effect of litter type on productive performance of growing ... · r 18 effect of litter type on...
Post on 30-Jul-2020
4 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Page 1591 of 1615
R18
Effect of Litter Type on Productive Performance of Growing and Laying
Dandarawi Chicken
M. El-Sagheer, H.Y. El-Hammady, and M.F.A. Farghly
Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
ABSTRACT: A total number of 540, sexed 4 weeks old Dandarawi chicks were wing-banded,
individually weighed, divided into 270 males (M) and 270 females (F) and then randomly
assorted into three equal groups, each of 90 M and 90 F, the first was considered the control
(C), while the second and the third groups were the treatments L1 and L2, respectively. Birds
per group were also divided into three replicates, each of 30 M and 30 F, which were
separately kept in two partitions, each of 5 square meters and provided with deep litter of 8
cm height. Females were raised till 40 weeks of age, while the males continued up to sexual
maturity at 24 weeks of age. Birds in the control group (C) were placed on 100% chopped
wheat straw litter, while those of the treatments L1 and L2 were raised on mixed litter of:
25% chopped rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw, 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay and of 20 %
chopped rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay, respectively. All
experimental birds were raised under similar environmental and managerial conditions. The
results of the productive traits were almost similar for the Dandarawi birds of C and L1, since
they had better productivity on economical basis; higher body weight and body weight gain;
better egg production; improved feed conversion and lower mortality percentages as
compared to those of L2. In addition, L1 decreased the suspended airborne dust particulates
as well as the bacterial count inside the poultry house, which positively reflected on the
immunity and health condition of the birds. Therefore, it could be concluded that, using clay
as a component of the litter at a level of 25% for growing and laying Dandarawi chicken is
highly recommended.
(Keywords: litter type, Productive performance, Dandarawi)
Page 1592 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
INTRODUCTION
Large quantities of processed solid wood residues and other materials have been used
for producing poultry litter. Although, many by products are used as bedding for poultry,
alternative litter sources are still always of interest to the poultry producers (Hester et al.,
1997). Wood shavings, wood sawdust and rice hulls were found to be among the most
effective litter materials for poultry due to its availability, suitability and low costs. In spite of
wide expansion of the poultry industry in Egypt, the supply of the litter materials are not
always available to meet the demand. This has forced the poultry industry to search for other
alternative litter materials (Al-Homidan and Robertson, 2007 and Sharnam et al., 2008). The
poultry litter was considered as one of the most important and integral elements in providing
the proper environment inside the building to achieve efficient productive and reproductive
performance of poultry (Carr et al., 1990).
Donham (2000) found that the presence of moisture, in conjunction with high
temperature promoted the bacterial growth, causing the decomposition of the litter organic
materials and producing the ammonia, which is responsible for a large number of health-and
density-related welfare problems in poultry production. Also, they added that, exposing the
pullets to several increasing levels of ammonia from 7 to 10 weeks of age reduced their feed
intake and body weight and egg production during the laying season. Grimes et al. (2002)
stated that wood shaving, rice hulls and straw shops were considered as satisfactory litter
materials, they are available, cheap and didn't pack down easily and however, they were not
good water absorbent. They also added that, the clay was found to be less desirable, due to the
excess of dust production inside the poultry building.
The aim of the present study was to determine the feasibility of utilizing wheat straw,
rice hulls, wood sawdust and clay mixtures as alternative litter materials for raising
Dandarawi chickens under the prevailing environmental conditions in Assiut, in an attempt to
assure satisfactory and cost-effective bedding supplies.
Page 1593 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present experiment was performed at the experimental Poultry Research Farm,
Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, during forty weeks experimental period. This
experiment was planned to evaluate the effect of litter type on the productive performance of
growing and laying Dandarawi chicken under the prevailing environmental conditions in
Assiut.
A total number of five hundred and forty sexed 4 weeks old Dandarawi birds were used
in this study. Chicks were wing banded, individually weighed, separated into 270 males (M)
and 270 females (F) and randomly classified into three equal groups, each of 90 M and 90 F.
The first group was considered as control (C), while the second (L1) and the third groups (L2)
were the treatments. Birds per group were also divided into three equal replicates, each of 30
M and 30 F, which were separately kept in two partitions, each of 5 square meters and
provided with deep litter of 8 cm height. Females were raised till 40 weeks of age, while the
males continued up to sexual maturity at 24 weeks of age. Birds in the control group (C) were
placed on 100% chopped wheat straw litter, while those of the treatments L1 and L2 were
raised on mixed litter consisted of 25% chopped rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw, 25% wood
sawdust and 25% clay (L1) and of 20 % chopped rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood
sawdust and 40 % clay (L2). The litters for three groups were changed by new litter from the
same mentioned litter types after 24 weeks.
The chemical compositions (analysis) of clay used were identified in the Labs of
Geology and Physics Department, faculty of Science, Assiut university. The clay sample
included the following oxides: SiO2 (52.6), Al2O3 (19.75%), Fe2O3 (5.88%), CaO (7.55%),
MgO (3.03%), K2O (0.98%), Cl (1.99%) and others (8.22%).
Environmental conditions: The newly hatched chicks were exposed to a continuous lighting
period 24 hrs/day during the first 3 days, which was gradually decreased (one hr/week) to
reach 12L hrs/day at 12 weeks of age. Thereafter, it was gradually increased (half hr/ week) to
attain 16L hrs/day during the laying period. Light intensities were 10 and 20 Luxes during
the growth and laying periods, respectively. Nine estimates for indoors temperature and
Page 1594 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
relative humidity (RH) were recorded by using a thermo hygrograph at 8 and 10 AM, 12, 4, 6,
8 and 10 PM, and 12 and 2 AM, throughout the forty weeks experimental period (Table 1).
