economics: principles in action · our unit one schedule ... path to our constitution. georgia...
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Monday, October 23rd
Good afternoon!
Welcome to Government!
As you come in, please:
Sit in your NEW assigned seats!
Pick up an Economics ‘Using It So We Don’t Lose It’ sheet off the Front Table and begin reviewing it
Then…
Sign in to Classroom at classroom.google.com.
On the Home page, click +.
Enter the code that I gave you in the box and click JOIN.
Powell Fall 2017 - Govt/Econ - Google Classroom Code:
8ch3fk9
Congratulations on Econ!
As a whole, our class did GREAT!
All grades should be in Synergy and I’m very proud
of you and what you’ve accomplished!
If you want to know what grade you need to make
on your Economics Milestones test, you can estimate
it as follows:
Your current class grade is 80% of your final grade
Your milestones grade will be 20% of your final grade so…
((Your current grade) x .80) + (Milestones grade x .20) = Desired Grade
Economics
‘Use It So You Don’t Lose It’ Action Plan
Unit Theme Start Date Assignments Due Date Assignments
One Fundamentals Monday, October 23rd Sunday, October 29th
Two Microeconomics Monday, October 30th Sunday, November 5th
Three Macroeconomics Monday, November 6th Sunday, November 12th
Four International Econ Monday, November 13th Sunday, November 19th
Five Personal Finance Monday, November 20th Sunday, December 3rd
• Following is a schedule of what we’ll be reviewing and
studying on Google Classroom.
• Some assignments you just need to view. Some
assignments you will need to complete and submit for
credit.
• Your points for these assignments will count toward
your government class grade even though they are focused more on economics.
Let’s Get Started on Government!
Time for a Semi-Quick Pretest
Please:
Clear your desk & power down all electronics
All you need is a pencil
We’ll use the Zipgrade bubble sheet and iRespond hand helds as usual
Time for Test Mode!
No electronics
No talking
No squawking
No walking
No gawking!
Our Unit One Schedule
Today – our first lesson
Tomorrow – computer lab
Wednesday – a quick formative + a lesson
Thursday – review day
Friday – Unit One Test (also a Pep Rally – still
waiting on bell schedule)
Unit One
Foundations for U.S. Government
Principles
Philosophies
Important Documents
Path to our Constitution
Georgia Standard of Excellence
SSCG1 Compare and contrast various systems of government.
a. Determine how governments differ in geographic distribution of power, particularly unitary, confederal, and federal types of government.
b. Determine how some forms of government differ in their level of citizen participation particularly authoritarian (autocracy and oligarchy) and democratic.
c. Determine how the role of the executive differs in presidential and parliamentary systems of governments.
d. Differentiate between a direct democracy, representative democracy, and/or a republic.
What Is Government?
Government is the institution through
which a society makes and enforces
its public policies.
Public Policy
Public policy is all the things that the government decides to do:
taxation, defense, education, crime, health care, transportation, environment
Governmental Power
Governments need power in order to
carry out public policies
Three basic types of power:
Legislative
Executive
Judicial
The State
Population A state must have people, the number of which does not directly relate to its existence.
Territory A state must be comprised of land—territory with known and recognized boundaries.
Sovereignty Every state is sovereign. It has supreme and absolute power within its own territory and decides its own foreign and domestic policies.
Government Every state has a government — that is, it is politically organized.
The state can be defined as having these four
characteristics:
Origins of the State
The Force Theory
The force theory states that one person or a small group took control of an area and forced all within it to submit to that person’s or group’s rule.
The Evolutionary Theory
The evolutionary theory argues that the state evolved naturally out of the early family.
The Divine Right Theory
The theory of divine right holds that God created the state and that God gives those of royal birth a “divine right” to rule.
The Social Contract Theory
The social contract theory argues that the state arose out of a voluntary act of free people.
The Purpose of Government
The main purposes of government are described in the Preamble
of the Constitution of the United States:
“We the People of the United States, in Order
to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice,
insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the
common defense, promote the general
Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to
ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution for the United States
of America.”
