eee 105 name: eee105 password: prairie agriculture

EEE 105EEE 105

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/Name: eee105Password: prAIRie

AgricultureAgriculture

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

• Small pox derived from cow pox

• Tuberculosis also from cows

• Measles also from cattle

• Malaria from birds

• AIDS from Green Monkey

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

Influenza

World-wide pandemic

20 million died

Probably started in Kansas

• Why do modern flus originate in Asia?

Influenza

flu virus moves between humans, pigs, & poultry

Influenza

flu virus moves between humans, pigs, & poultry

• Why do modern flus originate in Asia?

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

Prion diseases spongiform encephalopathies

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

Prion diseasesFirst discovered in sheep -- scrapie

transmitted when sheep ate meat from diseased sheep

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

Prion diseasesFirst discovered in sheep -- scrapie

transmitted when sheep ate meat from diseased sheep

Then discovered in New Guinea cannibals

-- kuru , the “laughing sickness”

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

Prions are rogue proteins

which cause production of similar proteins destroy brain tissue

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

Mad Cow Disease

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

-- BSE

BSE discovered in Britain on 1986

200,000 cattle destroyed since then

Animal -Human Disease Transmission

Mad Cow Disease

Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

-- BSE

in humans

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A rare disease

No diagnostic test yet

Long delay between infection and onset

Prion Diseases

mink

Wasting disease in mule deer & elk

Prion Diseases

mink

Wasting disease in mule deer & elk

Possibly in squirrel brains

Prion Diseases

http://www.life.uiuc.edu/animalbiology/105/Name: eee105Password: prAIRie

Water ResourcesWater Resources Chpt. 16

• 70% of earth’s surface is covered by water

– Fresh Water = 3%

– Usable fresh water = .003%

Water ResourcesWater Resources

Inland waters cover < 2% of earth’s surface

Oceans 1,322,000,000 km3

Polar ice + glaciers 29,200,000 km3

Ground water 24,000,000 km3 (uncertain)

Freshwater lakes 125,000 km3

Saline lakes & inland seas 104,000 km3

Soil & subsoil water 65,000 km3

Atmospheric vapor 14,000 km3

Rivers & streams 1,200 km3

Water ResourcesWater Resources

The 20 lakes deeper than 400 m contain a disproportionate amount of world’s fresh water

Lake Baikal -- 23,000 km3

Laurentian Great Lakes contain 24,620 km3 20% of earth's unfrozen freshwater

Water ResourcesWater Resources

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

All water is locked into a constant recycling process

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

Solar energy evaporates water

Transpiration - Plants giving off water

Warm, moist air rises, cools, condenses, and falls as precipitation.

Some precipitation remains on the surface and evaporates

most sinks into the soil and / or returns to the oceans.

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

streamflow

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

streamflow

Groundwater - Water entering the soil is either taken up by plants roots or moves downward until it reaches an impervious layer of rock, and accumulates in porous

strata called an aquifer.

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

aquifers

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

Water withdrawal

Hydrologic CycleHydrologic Cycle

Ogallala aquifer

decline

Water UseWater Use

Domestic• Relatively small amount (8%) of global

freshwater is withdrawn for municipal and domestic uses.

• About 60% of water used for domestic purposes is returned to rivers as wastewater.

• Natural purification processes cannot cope with highly concentrated wastes typical of large urban areas.

Human effects on the hydrological cycle

Increased evaporation

cooling

Human effects on the hydrological cycle

Increased evaporation

cooling

irrigation

Human effects on the hydrological cycle

Increased evaporation

Increased runoff

deforestation

Human effects on the hydrological cycle

Increased evaporation

Increased runoff

deforestation pavement

Human effects on the hydrological cycle

Increased evaporation

Increased runoff

deforestation pavement

sewers

Human effects on the hydrological cycle

Increased evaporation

Increased runoff

Water usage

domestic

industry

agriculture

How water is used

Water usage

Agricultural Water Use

Irrigation is the major consumptive use of water in most parts of world

Cost of water is a limiting factor on agriculture

Water usage

Industrial Water Use

, and 23% worldwide

, and is returned to the source.

Accounts for nearly 50% of all water withdrawal in US

90% of water used by industry is for cooling

Water usage

Industrial Water Use

, and 23% worldwide

, and is returned to the source.

Accounts for nearly 50% of all water withdrawal in US

90% of water used by industry is for cooling

Water used to dissipate and transport waste -- stream and lake degradation

Water usage

Water usage

Domestic Water Use

70% used as solvent to carry wastes 30% used for lawn and garden very small fraction used for drinking

must be treated before release

Natural processes cannot cope with highly concentrated urban wastes

• Average person in NA home uses approximately 100 gallons of water per day