The overall means of temperature and relative humidity as well as temperature humidity
index (THI) were calculated according to the formula of Marai et al. (2002) as follow:
THI=dbºC-((0.31-0.31RH) (dbºC-14.4)), where : db°C= dry bulb temperature in Celsius and
Rh = RH% / 100. It is worth to mention that all experimental birds during brooding, rearing
and laying were raised under similar recommended environmental, managerial and hygienic
conditions. They were fed on the growing and layer rations as shown in Table 2. Feed and
water were available all the time.
The studied traits: The body weight (BW) on individual basis, at 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24 and 40
weeks of age. The average body weight gain (BWG) was calculated every four weeks from 4
to 24 weeks of age. The weekly feed consumption (FC) was calculated periodically every four
weeks, from 4 to 24, 24 to 40 and 4 to 40 weeks of age. The feed conversion values, as g
feed/g gain (FCRg) were calculated periodically every four weeks, from 4 to 24 weeks of age
and the feed conversion ratio values, as g feed/g egg mass (FCRe) were calculated
periodically every four weeks, from 24 to 40 weeks of age. Egg weight, egg number and egg
mass and egg production (hen-day egg production (HDP)) were calculated periodically every
four weeks, from 24 to 40 weeks of age. Dead birds were recorded daily and expressed as
percentage during the experimental period. Economical efficiency was based on the costs of
the feed consumed and the litter quantity used as well as the income/bird (body weight and
egg production). The net revenue per bird is estimated as the difference between the total
income/bird (LE), (growth and egg production) and the total costs of feed and litter. The costs
of the used rations and litter types were calculated according to the actual prices prevailing in
the Egyptian market during the experiment.
A total number of one hundred and forty four litter samples i.e forty eight samples were
taken from each group to determine the bacterial count in the litters as the birds aged 8, 12,
16, 20, 24, 28, 36 and 40 weeks, according to Klement et al. (1990). The moisture content of
different litters was also determined at the same ages. A total number of seventy two samples
were taken every four weeks to determine the concentration of airborne ammonia inside the
Page 1595 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
poultry house, using twenty four samples from each group which were taken at 10 AM,
according to Nodvor (1976). Similarly, as mentioned by the ammonia determination, 72
samples for estimating the concentration of suspended airborne dust particulates, expressed as
mg/m3 in the experimental rooms were performed by using a specialized apparatus (Model
No PS-33).
Statistical analysis: Data were statistically analyzed using General Linear Models Procedure
of SAS 1996 (version 6.12). Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to detect differences
among means (Duncan, 1955). The percentages of HDP were transformed to Arcsine values.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Body weight (BW): The results presented in Table 3, show significant differences (P≤0.05) in
BW of females (F) and males (M) raised on the tested litter types (C, L1 and L2) during the
experimental periods expect at 4 weeks of age. The average females body weight (AFBW) of
L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L2 at 8 weeks of age by 3.1 and 7.4 %,
respectively. The AFBW in C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2 at 12, 16,
20, 24, and 40 weeks of age by 9.7, 2.3, 6.5, 12.5 and 6.0 % as well as 10.0, 3.3, 7.5, 11.2
and 6.4%, respectively. The average males body weight (AMBW) of L1 significantly
(P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2 at 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks of age by 8.2, 10.4, 7.2, 8.0 and
11.8% , respectively, as well as those of C at 8, 12, 16, and 20 weeks of age by 4.9, 2.8, 3.9
and 3.9%, respectively. The AMBW of C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) increased than those
of L2, at 24 weeks of age by 12.4 and 11.8%, respectively.
From the obtained findings, it could be easily noticed that, the average BW of C was
almost similar to that of L1 and both of them exceeded significantly that of L2. Andersson et
al. (1990) reported that using natural clays in animal rations stimulate appetite.
Andronikashvili et al. (1994) reported that the addition of natural clays in poultry ration
improved digestibility coefficient and nutritive values. McCollum and Galyean (1983)
reported that the natural clays may stimulate the lining layer of the stomach and intestinal
tract, which could increase production of antibodies and consequently inhibit the onset of
nitrites. They also added that, clays could remarkably decrease the frictional rate of liquids
passage and slightly of food particles in the digestive tract. This result is in partial agreement
with those found by Anisuzzaman and Chowdhury (1996), who reported that, the rice husk
Page 1596 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
was the best litter material for rearing broilers as well as Al-Homidan and Robertson (2007)
who stated that, wood shavings represented the best litter for Hybro broilers. However,
Martinez and Gernat (1995) and Swain and Sundaram (2000) did not show significant
differences in BW of broilers raised on different mixtures of saw dust, rice husk and shopped
computer with wood shavings.
Body weight gain (BWG): The obtained results (Table 4) show significant differences
(P≤0.05) in BWG of females and males raised on the tested litter types during the
experimental periods, expect from 12 to 16 weeks of age. The females BWG of L1 and C
significantly gained (P≤0.05) more than those of L2 during the periods from 4 to 8, 8 to 12,
16 to 20 and 20 to 24 weeks of age by 14.4, 11.0; 13.2, 16.6; 24.7, 22.0; and 26.9, 34.4 %,
respectively, while, the females BWG of C significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded that of L1 from
20 to 24 weeks of age by 10.2 %. The M of L1 significantly (P≤0.05) gained more than
those of L2, from 4 to 8; 8 to 12 and 16 to 20 weeks of age by 17.3, 13.8 and 20.8 %,
respectively, while, the M of C had intermediate value. The M of C and L1 significantly
(P≤0.05) gained more than those of L2, from 20 to 24 weeks of age, by 41.0 and 28.4 %,
respectively.
The overall means of BWG for C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2
by 19.9 and 17.6 % for M, and 15.3 and 13.7%, for F, respectively. The BWG tended a
similar trend to that of the BW. Therefore, the obtained results are in partial agreement with
the findings of Zlobina (1990), who stated that the addition of natural clays (3%) to the
rations of broilers improved BWG. However, Swain and Sundaram (2000) found no
significant differences in BWG of broilers raised on coir dust, saw dust and rice husk.