Classifying Governments
Governments can be classified by three different
standards:
(1) Who can participate in the governing process.
(2) The geographic distribution of the governmental
power within the state.
(3) The relationship between the legislative (lawmaking)
and the executive (law-executing) branches of the
government.
Classification:
By Who Can Participate
Democracy
In a democracy, supreme political authority rests with the
people.
A direct democracy exists where the will of the people is
translated into law directly by the people themselves.
In an indirect democracy, a small group of persons, chosen
by the people to act as their representatives, expresses
the popular will.
In a republic, is a group in which there is equality
among its members – ex. the States are equals among
the group that comprises the Federal government.
So What is the U.S.?
The original definition of republic is focused on
equality among its members.
However, a modern definition of republic, however,
is pretty much identical to a "representative
democracy" - "a state in which supreme power is
held by the people and their elected
representatives, and which has an elected or
nominated president rather than a monarch.“
That’s us!
Classification:
By Who Can Participate
A dictatorship exists where those who rule
cannot be held responsible to the will of the
people.
An autocracy (authoritarian) is a government in
which a single person holds unlimited political
power.
An oligarchy is a government in which the
power to rule is held by a small, usually self-
appointed elite.
Classification by Geographic
Distribution of Power
Unitary Government
A unitary governmenthas all powers held by a single, central agency.
Confederate Government
• A confederation is an alliance of independent states.
Federal Government
• A federal government is one in which the powers of government are divided between a central government and several localgovernments.
Geographic Distribution of Power
Type of Government Geographic Distribution of Power
Unitary • Centralized
• All powers held centrally (not dispersed to localities)
• Not the same as a dictatorship!
• Example: Great Britain
Federal • Power is divided by central and local governments
• Both sets of government work with the people on their own
sets of laws, representation and government agencies
• Examples: U.S., Canada, Mexico, Switzerland, Germany,
India
Confederate • An alliance of independent states
• The confederate government only handles matters that have
been specifically assigned to it by member states
• Confederate government does NOT have the right to make
laws that directly affect the people
• Example: European Union (best one available)
Review Questions
1. A government is
(a) the institution through which a society makes and enforces its
public policies.
(b) a collection of people.
(c) always democratic.
(d) the organization representing farms and industries.
2. A state has the following four characteristics:
(a) population, territory, sovereignty, and government.
(b) sovereignty, a perfect union, welfare, and territory.
(c) people, places, force, and divine right.
(d) justice, defense, liberty, and domestic tranquility.
Chapter 1, Section 1
Georgia Standard of Excellence
SSCG2 Demonstrate knowledge of the political philosophies that shaped the development of United States constitutional government.
a. Analyze key ideas of limited government and the rule of law as seen in the Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the English Bill of Rights.
b. Analyze the impact of the writings of Hobbes (Leviathan), Locke (Second Treatise on Government), Rousseau (The Social Contract), and Montesquieu (The Spirit of the Laws) on our concept of government.
c. Analyze the ways in which the philosophies listed in element 2b influenced the Declaration of Independence.
British Roots of American Government
The American colonists had been ruled by the British
government for over 150 years before the
American Revolution.
As a result, Americans knew quite a bit about the
British government. The men who wrote our
Constitution were greatly influenced by their
experiences with the British government.
How It All Started - Feudal System
Under the feudal system, the people in England belonged to one of the following three groups.
1. Royalty ‐ This group included the monarch (king or queen) and his or her family
2. Nobility ‐ This group included the “lords” and “ladies” who held titles such as earl, duke, duchess, and baron.
3. Commoners ‐ This group included such people as knights (soldiers of the king), merchants, and peasants (people who worked the land). The peasants were not free and could not leave the area in which they worked.
Feudal System
England’s land all belonged to the king or
queen. There was too much land for a king or queen
to rule alone. So, they gave some of the responsibility
for governing the kingdom to the nobility.
