in specific sectors or for specific
activities.
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Derogations
• Practical guide
The Commission shall make available non-binding practical guides at the latest six months before 1 July 2016
• Transposition
Member States shall bring into force the laws, regulations and administrative provisions necessary to comply with this Directive by 1 July 2016
EMF Directive 2013/35/EU – Final provisions
1 EMF Exposure in the EU
2 Directive 2013/35/EU
3 EMF Standards
4 Sectors / Applications
5What is needed from an
EMF meter
Applications Standard Frequency range Probe
Dielectric heating EN 50519 High frequency broadband
Induction heating EN 50519 Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /
broadband
Welding EN 50444
EN 50445
EN 50505
Low frequency Spectrum analysis
Detection of articles and
people
EN 50364
EN 62369-1
EN 50357
Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /
broadband
Electricity production and
distribution
EN 62110 Low frequency Spectrum analysis
Transport and traction
systems
EN 50500 Low frequency Spectrum analysis
Transmitters and Telecom
Base Stations
IEC 62232
EN 50400
EN 50401
EN 50492
High frequency broadband
Radio / TV base stations EN 50496
EN 50554
Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /
broadband
Medical applications IEC 60601 Low/High frequency Spectrum analysis /
broadband
Household appliances IEC 62233 Low frequency Spectrum analysis
EMF Standards
1 EMF Exposure in the EU
2 Directive 2013/35/EU
3 EMF Standards
4 Sectors / Applications
5What is needed from an
EMF meter
Electro Medical
Research /
Labs
Power production
and distribution
Aeronautical
Transport and
traction systems
Workplace safety
Telecom
Industry
Where?
Everywhere!
EN 50499 Procedure for the assessment of the exposure of workers to
electromagnetic fields
EN 50413 Basic standard on measurement and calculation procedures for
human exposure to electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields
(0 Hz - 300 GHz)
IEC 61786-1 Measurement of DC magnetic, AC magnetic and AC electric fields
from 1 Hz to 100 kHz with regard to exposure of human beings
- Part 1: Requirements for measuring instruments
Basic Standards for worker’s safety
EN 50400 Basic standard for fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40 GHz)
EN 50401 Product standard for fixed equipment for radio transmission (110 MHz - 40
GHz)
EN 50492 Basic standard for the in-situ measurement of EMF related to human exposure in
the vicinity of base stations
IEC 62232 Determination of RF field strength and SAR in the vicinity of radiocommunication
base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
EN 50496 Workers' exposure to EMF and assessment of risk at a broadcast site
EN 50554 In-situ assessment of a broadcast site related to general public exposure to EMF
Telecommunications
EN 62110 Magnetic field levels generated by AC power systems –
Measurement procedures with regard to public exposure
Power production
and distribution
EN 50500 Measurement procedures of magnetic field levels generated by
electronic and electrical apparatus in the railway environment with
respect to human exposure
Transport and
traction systems
Industry
Standard Scope
EN 50519 Assessment of workers' exposure to electric and magnetic fields of industrial induction heating equipment
EN 50505 Basic Standard - resistance welding and allied processes
EN 50444 Basic Standard - arc welding and allied processes
EN 50445 Product family standard - resistance welding, arc welding and allied processes
Industry
Industry
Industry Frequency range
Smelting 50 Hz; 2 kHz, 10 kHz
Induction heating 50 Hz – 8 MHz
Dielectric heating 10-110MHz
Electrochemical process 50 Hz; 300 Hz; 600 Hz and 900 Hz
Welding Arc welding: 50 Hz
Resistance welding: 100-500kHz
Plastic welding: 27.12 MHz
Microwave drying 27 MHz and 2450 MHz
Semiconductor production 300 kHz-10 MHz; 40-68 MHz; 2.45GHz
Electro MedicalMedical application Frequency range
Magnetic Resonance Imaging 0.024 -65 kHz; 10-400 MHz
Diathermy 27 MHz ; 2.45 GHz
Hyperthermia 434 MHz ; 70 MHz
Electrosurgery 300-600 kHz ; 13.5 MHz ; 27 MHz
IEC 60601 Medical electrical equipment
Research / Labs
1 EMF Exposure in the EU
2 Directive 2013/35/EU
3 EMF Standards
4 Sectors / Applications
5What is needed from an
EMF meter
What is needed from an EMF meter?
LinearityFrequencyresponse
Isotropy
RMS values (required by standards)
Sensitivity (according to what is measured)
Temperature information
Battery lifetime
Multiple frequency measurement
• Frequency domain
• Time domain
What is needed from an EMF meter?
Multiple frequency summation rule:
Frequency domain assessment
Problem:
Overestimates the exposure, specially for broadband fields of higher frequency harmonic components or noise, it is very conservative because there is no phase information.
At low frequencies below 100 kHz the electric and particularly magnetic fields are in most cases distorted by harmonic components distributed over a large frequency band.
Result:
Weighted result as a % of the standard, taking into account all frequency components without undesired overestimations.
Transfer function A matches the frequency response of the standard (function V)
Weighted Peak Method (WPM): digital filtering of the waveform in the time domain
Time domain assessment
Last but not least…
ISO 17025 accredited Calibration
Thank you very much!
Ernest CidGeneral Manager
ernest-cid@wavecontrol.com
www.wavecontrol.com
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