Feed consumption (FC): The obtained results presented in Table 5 show insignificant
differences in feed consumption (FC) values of birds raised on the tested litter types during
the experimental periods, expect from 12 to 16 weeks of age for F and from 12 to 16 and 16
to 20 weeks of age for M. The females of C and L2 significantly (P≤0.05) consumed more
feed than those of L1, from 12 to 16 weeks of age by 10.5 and 9.9 %, respectively. The FC of
M for C significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded that of L1, from 12 to 16 weeks of age by 8.8 %.
Also, the FC of M for the control (C) significantly (P≤0.05) consumed more feed than those
of L1 and L2, from 16 to 20 weeks of age by 7.0 and 3.9 %, respectively.
Page 1597 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
The overall means of FC for C and L2 from 4 to 24 weeks of age significantly (P≤0.05)
exceeded that of L1 by 4.3 and 4.3 % for the F, respectively. The overall mean of FC for M of
C significantly (P≤0.05) surpassed that of L1 and L2 by 4.0 and 3.8 %, respectively. In
general, no significant differences existed in the overall means of FC for birds raised on the
tested litter types during the periods from 24 to 40 or 4 to 40 weeks of age. These results are
in harmony with the findings of Veltmann et al. (1984) and Al-Homidan and Robertson
(2007).
Feed conversion (FCR):
Feed conversion as g feed per g gain (FCRg): The results presented in Table 6 show
significant (P≤0.05) differences in average FCRg values for birds raised on the tested litter
types during the experimental periods, except from 8 to 12 and 12 to 16 week of age for F and
M, respectively. The average FCRg of F for C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) improved than
those of L2, during the periods from 4 to 8, 12 to 16, 16 to 20 and 20 to 24 weeks of age by
11.8 and 17.6; 10.4 and 16.7; 31.7 and 23.4; and 34.8 and 28.1 %, respectively. The overall
mean FCRg of F for C and L1 significantly (P≤0.05) improved than that of L2 by 22.6 and
24.0 %, respectively. Also, the FCRg of M for C and L1 had significantly (P≤0.05) improved
than that of L2, from 4 to 8, 8 to 12, 16 to 20 and 20 to 24 weeks of age by 10.5 and 19.1; 7.0
and 9.3; 6.5 and 23.5; and 39.0 and 26.7 %, respectively. The overall means of M for C and
L1 had significantly (P≤0.05) better FCRg values than those of L2 by 16.2 and 18.2 %,
respectively.
Feed conversion as g feed per g egg mass (FCRe): The results presented in Table 7, revealed
significant differences (P≤0.05) in the average FCRe values for birds raised on the tested
litter types during the experimental periods. The birds of L1 had significantly (P≤0.05) better
FCRe values than those of L2, during the periods from 24 to 28, 28 to 32 and 36 to 40 weeks
of age by 20.0, 18.5 and 10.8 %, respectively. The birds of L1 had significantly (P≤0.05)
better FCRe value than that of C, during the period from 28 to 32 and 32 to 36 weeks of age
by 17.5 and 8.9%, respectively. The overall mean of FCRe values of L1 significantly
(P≤0.05) improved than those of C and L2 by 9.60 and 13.8 %, respectively. These results are
Page 1598 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
in sympathy with the obtained findings by Zlobina (1990) and Ward et al. (1993), who
reported that the addition of natural clays (3%) to the rations of broilers significantly
improved feed efficiency. Anisuzzaman and Chowdhury (1996). In contrast, Chamblee et al.
(2000) and Swain and Sundaram (2000) did not show significant differences in feed
conversion of broilers raised on litters consisted of varied components.
Mortality rate: The results shown in Table 8 indicated that, the mortality rate of L1 decreased
than those of C and L2 by 5.0 and 6.7 % for F, and 1.6 and 3.3 for M, respectively. These
results are in partial agreement with those obtained by Hatieganu et al. (1985), who reported
that mortality rate decreased by 20% in groups fed diets included natural clay of rabbits.
However, Veltmann et al. (1984), found no adverse effect the mortality of turkey birds raised
on rice hull products versus those kept on wood shavings. Similar results were also achieved
by Martinez and Gerant (1995), Hester et al. (1997), Bilgili et al. (1999) and Chamblee et al.
(2000).
Egg production (EP): The results presented in Tables 9 and 10 revealed significant
differences (P≤0.05) in the average of egg weight (EW), egg number (EN), hen day egg
production (HDP) and egg mass (EM) among birds raised on the tested litter types during the
experimental periods, except from 32 to 36 weeks of age in the HDP and EN and from 24 to
28 and 28 to 32 weeks of age in the EW.
The averages of EN and HDP for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of L2,
during the periods from 24 to 28, 28 to 32 and 36 to 40 weeks of age by 16.5, 14.2 and 10.4%,
as well as 16.5, 14.2 and 10.6%, respectively. The overall mean of HDP for L1 exceeded
significantly (P≤0.05) that of L2 by 10.9 %, while, the overall mean of HDP for C had an
intermediate value. The cumulative average of EN for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) surpassed
those of C and L2 by 6.4 and 11.1 %, respectively, while the cumulative average EN of C
significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded that of L2 by 5.0 %.
The average of EW for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) increased than those of C, during the
periods from 32 to 36 and 36 to 40 weeks of age by 3.2 and 7.3 %, respectively. The overall
mean of EW for L1 exceeded significantly (P≤0.05) that of C by 2.4 %, while the overall
mean of EW for L2 had an intermediate value.
Page 1599 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
The average of EM for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L2, from 24
to 28, 28 to 32 and 32 to 36 weeks of age by 7.6, 15.1 and 6.5%, as well as 18.2, 15.1 and
5.3%, respectively. Also, the average of EM for L1 and L2 significantly (P≤0.05) increased
than that of C, from 36 to 40 weeks of age by 12.0 and 6.1%, respectively. The cumulative
average of EM for L1 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L2 by 8.7 and 21.2 %,
respectively.
