ecosystem services: an opportunity for agroecology ?
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ES and Agroecology
Ecosystem Services: an opportunity for agroecology?Marc Dufrêne and Nicolas Dendoncker
ES and Agroecology
Ecosystem Services: Ecosystems’ dependencies for human well-being
SUPPORTING -Soil fertility and structure-Nutrient cycling-Water cycling-Genetic biodiversity
REGULATING-Soil maintenance-Pollination-Pest control-Habitat for crop auxiliaries-Water purification-Air quality
AGROECO-SYSTEMS
PROVISIONING-Food-Fibres-Agro-fuels
NOT IN MARKET-Water conservation-Soil conservation-Carbon storage-Landscape aesthetics-Spirituality-Habitats for Fauna and Flora
FOR
BY
FOSS
IL F
UEL
S
FOR
BY
ES and Agroecology
Ecosystem Services: Why should we care?
• Because everybody else does!
ES and Agroecology
Ecosystem Services: Why should we care?
• Because an ES assessment framework can provide a comprehensive yet operational tool for natural resource management and land use (including agricultural) planning
• Analytical-deliberative frameworks need to be developed, e.g. in the context of land consolidation plans
• The links between agroecology and ES have however yet to be unraveled
Ecosystems Services Society
PressuresImpacts Drivers
ES and Agroecology
Many publications on direct impact of agroecological practices on (functional) biodiversity and ecosystems
Only very few on final and global impact on a large diversity of ES
One meta-analysis on 12 ES :
Kremen and Miles, 2012. Ecosystem services in biologically diversified versus conventional farming systems: benefits, externalities, and trade-offs. Ecology and Society.
ES and Agroecology
biodiversity soil quality nutrient management water-holding capacity
carbon sequestration energy efficiency resistance to climate change crop productivity
control of weeds control of diseasescontrol of pestspollination services
Strong evidencePositive effect but not sufficient
• more research and field experience need to be conducted • as one practice influences multiple ES, research must be holistic• detailed agroecological research is needed to develop crop
productivity and region-specific approaches to control of weeds, diseases and pests
Conclusions :
Weak evidence
ES and Agroecology
Holistic approach : nested structure and processes
LandscapeFarmPlot
Multiscalar effect of agroecological methods on ES
ES and Agroecology : what are the links ?
RegulatingPollution,
water & mass flow, climate,
biotic
CulturalRecreational,
aesthetic, symbolic
values
Capital, work, energy
Abiotic factors
Plot - fields LandscapeFarm
Mixed varietiesMixed cropsLivestocks
Crop rotationCover cropsFallow fields
HedgerowsBuffer strips
Riparian corridorsWoodlotsMeadows
Natural areas
Agroecological methods
Farmer SocietyCommunity
Well-being (benefits and values)
Provisioning
Nutrition, water supply,
materials, energy
s
Ecosystem servicesFunctional agrobiodiversity
Soil structure & fertility, water supply, pollination, genetic
diversity, biological control, …(Supporting services)
s
Neutral biodiversity
Biotic factors
ES and Agroecology
Agro-ecological practices and ES
supporting provisioning regulating cultural other benefits
Soils
Functionnal biodiversity
Food
Water
Materials
Energy
Pollutions
Floods
Climate
Biological processes
Natural surroundings
Non-rival activities
Rival activities
Symbolic values
Neutral biodiversity
Insurance value
Farmer health
Empowering people
Plot scale
Species association X X X X X X X Permanent cover X X X X X X X X X Mulching, compost X X X X X X X X X X X Integrate livestock X X X X X XAerial nitrate fixation X X X X
Biological control X X X X X X XAgroforestry X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XReduced tillage X X X X X X X Genetic diversity X X X XInterfaces Tree strips X X ● X X X X X X X X X X X X XGrassland strips X X ● X X X X X X X X X X XNature protection X X ● X X X X X X X X X X X XFarm scale Polycultures X X X X X X X X X X X X X XAlternative markets X X X X X X X
Organic farming X X X X X X X XAgrotourism X X X X X XLocal knowledge X X X X X X X X X XAdapted from Kremen & Miles (2012) or expected trends
Adap
ted
from
Glie
ssm
an (2
007)
● Potentially negative effect X
Crop capacity
Storm protection
Livestock
PollinationAir quality
Climate regulation
Timber production
Erosion control
Water regulation
Soil quality regulation
Water provision
Agroecology improve ES bundles
ES and Agroecology
From mono-functional landscape
to multi-functionallandscape
Adapted from Maes et al. (2011). European assessment of the provision of ES.
ES and AgroecologyThere are significant correlations between the need of
Plot LandscapeFarm
Harvest
Milk
Establish
Animal
FoodEnergyFibers
Manure
Grazing
Landscape consolidation• ES balance at landscape level
Supporting ES
Regulating ES
Cultural ES
Provisioning ES
• autonomy at farm level and
ES and AgroecologyResearch proposal : unraveling the links between agroecology and ecosystem services to facilitate an agroecological transition
• Research and field experience on agroecological methods
ES and Agroecology
• Performance of non-conventional agro-ecosystems ?
• Valorisation of field residues ?• Tools and methods ? • Alternative valorisation of
agricultural products ?
1. Agroforestry
2. Intercropping
3. Agrosylviculture
4. Herbaceous strips
5. Residue management
& cover crops
One example : AgricultureIsLife project at Gx-ABT
=> 15 PhD working together on 40 ha of experimental fields
FoodWater supply
Materials
Energy
Pollutionregulation
Erosion regulation
Climate regulation
Biologicalcontrol
Naturalsurroundings
Outdooractivities
Biodiversity
• Economic analyses of farms and (local) food systems • Economic analyses of farms and (local) food systems
• Research to optimise landscape structure to maximise ES, farm or local community autonomy
• Holistic monitoring of large case studies (mid and long term)• Holistic monitoring of large case studies (mid and long term)
• Research to optimise landscape structure to maximise ES, farm or local community autonomy
• Research and field experience on agroecological methods
ES and Agroecology
• PES analyses to evaluate when to support farm constraints
Research proposal : unraveling the links between agroecology and ecosystem services to facilitate an agroecological transition
Thank you for your attention !
• PES analyses to evaluate when to support farm constraints
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