Under the feudal system, the nobles were allowed to
control parts of the land and the people who lived
there. In exchange, they pledged their loyalty to the
king and fought for him.
Magna Carta
Under the feudal system, it became a custom or tradition for the royalty to share some of its powers with the nobility.
As a result, the nobles became used to having certain rights and powers.
When King John tried to take back some of these rights, the nobles rebelled.
The nobles were powerful enough to force the king to sign an agreement with them in 1215.
This agreement became known as the Magna Carta or Great Charter.
It said that the nobles would obey the king only as long as he protected their rights.
Impact of the Magna Carta
The Magna Carta contained two very important ideas:
1. Governments are based on an agreement or contract
between the ruler and the people to be ruled. A
government by contract also includes the idea that if
either side breaks the contract it is no longer valid.
2. The Magna Carta also includes the idea of rule of
law. This means that both the government and the
governed must obey the law. The law limits the power
of the government.
Beginning a new way of thinking…
The early English customs, traditions and Magna
Carta protected certain basic rights. These rights
were not given to all people of England.
Men who owned property were given far more rights
than other people. Men without property, and women
and children had fewer rights.
However the Magna Carta was an important step in
protecting the rights of the people and limiting the
power of the government.
Our British Roots
Parliament – In 1258, the nobles forced King Henry III to create a new council called Parliament to advise the monarch.
Parliament was made up of two houses which represented the most powerful groups in the kingdom.
The House of Lords represented the nobles.
The House of Commons represented the people who owned large amounts of land but were not members of the nobility.
For hundreds of years after the creation of Parliament, the royalty, nobility, and commons struggled for power. No one group was able to control all the power for very long.
Our British Roots
The struggle became so intense during the 17th
century that a civil war resulted.
The nobles won and in 1649, Parliament ordered
the execution of the king.
By the time of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the
balance of power had shifted in favor of
Parliament.
Parliament became England’s chief lawmaking
body.
Petition of Rights
1628 - The Petition of Right is a major English
constitutional document that sets out specific liberties
of the subject that the king is prohibited from
infringing.
English Bill of Rights
In 1689, Parliament passed an important law, the
English Bill of Rights.
This law gave certain rights to Englishmen and
further limited the powers of the monarch.
The Bill of Rights gave Parliament the balance of
power in the English government.
English Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights guaranteed that:
elections to Parliament must be free and that the people have the right to keep and carry weapons.
Kings and queens were not allowed to:
collect taxes without the consent of Parliament
interfere with free speech and debate that went on in Parliament
maintain an army in times of peace (since it might be used to take over the government)
require excessive bail or administer cruel punishment for those accused or convicted of crimes, or
declare that laws made by Parliament should not be obeyed.
By the end of the 17th century, the British government became increasingly limited in what it could do.
During this same period, the government was establishing colonies in North America. The colonists brought with them the English system of constitutional government.
Influential Documents
Together, these three British documents:
Magna Carta
Petition of Right
The English Bill of Rights
contained the basic principles of limited government that would come to influence the United States Constitution and Bill of Rights.
They established that the very purpose of government is not to rule but to protect those rights.
Influential Philosophers
The Enlightenment was a movement that emphasized
reason and science as the paths to knowledge.
It began in Europe but it had far‐reaching effects
on the colonies.
It began as scientists discovered natural laws
governing the universe. Isaac Newton, for example,
explained the law of gravity.
But other Enlightenment thinkers applied the idea of
natural law to human societies
Thomas Hobbes1588-1679
A.D.Thomas Hobbes was an English
political philosopher who published
the book Leviathan in 1651.
This work would influence other
philosophers for many years.
Hobbes makes a case for a
powerful sovereign, or executive.
Hobbes believed it was the
sovereign who should be the one
to control civil and military power.
John Locke
1632-1704
A.D.
John Locke was an English doctor and
philosopher who wrote extensively
about natural law.
• His most famous work is Two
Treatises of Civil Government, which
was published in 1690.
• Locke believed all men were born
with basic rights. These rights
included the rights to life, liberty, and
property.