Taking in consideration the achieved results of growth as well as of egg production of
Dandarawi chicken in the present study, it could be observed that both of the litter type and its
moisture content had a negative effect on the growth and egg production performance of
Dandarawi chicken, as clay percentage in the litter increased up to 40%. Similar results were
found by Kalyuzhnov et al. (1988), who reported that addition of natural clays to the rations
of layer increased egg yield by 3 to 6%. However, Yannakopulous et al. (1998) concluded
that addition of natural clays to the rations of layer did not effect on egg weight.
Ammonia and airborne dust particulates concentrations: The results shown in Table 11
revealed insignificant differences in ammonia concentration (AC) and airborne dust
particulates concentrations (DC) for birds raised on the tested litter types during the growing
period, except during the 16th
and 20th
weeks for the DC. Similarly, no significant differences
in AC and DC for birds raised on the tested litter types in the laying period, except during the
36th
week as well as 36th
and 40th
weeks for AC and DC, respectively. During the 36th
week,
the average AC by the control group (C) significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of birds raised
on L1 and L2 by 18.3 and 19.7 %, respectively. During the16th
, 20th
, 36th
and 40th
weeks, the
average DC by C and L2 groups significantly (P≤0.05) increased than those of birds raised on
L1 by 13.4 and 15.0 %; 17.6 and 16.0%; 18.6 and 17.1%; and 15.8 and 10.1%, respectively.
The average AC remarkably increased with the advance of bird’s age. Taylor (1999) reported
that using acidulated clay as a litter reduced ammonia levels as compared to untreated group.
McWard and Taylor (2000) suggested that using clay litter product in poultry brooding
houses for controls the amount of ammonia present and improves the growth performance of
the young birds, especially during cold weather. This is in line with the results obtained by
Page 1600 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Theresa and Wathes (1989), which indicated that, the average AC ranged from from10.07 to
18.57 ppm at 20°C, while it increased to range between 13.21 to 23.64 and 14.71 to 34.28
ppm at 25°C and 31°C, respectively.
Bacterial count and moisture content of litter: The results presented in Table 12, showed
insignificant differences (P≤0.05) in the average bacterial count (BC) and moisture
percentage (MP) in the tested litter types during growing periods except during 12th
week for
MP. In contrast, there were significant differences (P≤0.05) in the average BC and MP in the
tested litter types during the laying periods except during 28th
week for the BC and MP.
During 12th
week, the average MP in L1 was significantly (P≤0.05) lower than that of L2 by
15.8%, while the control group had an intermediate value. During 32nd
and 36th
weeks, the
average MP for L2 significantly (P≤0.05) exceeded those of C and L1 by 26.4 and 25.0%;
19.2 and 19.8%, respectively. The average MP in the litter of L2 at 40 weeks significantly
(P≤0.05) increased that of the C by 24.7%, while, L1 had an intermediate value. During 32nd
and 40th
weeks, the average BC for C significantly (P≤0.05) surpassed those of L1 and L2 by
30.8 and 28.6%; 35.2 and 26.1%, respectively. However, the average BC of C significantly
(P≤0.05) increased than that of L1, during 36th
week by 28.6%, while, the L2 had an
intermediate value. This is in harmony with the results of Al-Homidan and Robertson (2007).
Economical efficiency: The results presented in Table 13, showed that, birds raised on L1
had higher economical efficiency than those of birds raised on C or L2, since, it amounted
100, 124 and 84, respectively. Swain and Sundaram (2000) concluded that coir dust was more
suitable as a broiler litter, because it was cheaper and more available than both of rice husk
and wood saw dust.
CONCLUSION
The achieved results of the productive traits were almost similar for both Dandarawi
birds raised on a litter of 100% chopped wheat straw (C) and those raised on a litter mixture
consisted of 25% chopped rice hulls, 25 % chopped wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and
25% clay (L1), since they had better productivity on economical basis; higher BW and BWG;
better egg production; improved feed conversion and lower mortality percentages as
compared to those of L2, which consisted of 20 % chopped rice hulls, 20 % chopped wheat
Page 1601 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay (L2). In addition, L1 decreased the suspended
airborne dust particulates as well as the bacterial count inside the poultry house, which
positively reflected on the immunity and health condition of the birds. The use of about 25%
clay as a component of the litter for growing and laying Dandarawi chicken is highly
recommended.
REFERENCES
AL-Homidan, A., and J.F., Robertson (2007). The effect of stocking density and litter type
on ammonia, dust, carbon dioxide concentrations and broiler performance. Egyption
Poult. Sci., 27:37-51.
Andersson, I.; B., Teglof; and K., Elwinger (1990). Transfer of 137Cs from grain to eggs
and meat of laying hens and meat of broilers chickens and the effect of feeding
bentonite. Swedish J. of Agric. Research, 20 (1): 35-42.
Andronikashvili, T.G.; B.S., Tsereteli; V.K., Dolidze; and N.G., Iremashvili (1994). Zeolite supplements in diets for birds. Zootekhniya, S: 17-18
Anisuzzaman, M., and S.D., Chowdhury (1996). Use of four types of litter for rearing
broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 37: 541–545.
Bilgili, S.F.; G.I., Montenegro; J.B. Hess; and M.K., Eckman (1999). Sand as litter for
rearing broiler chickens. J. Appl. Poult. Sci., 8:345-351.
Carr, L.E.; F.W., Wheaton; and L.W., Douglass (1990). Empirical models to determine
ammonia concentrations from broiler chicken litter. Trans. ASAE , 33: 1337–1342.
Chamblee, T.N.; J.B., Yeatman; C., Hackett; and K., Phillips (2000). Evaluation of rice
hull ash as a litter material for broiler chickens. Poultry Sci. 79 (Suppl. 1):91 (Abstract).
Donham, K.J., (2000). The concentration of swine production. Veterinary Clinics of North
America: Food Anim. Pract., 16:559-597.
Duncan, D.B., (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11:1-42.
Grimes, J.L.; J., Smith; and C.M., Williams (2002). Some alternative litter materials used
for growing broilers and turkeys. World Poult. Sci., 58:515–526.
Hatieganu, V.; N., Revnic; D., Salantiu; M., Lates; and M., Lciezan (1985). Use of zeolite
volcanic tuffs as protein anabolic in feeding domestic rabbits Buletinul-Insitutului-
Agronomic-Diuj-Napoca-Zootenhnie-Si-Medicina- Veterinara. 39: 12-20.
Page 1602 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Hester, P.Y.; L.D., Cassens; and T.A., Bryan (1997). The applicability of particleboard
residue as a litter material for male turkeys. Poult. Sci., 76:248-255.
Kalyuzhnov, V.T.; I.E., Zlobina; and L.G., Nikulina (1988). Physiological basis of
including in diets of poultry. Spolzovanie Tseolitov Sibiri Dalnego Vostoka Seelskom
Khozyaistve, pp. 15-22. Novosibirsk.
Klement, Z.; K., Rudolph; and D.C., Sands (1990). Methods in phytobacteriology.
Akademid Kiado, Budapest, pp 568.
Marai, I.F.M.; A.A.M., Habeeb; and A.E., Gad (2002). Rabbits productive, reproductive
and physiological performance traits as affected by heat stress: a review. Livest. Prod.
Sci., 78, 71– 90.
Martinez, D.F., and A.G., Gerant (1995). The effect of chopped computer and bond paper
mixed with wood shavings as a litter material on broiler performance. Poult. Sci., 74:
1395-1399.
McCollum, F.T., and M.L., Galyean (1983). Effect of clinoptiololits on rumen
fermentation, digestion and feed lot performance in beef stress fed high concentrate diet.
J. of Animal Sci., 56 (3):517-524.
McWard, G.W., and D.R., Taylor (2000). Acidified clay litter amendment. J. Appl. Poult.
Res. 9:518-529.
National Research Council (1994). Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th
rev. ed National
Academy press, Washington, DC.
Nodvor, D., (1976). Practice of hygiene with technical sanitary measures. Medicine, 7: 254-
280.
SAS Institute, (1996). SAS® Users Guide, Version 6.12. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Sharnam, K.S.; K.N., Wadhwani; K., Khanna; and A.M., Patel, (2008). Effect of quality
feeds and litter materials on broiler performance under hot humid climate. Inter. J. of
Poult. Sci., 7: 14-22.
Swain B.K., and R.N.S., Sundaram (2000). Effect of different types of litter material for
rearing broilers. Br. Poult. Sci., 41: 261–262
Taylor, D.R., (1999). Poultry Guard: A new poultry litter amendment. Paper S3 in: Proc.
1999 Southern Poult. Sci. Society 20th
annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA.
Theresa, M.M., and C.M., Wathes (1989). Air hygiene in broiler house: comparison of deep
litter with raised netting floors. Br. Poult. Sci., 30:23-37.
Page 1603 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Veltmann, J.R.; F.A., Gardner; and S.S., Linton (1984). Comparison of rice hull products
as litter material and dietary fat levels on turkey poultry performance. Poult. Sci.,
63:2345-2351.
Ward, T.L.; K.L., Watkins; and L.L., Southern (1993). Interactive effect of sodium zeolite
A and Eimeria acervuline infection on growth and tissue minerals in chicks. Poult. Sci.,
72: 2172-2175.
Yannakopulous, A.L.; A.S., Tserveni-Gousi; and E., Christaki (1998). Effect on natural
zeolite on yolk: Albumin ratio in hen eggs. Biull. Eksp. Biol. Med. 125(6): 702-705.
Zlobina, I.E., (1990). Retention of trace elements from zeolite in birds and the effect of
pegasin on the meat quality of broiler chickens. Sibirskoe Otdelenie, Sibirskii Nauchno
Issledovsl”ski I Proektno Teknologicheskii Institute Zhivotnovodstva, 2: 28-30.
Table 1. Overall means of indoors temperature, relative humidity values and the
temperature humidity index inside the building for Dandarawi chicken during the
experimental periods.
Season
Month
Interval
/ wks
Temperature (C°) Humidity (%)
Temperature
humidity index
(THI)
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
Spring
Apr 8 25.2 25.0 25.2 52.7 53.0 54.5 23.5 23.4 23.7
May 12 26.0 25.0 25.2 53.3 53.0 55.1 24.3 23.5 23.7
Jun 16 28.7 28.2 28.7 51.4 51.6 53.7 26.6 26.1 26.7
Sumner
Jul 20 30.5 30.0 30.2 50.2 51.4 52.9 28.0 27.7 27.9
Aug 24 31.7 31.8 32.0 50.5 50.7 53.0 29.1 29.1 29.4
Sep 28 24.0 24.0 24.3 53.3 53.9 58.2 22.6 22.6 23.0
Autumn
Oct 32 21.8 21.9 22.4 56.0 55.3 56.2 20.8 20.9 21.3
Nov 36 19.3 19.4 20.4 54.5 55.3 55.2 18.6 18.7 19.5
Dec 40 19.4 19.0 19.2 53.5 54.0 52.7 18.7 18.3 18.5
Mean 25.2 24.9 25.3 52.8 53.1 54.6 23.6 23.4 23.7
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1604 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 2. Composition and calculated analysis of experimental diets for Dandarawi
chicken.
Ingredients
Dandarawi chicken
Growing (%)
(4 -20 weeks)
Layer (%)
(21-40 weeks)
Yellow corn 63.4 62.2
Soybean meal (44%) 30.8 23.0
Wheat bran 1.7 5.0
Limestone 1.0 5.0
Dicalcium phosphate 2.2 4.0
Vit. & min. premix* 0.1 0.2
Mineral premix ** 0.4 0.2
DL-Methionine 0.1 0.1
Lysine 0.1 0.1
Salt 0.2 0.2
Total 100 100
Calculated Analysis:***
Protein, % 19.5 16.5
ME ( KCal/ Kg diet) 2866.0 2750.0
Calcium, % 1.0 2.98
Available phosphorus, % 0.48 0.79
* Vitamin premix for laying, each 3 Kilogram contains Vit. A 100000 IU, Vit D 100000 IU, Vit E 10000
IU; Vit B, 1000mg, Vit B2 5000mg, Vit B6 1500mg, Vit B12 10mg, Pant. acid 1000mg, folic acid 1000mg,
biotin 50 mg and niacin 3000mg.