• If these words sound somewhat
familiar, it is because Thomas
Jefferson studied Locke’s work and
included them in the Declaration of
Independence. Jefferson would
change the word “property” to “the
pursuit of happiness.”
John Locke
John Locke was a famous English Enlightenment philosopher. He lived from 1632 to 1704.
He had written a book called Two Treatises of Civil Government (1690). In that book he wrote about natural rights.
The idea of natural rights means that all persons have these rights just because they are human beings. Sometimes these are called basic rights or fundamental rights.
Everyone is born with these rights and they should not be taken away without a person’s agreement.
Locke & The Social Contract Theory
Locke argued that people should agree to give up some of their freedom in exchanged for protection and security. They would consent to follow laws in exchange for the protection that these laws would give them.
This agreement is called a social compact or social contract. A social contract is an agreement people make among themselves to create a government to rule them and protect their natural rights.
This concept inspired Rousseau’s most important work The Social Contract.
In this agreement the people consent to obey the laws created by that government.
John Locke
John Locke said that the main purpose of government should be to protect the people’s natural rights.
He also said that the kings should not have absolute power, that is, power without limits. They should not be able to deprive people of their natural rights.
Many Americans had read Locke’s book, and they agreed with what it said about government. Those who had not actually read Locke’s book knew his ideas from newspapers, political pamphlets, church sermons, and discussions.
You will see later how the Founders included these ideas in the Declaration of Independence.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
1712-1778 A.D.Rousseau was a philosopher born in
Switzerland who lived much of his life in
France..
• Rousseau’s most important work is The
Social Contract, which was published in
1762. The phrase “social contract”
refers to an agreement between the
people and their government.
• In this agreement the people agree to
relinquish some of their rights in
exchange for security.
• Rousseau also argued that government
had a responsibility to the people. His
writings in this area are considered the
foundations for socialism.
Charles de Montesquieu
1689-1755 A.D.
Montesquieu was a famous French political
philosopher who published The Spirit of Laws
in 1748.
• In his book Montesquieu holds up the
English form of government as the best
because it had a separation of powers
among the different branches of
government.
• Montesquieu believed that separating the
government would prevent it from becoming
too powerful and depriving the people of
their rights.
• Separate branches could also watch over
each other to ensure no other branches
overstepped their bounds.
• Montesquieu’s work would inspire James
Madison, the Father of the Constitution.
Declaration of Independence
There are many Enlightenment ideals in the Declaration of Independence.
One is the idea that all people are entitled to certain rights just by virtue of being human.
Another is the belief that a government’s legitimacy comes from the consent of the governed .
Finally, the Declaration of Independence incorporates the Enlightenment idea that a government’s main purpose is to protect the rights of the people.
Wednesday, October 25th
Good afternoon!
As you come in, please:
Come in calmly and quietly
Sit in your assigned seat
Front table – pick up a ‘Break-up Letter’ paper and
begin reading it
Have You Ever Had a Bad Breakup?
How did you find out?
What’s the worst?
https://www.google.com/search?q=too+late+to+apologize+declaration&oq=too
+late+to+apologize+de&gs_l=psy-
ab.1.0.0l4j0i22i30k1j0i22i10i30k1j0i22i30k1l4.8462.9127.0.11226.3.3.0.0.0.0.1
37.258.2j1.3.0....0...1.1.64.psy-ab..0.3.258...0i67k1.0.Drt4iiZbjw0
What Have We Learned So Far?
Types of Government
Power distribution, geographic distribution, relationship
between executive and legislative
Is america a democracy?
Chapter I, Section 2 Review
1. In a democracy, (a) independent states form an alliance.
(b) supreme political authority rests with the people.
(c) those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
(d) the rule by a few, select individuals regulates the will of the people.
2. The United States government has the following
characteristics: (a) confederate, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
(b) unitary, presidential, and democracy.
(c) federal, presidential, and democracy.
(d) unitary, parliamentary, and dictatorship.
Georgia Standard of Excellence
SSCG3 Demonstrate knowledge of the framing and structure of the United States Constitution.
a. Analyze debates during the drafting of the Constitution, including the Three-Fifths Compromise, the Great Compromise, and the Commerce Clause.
b. Analyze how the Constitution addresses the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.
c. Explain the fundamental principles of the United States Constitution, including limited government, the rule of law, federalism, separation of powers, checks and balances, and popular sovereignty.
d. Explain the key ideas in the debate over ratification made by the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
A Quick Recap
History of Government
1780 BC The Code of Hammurabi
First written code of law
1290 BC Mosiac Code (from Moses)
Stressed moral principles
10 Commandments
400’s BC Athens became the most successful
democracy of Ancient Greece
1215 AD Magna Carta
English document granting rights to citizens other than the king. It became a model for
those wanted democratic governments
A Quick Recap
History of Government
1620 AD Mayflower Compact
1st agreement for self-government in America
1651 AD Thomas Hobbes published Leviathan
Supported a sovereign leader who was more
caring for their people
1689 AD English Bill of Rights
Signed by King William & Queen Mary to
protect the civil rights of the English people.
1690 AD John Locke published Two Treatises of Civil Government
Believed all people born with basic rights
(natural law)
A Quick Recap
History of Government
1748 AD Charles de Montesquieu published
The Spirit of Laws
Believed in different branches of government, separation of powers, checks & balances
1762 AD John-Jacques Rousseu published
The Social Contract
An agreement between the people and their government. The people would give up certain rights in exchange for protection.
1775 AD Second Continental Congress
Americans requested the King to address their
concerns. The King ignored their request.
A Quick Recap
History of Government
1776 AD January - Thomas Paine published
Common Sense
Booklet that attacked the concept of monarchy
& made a powerful case for independence
1776 AD July 4th – Declaration of Independence
Americans declared their independence from
England. Written by Thomas Jefferson.
Edited by Benjamin Franklin and John Adams
An English Political Heritage
English colonists came to America with a heritage of
freedom and principles of government that helped
shape the development of the United States.
Most important to the colonists was to have a
government which limited the monarch’s power and
represented the will of the people.
Three documents that limited the power of the King
1. Magna Carta
2. Petition of Right
3. English Bill of Rights
Magna Carta
AKA the “Great Charter”
1215 – signed by King John of England
Limited Government – the king did not have all the
power
Established the rule of law, meaning that everyone
had to follow the law.
Protect life, liberty and property
Petition of Right
1628
King Charles I, and monarchs to follow, could not:
Collect taxes without consent of Parliament.
Imprison people without just cause.
House troops in private homes.
Declare martial law.
English Bill of Rights
1689 – Signed by King William & Queen Mary
Monarchs rule with the consent of the people
Parliament must agree to suspend laws, levy taxes, or maintain an army
Monarch cannot interfere in Parliament elections
Right to petition the government
Fair and speedy trials
No cruel or unusual punishment
Representative Government
Followed the model of Parliament, which was a
bicameral, or two chamber, legislature:
House of Lords
House of Commons
Principles of Colonial Government
Colonial governments under British control usually had these elements:
1. Written constitution
Ex. Mayflower Compact – 1st written constitution in America.
2. Legislature of elected representatives
Ex. VA House of Burgesses – first legislative body.
3. Separation of powers
In a nutshell…
The American colonies were founded by the British
The colonies were a source of raw materials and a market for British goods
Britain was 3000 miles away
Colonial government handled most business with some guidance from Parliament and the king.
The colonists did not have representation in Parliament
Why did things change?
French and Indian War 1754-1763, allowed the
British to solidify control over the North American
continent.
King George III came to power in 1760 with a
different idea of how to rule the colonies.
Colonies on their own…
Although Britain had been allowing the colonies limited self-government.
The British government tightened its control over the colonies after the French and Indian wars.
King George III and his ministers made the colonies help pay for the war by levying new taxes on the colonists.