** Mineral premix for laying, each 3 kilogram contain Fe 30000mg, Mn 6000mg, Cu 4000mg, Zn 50000
mg, I 300mg, Co 100mg and Selenium 100mg.
*** Calculated according to NRC (1994).
Page 1605 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 3. Means ±SE of body weight (g) for females and males Dandarawi chicken as
affected by litter type.
Age (in wks)
Females Males
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
4 157.3 ±2.2 159.7 ±2.6 160.7 ± 2.1 172.3 ± 2.1 175.1 ±2.5 180.7 ± 2.1
8 332.4b±4.0 343.2
a±5.0 317.9
b± 5.4 374.7
b± 4.5 394.1
a±4.9 361.8
b± 5.8
12 614.0a±6.5 615.1
a±7.5 554.2
b± 8.5 654.2
b± 6.3 673.1
a±7.1 603.3
b± 7.4
16 796.5a±6.8 804.3
a±6.4 778.0
b± 5.8 854.0
b± 6.0 888.9
a±5.5 824.9
c±14.1
20 990.6a±8.0 1001.4
a±9.0 926.6
b± 9.0 1071.9
b± 8.4 1115.7
a±9.2 1026.3
c± 8.7
24 1264.8a±9.3 1247.6
a±9.1 1107.0
b± 8.7 1375.4
a±10.5 1366.0
a±9.1 1205.4
b±10.5
40 1545.1a±8.2 1552.5
a±8.2 1452.7
b±10.4
a, b and c Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common superscripts
are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1606 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 4. Means ±SE of body weight gain (g/bird/day) for females and males Dandarawi
chicken as affected by litter type.
Age
(in wks)
Females Males
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
4-8 6.30a±0.4 6.55
a±0.3 5.61
b±0.4 7.23
ab±0.3 7.82
a±0.5 6.47
b±0.4
8-12 10.11a±0.2 9.71
a±0.3 8.43
b±0.3 9.75
ab±0.2 10.00
a±0.3 8.62
b±0.3
12-16 6.64 ±0.3 6.50 ±0.5 6.00 ±0.4 7.22 ±0.3 7.62 ±0.5 7.53 ±0.3
16-20 6.80a±0.3 7.04
a±0.4 5.30
b±0.4 7.83
ab±0.3 8.10
a±0.4 6.41
b±0.6
20-24 9.80a±0.5 8.80
b±0.6 6.43
c±0.4 10.84
a ±0.3 8.94
b±0.5 6.40
c±0.5
Overall mean 7.93a±0.7 7.71
a±0.3 6.35
b±0.4 8.58
a ±1.1 8.45
a±0.1 7.29
b±0.1
a, b and c Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common superscripts
are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1607 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 5. Means ±SE of feed consumption (g/bird/day) for females and males
Dandarawi chicken as affected by litter type.
A- Growing period
Age (in wks)
Females Males
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
4 – 8 27.7 ± 0.8 27.0 ±1.4 28.0 ±1.3 30.8 ±1.4 30.1 ±1.0 30.8 ±1.2
8 – 12 35.6 ±0.1 34.4 ±1.1 34.1 ±1.2 40.0 ±1.0 38.8 ±1.3 36.9 ±1.0
12 – 16 43.7a±1.1 39.1
b±0.8 43.4
a±0.1 47.8
a±1.3 43.6
b±1.0 46.3
ab±1.2
16 – 20 48.4±0.6 44.7±0.3 49.2 ±0.5 54.2a±0.9 50.4
b±0.1 52.1
b ±0.4
20 – 24 97.8±2.4 96.8±2.3 98.5 ±0.6 104.7 ±2.5 103.8 ±2.4 101.3 ±2.7
Overall mean
(4- 24) 50.6
a±1.1 48.4
b±0.8 50.6
a±0.1 55.5
a±1.3 53.3
b 1.0 53.4
b1.2
B- Laying period
Age (in wks)
Females
C L 1 L 2
24 - 28 101.3 ±1.0 99.7±1.1 101.9±1.0
28 - 32 105.3 ±1.2 102.3±1.2 106.2±1.7
32 - 36 106.8 ±1.4 103.7±1.2 106.2±1.7
36 - 40 107.6 ±2.0 104.8±1.8 106.2±2.2
Overall mean (24-40) 105.3±1.3 102.6±1.2 105.1±1.6
Overall mean (4-40) 74.9±1.0 72.5 ±0.7 74.8±1.0
a and b Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common
superscripts are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1608 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 6. Means ±SE of feed conversion (g feed/g gain) for females and males
Dandarawi chicken during growth period as affected by litter type.
Age
(in wks)
Females Males
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
4 – 8 4.41b±0.11 4.12
b±0.10 5.00
a±0.13 4.26
b±0.02 3.85
c±0.01 4.76
a±0.40
8 – 12 3.52 ±0.60 3.54 ±0.21 4.04 ±0.13 4.00b±0.22 3.90
b±0.12 4.30
a±0.00
12 - 16 6.58b±0.20 6.02
b±0.16 7.23
a±0.50 6.71 ±0.22 5.90 ±0.40 5.43 ±0.50
16 - 20 7.12b±0.20 6.35
b±0.54 9.30
a±0.14 7.60
b±1.11 6.22
b±0.80 8.13
a±0.80
20 - 24 9.98b±0.20 11.00
b±0.54 15.30
a±0.14 9.66
b±1.11 11.61
b±0.80 15.83
a±0.80
Overall mean 6.32b±0.10 6.21
b±0.24 8.17
a±0.14 6.45
b±0.14 6.30
b±0.20 7.70
a±0.20
a and
b Means within each row for each division (F,M and FM) with no common superscripts
are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1609 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 7. Means ±SE of feed conversion (g feed/g egg mass) for Dandarawi chicken
during laying period as affected by litter type.