Taxes and Colonial Response
Stamp Act – The first direct tax on the colonists. It
required a stamp tax on legal documents, pamphlets,
newspapers, dice and playing cards. To pay for the
French and Indian war.
Stamp Act Congress – first meeting organized by the
colonies to protest the king’s actions. They sent the
Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which stated,
“no taxation with out representation.”
Taxes and Colonial Response
The colonists protested and boycotted until the
Stamp Act was repealed.
Committees of Correspondence – Groups that
formed so that information about British actions
could be more easily spread throughout the
colonies.
The Townshend Acts – taxed many products that
were needed daily, including tea.
Taxes and Colonial Response
The tax on tea and further British control resulted in the
Boston Tea Party.
The British responded to the tea party with punishments
and tightening of control of Boston.
Intolerable Acts – a set of acts passed after the Boston
Tea Party that was designed to punish the people of
Boston. They closed the harbor, placed Massachusetts
under martial law, and allowed British troops to be
quartered/housed in people’s homes.
Colonial Unity
Harsh British policies and taxes helped unite the colonies.
To protest British policies, the colonists sent petitionsto the king.
The First Continental Congress held in Philadelphia in 1774 debated what the colonies should do about their relationship with Britain.
They imposed an embargo and said that if Britain used force, so would they.
First Shots Fired
April 19, 1775 – Battle of Lexington and Concord.
First shots and beginning of the American
Revolutionary War.
The Second Continental Congress met in 1775, it
organized a military and appointed George
Washington as commander. Served as acting
government throughout the war.
Independence
Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense. This
persuasive booklet strengthened the
independence movement. It said King
George III was a tyrant and the colonies
were destined to be free.
The Declaration of Independence in 1776,
which set forth the principles for the new
nation.
Independence (cont.)
The Declaration had three parts:
1. Statement of purpose, describing basic human
rights;
2. List of specific complaints against King George
III;
3. Statement of determination to separate from
Great Britain.
1. What symbol represents the colonies in this 1779 political cartoon?
Interpreting Political Cartoons Activity
The bucking horse represents the colonies.
The Signing
John Hancock of Massachusetts, the president of the Continental Congress, was the first person to sign the Declaration of Independence in Philadelphia.
When he did, he wrote his name in very large letters, declaring, “There, I guess King George will be able to read that!”
Even today, Americans often refer to a person’s signature as a “John Hancock.”
Independence! Now what?
We all know that the United States achieved
independence from Great Britain after the
American Revolution, but winning a war was not the
only concern. Colonists also had to come up with a
new form of government.
Articles of Confederation
First attempt at a unified government of all 13
former colonies.
Proposed in 1777.
Ratified by all 13 independent states by 1781.
Key Features of the Articles
Weak national government
One branch of government – Legislative
Unicameral
One vote per state – all were equal.
Weaknesses of the Articles
The Congress had to depend on the states for money and had no power to tax, regulate trade, or enforce laws.
Amending the Articles required the approval of allthe states.
No president or executive branch.
No system of national courts; state courts enforced and interpreted national laws.
1) They could borrow or request money from states.
2) Weak, they gave little power to government
3) They could wage war and make treaties and alliances
with other nations
Now It’s Your Turn!
Write Your Own ‘Break Up’ letter!
Due: Monday, October 30th
Same day as signed syllabus!
Foundations
The American concept of democracy rests on these
basic notions:
(1) A recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every
person;
(2) A respect for the equality of all persons;
(3) A faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights;
(4) An acceptance of the necessity of compromise; and
(5) An insistence upon the widest possible degree of individual
freedom.
Section 3 Review
1. All of the following are basic notions found in the American concept of democracy EXCEPT
(a) a recognition of of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person.
(b) a respect for the equality of all persons.
(c) the rule of government by a single individual.
(d) an acceptance of the necessity of compromise.
2. In a free enterprise system, the means of capital are owned
(a) by private and corporate entities.
(b) by government agencies.
(c) by only the agricultural sector.
(d) equally by the collective citizenry.
Chapter 1, Section 3
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