Age
(in wks) C L 1 L 2
24 - 28 6.14ab
±0.70 5.60b±0.80 7.00
a±0.61
28 - 32 5.14a ±0.53 4.24
b±0.81 5.20
a ±0.50
32 - 36 4.50a ±0.60 4.10
b±0.50 4.40
ab±0.13
36 - 40 3.80ab
±0.40 3.57b±0.40 4.00
a±0.30
Overall mean 4.90a ±0.52 4.43
b±0.60 5.14
a±0.40
a and b Means within each row with no common superscripts are significantly different
(P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Table 8. Mortality rate (%) in females and males Dandarawi chicken as affected by
litter type.
Age (in wks)
Females Males
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
4 – 24 3.3 3.3 5.0 3.3 1.7 5.0
24 – 40 5.0 0.0 5.0
Total 8.3 3.3 10 3.3 1.7 5.0
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1610 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 9. Means ±SE of egg weight and hen day egg production (HDP) for Dandarawi
chicken as affected by litter type.
Periods/age
HDP (%) Egg weight (g)
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
P1 (24-28 w) 38.2a ±0.5 41.1
a±1.0 34.3
b±0.7 43.2 ±0.3 43.5 ±0.4 42.6 ±0.1
P2 (28-32 w) 45.7b
±1.3 52.9a±3.1 45.4
b±1.6 44.8 ±0.6 45.6 ±0.4 45.1 ±0.4
P3 (32-36 w) 52.5 ±2.7 54.3 ±4.4 51.8 ±1.3 45.3b±0.8 46.8
a±0.7 46.5
a ±0.3
P4 (36-40 w) 62.5ab
±3.6 64.3a±4.2 57.6
b±2.1 45.4
b±0.2 47.1
a±0.2 46.2
ab±0.1
Overall mean 49.7ab
±1.9 53.1a±3.1 47.3
b±1.3 44.7
b±0.5 45.8
a±0.1 45.1
ab±0.1
a and b Means within each row for each division (HDP and EW) with no common superscripts
are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1611 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 10. Egg number (egg/hen/28 days) and egg mass (g/hen/28 days) for Dandarawi
chicken as affected by litter type.
Periods/
age
Egg number Egg mass
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
P1 (24-28 w) 10.7ab
±0.2 11.5a ±0.2 9.6
b±0.2 462.2
b±10.1 500.3
a±13.6 408.9
c± 8.4
P2 (28-32 w) 12.8b ±0.4 14.8
a ±0.9 12.7
b±1.4 573.4
b±16.2 674.9
a±41.3 572.8
b±24.2
P3 (32-36 w) 14.7 ±0.7 15.2 ±0.2 14.5 ±2.4 665.9b±33.2 712.0
a±51.6 674.3
b±13.4
P4 (36-40 w) 17.5ab
±1.0 18.0a±1.2 16.1
b±1.6 795.2
b±40.8 847.8
a±53.3 743.8
a±24.3
Cumulative 55.7b
±0.6 59.5a±0.5 52.9
c±0.4 2496.8
b ±23.9 2735.2
a±16.5 2401.2
b±16.5
a, b and c Means within each row for each division (EN and EM) with no common superscripts
are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1612 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 11. Means ±SE of ammonia (PPM) and dust levels (mg/m3) inside the
Dandarawi chicken building as affected by litter type.
Periods/
age
Ammonia Dust
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
1- Growing period:
8 4.6±0.6 4.5±0.5 4.4±0.4 5.2±0.9 4.9 ±1.1 5.2 ±1.2
12 7.6±0.6 7.2±0.7 7.1±0.8 6.3±1.7 5.8 ±1.2 6.1 ±0.4
16 10.0±0.6 11.3±0.7 11.0±1.0 8.21 a±1.1 7.1
b±0.7 8.3
a±1.1
20 15.1±0.4 14.3±0.1 13.8±1.0 8.75 a±1.7 7.2
b±1.3 8.5
a±1.2
1- Laying period:
28 5.4 ±0.4 5.4 ±0.4 5.3 ±0.4 5.15 ±1.2 4.96 ±0.6 5.2 ±0.6
32 9.5 ±0.7 8.7 ±0.6 9.0 ±0.3 7.12 ±1.2 6.45 ±0.7 7.1 ±0.7
36 14.2a±0.5 11.4
b±0.6 11.6
b±0.9 10.52
a±1.5 8.56
b±0.4 10.3
a±0.5
40 15.3 ±0.8 13.9 ±0.6 14.6 ±0.6 12.61a±1.7 10.62
b±1.4 11.8
a±1.3
a and b Means within each row for each division (Ammonia and dust) with no
common superscripts are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1613 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 12. Means ±SE of bacterial count per one gram (10-3) and moisture (%) of litter
materials for Dandarawi chicken as affected by litter type.
Periods/
age
Bacterial count Moisture
C L 1 L 2 C L 1 L 2
1- Growing period:
8 5.0 ±1.3 6.3 ±1.4 4.2 ±1.4 7.2 ±0.3 6.9 ±0.3 6.6 ±0.4
12 8.5 ±0.9 9.0 ±0.6 10.8 ±1.0 10.9ab
±0.5 10.1b ±0.3 11.7
a±0.3
16 16.5 ±3.2 19.7 ±1.9 23.8 ±2.6 14.2 ±0.9 13.6 ±0.7 15.1 ±0.6
20 29.2 ±3.0 36.2 ±2.0 37.5 ±5.4 21.4 ±1.4 22.3 ±0.9 22.6 ±2.4
2- Laying period:
28 6.5 ±0.6 4.6 ±0.7 4.2 ±1.4 7.4 ±0.3 7.4 ±0.2 6.6 ±0.4
32 11.2a±1.0 7.8
b±0.7 8.0
b ±0.6 10.6
b±0.4 10.8
b ±0.4 14.4
a±0.4
36 22.0a±2.4 15.7
b±1.2 18.7
ab±1.5 13.5
b±0.4 13.4
b ±0.7 16.7
a±0.2
40 44.0a±2.7 28.5
b±2.8 32.5
b ±3.5 16.8
b±0.8 21.6
ab±2.1 22.3
a±0.7
a and b Means within each row for each division (BC and MC) with no common
superscripts are significantly different (P≤0.05).
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
Page 1614 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
Table 13. Economical efficiency for Dandarawi chicken as affected by litter type
during the experimental periods. Ex. groups
Items C L 1 L 2
Costs / L.E
Bird at 4
weeks of age
LBW / bird / g 157.3 159.7 160.7
Purchasing price / bird (L.E) 3.00 3.00 3.00
Feed
Feed consumption during growing period (kg/bird) 7.08 6.78 7.08
Feed consumption during laying period (kg/bird) 11.79 11.49 11.77
Total Feed consumption (kg/bird) 18.87 18.27 18.85
Feed costs during growing period / bird (L.E) 13.03 12.48 13.03
Feed costs during laying period / bird (L.E) 19.81 19.30 19.77
Total Feed costs / bird (L.E) 32.84 31.78 32.80
Litter costs/bird (L.E) 0.031 0.015 0.012
Total costs/ bird (L.E) 35.87 34.80 35.81
Revenue / L.E
Bird at 40
weeks of age
LBW/bird/g 1545.1 1552.5 1452.7
Selling price /bird/ L.E 18.54 18.63 17.43
Egg yield Egg number/hen 55.7 59.5 52.9
Selling price for fertile eggs/hen/L.E 33.42 35.7 31.74
Total revenue (L.E) 51.96 54.33 49.17
Net revenue/bird/L.E (without constant costs=25%) 16.09 19.53 13.36
Economical efficiency/bird (EE) 0.45 0.56 0.37
Relative economical efficiency/bird (REE) 100 124 0.84
Cost of 1 kg of live body weight = 12.00 L.E. Price of one egg = 0.60 L.E.
Price of 1 kg of growing ration= 1.84 L.E. Price of 1 kg of laying ration= 1.68 L.E.
Total costs/ bird (L.E.) = Purchasing price, total feed and litter costs / bird (L.E.)
EE/bird=Net revenue per unit of total costs. REE= Relative economical efficiency of the
control group
L.E = Egyptian pound.
C= 100 % wheat straw.
L1= 25% rice hulls, 25 % wheat straw , 25% wood sawdust and 25% clay mix.
L2= 20 % rice hulls, 20 % wheat straw, 20 % wood sawdust and 40 % clay mix.
*Constant costs include: housing, labor, heating, cooling, lighting and treatment regimens.
Page 1615 of 1615
5th
International Poultry Conference 10-13 March 2009. Taba - Egypt
عربيلملخص الا
تأثيرنوع الفرشه علي االداء االنتاجي لدجاج الدندراوي النامي والبياض
محمد فرغلي علم الدين فرغلي –حاتم يوسف الحمادي -محمد الصغير محمد حسن مصر -جامعة أسيوط -كلية الزراعة -قسم اإلنتاج الحيواني والدواجن
تيم والتيي .ع من دجاج الدندراويأسابي 4طائر مجنس عند عمر 045اجريت التجربة على عدد
توزيعهيا عويوائيا عليى ثيمأنثي , 075ذكر , و 075ها الي ميقسوتووزنها فرديا , بالجناح هاترقيم
(C)وقد اعتبيرت المجموعية الوليي للمقارنية .أنثي 05ذكر , و 05 بكل منها ثالث مجاميع متساوية,
وقسمت طيور كل مجموعة إلى ثالثة . علي التوالي L1 ,L2, بينما اعتبرت الثانية والثالثة المعاملتان
ة كال مساح رفتين منفصلتين اسكانها فى غ تمانثي , والتي 05ذكر , و 05مكررات متساوية بكل منها
اسييبو، , بينمييا اسييتمرت 45, واسييتمرت النيياث حتييي عميير سييم 8مييزودب بفرويية بعميي 0م 0منهمييا
مين تيبن القمي %055 فروةربيت طيور مجموعه المقارنة علي ولقد . اسبو، 04الذكور حتي عمر
قي :فروية تكونيت مين مطليوط مين , بينما ربيت الطيور بالمجموعتين الثانية والثالثية عليي (كنترول)
وعليى مطليوط مين قي (L1) , % 00طفلية , %00نويارب طوي , %00تيبن قمي , %00األرز
ولقيد ربييت . علي التولي (L2)% 45طفلة ,% 05و نوارب الط , %05تبن القم , %05األرز
.جميع الطيور بالتجربة تحت ظروف بيئية ورعائية متماثلة
ولقد أوضحت نتائج معظم الصيفات النتاجيية التيي تيم دراسيتها انهيا تكياد تكيون متسياوية لطييور
اساس اقتصادي حيث ازداد ولقد تميزتا بالقدرب األنتاجية وعلي . (L1)والثانية (C)مجموعتي المقارنة
متوسطات وزن الجسم , والزيادب فيي وزن الجسيم , وصيفات انتياج البييم , كميا كيان معيدل التحوييل
باألضيافة . (L2)الغذائي لهما أفضل , باألضافة الي قلة نسبة النفو بالمقارنة بطيور المجموعة الثالثية
لقة في الجو , وكذلك عدد البكتريا فيي الفروية , قلل من التربة المتع L1لما سب فأن استطدام الفروة
نطلي مين النتيائج السيابقة اليي . وربما ينعكس ايجابيا علي القدرب المناعية , والحالية الصيحية للطييور
, وذليك ليدجاج الدنيدراوي النيامي %00التوصية باستطدام الطفلة كمكون من مكونات الفروة بمستوي
.والبيام
top related