ecologyecology chapter 34. ecology- the scientific study of how organisms interact with their...
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ECOLOGY
Chapter 34
• Ecology- The scientific study of how organisms
interact with their
environment
and with each
other.
The Five Levels of Ecological Study
1. Individual/Organism
2. Population
3. Community
4. Ecosystem
5. Biosphere
Key Abiotic Factors• Sunlight- provides energy & warmth• Water- essential to all organisms• Temperature-range for life 0C to 50C• Soil- affects the types of plants that
can grow there.• Wind- affects the distribution and
activities of organisms (clouds, rain, stirs up water, disperses seeds.
Climate Determines Global Patterns in Biosphere
• Variation in solar radiation at different latitudes causes uneven heating of Earth’s surface
Low angle ofincoming sunlight –60º N
Sunlight directlyoverhead
0º (equator)
Low angle ofincoming sunlight
Atmosphere
30º S
60º S
Biomes• Biome – The ecosystems that cover
large regions of Earth
–characterized by communities of plants/organisms that are adapted to the climate/abiotic factors
Terrestrial Ecosystems (BIOMES)–Tropical Rainforest
–Savanna
–Desert
–Chaparral
–Temperate Grassland
–Deciduous Forest
–Coniferous Forest
–Tundra
Tropical Rainforests• Equator (warm)
• High rainfall
• Rich abundance of life - Most diverse
• Human impact has been huge
Savanna• Mostly in Africa
• Grasslands with scattered trees
• Warm climate
• Drier tropical area
Desert• Driest biome on the planet
(low and unpredictable rainfall)
• Animals and plants are adapted to live
with little
water and
excess heat
Chaparral• Coastal region with dense
evergreen shrubs
• Mild rainy
winters & hot
dry summers
• Prone to fire
Temperate Grassland• Rain varies
• Grasses
• Occurring in cooler areas (like the Midwest Prairies)
Deciduous Forest• Deciduous trees-
Maple & Oak (lose leaves)
• Sufficient moisture to support large trees
• Definite seasons –
cold winter/ hot
summer
• Deer
Coniferous Forest• Cone-bearing trees
–Needles prevent water loss
• Taiga
–the furthest north
–harsh winters and very short summers
Tundra• Extreme north & tops
of mountains• Long, cold & windy
winters• Treeless: mosses,
shrubs and lichens• Permafrost –
permanently frozen soil
• Make up most of the biosphere
• Oceans cover about 75% of the Earth's surface
• Light and the availability of nutrients are the major factors that shape aquatic communities
Aquatic Ecosystems
Freshwater Ecosystems• Little dissolved salt
• Streams and rivers
• Ponds and lakes
–Standing (not flowing) water
Estuaries • Where rivers and oceans merge
• Salt Marsh (colder temperatures) and Mangroves (Florida and tropics)
• Experience changes in salt concentration and temperature
• Most productive Biome
–Diverse life
–Provide nursery
areas for animals.
Abiotic conditions dictate the kinds of communities that ocean zones can support
Figure 34.7C
Intertidal zone
Benthiczone(seafloor)
Photiczone
Aphoticzone
Pelagic Zone
REVIEW• What is the scientific study of the how
organisms interact with their environment.• ecology
• What is the difference between biotic and abiotic factors?
• Biotic=living Abiotic=non-living
• Give an example of a biotic factor.• Tree, animal, virus etc.
• What are the five levels (in order) of ecological study?
• Individual, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
• A population is a group of individuals that must be the same _________________.
• species
• How is a community different from a population?
• Community is several different species, population is a single species
• How is an ecosystem different from a community?
• Ecosystem has biotic and abiotic factors
• What is a habitat?• specific environments in which organisms live.
• List 5 important abiotic factors.• Sun, water, wind, soil, temperature
• Name the driest biome.• Desert
• Name the wettest and hottest biome.• Rain forest
• Name the coldest biome.• tundra
• What are some common organisms of the savannah?
• Zebra, giraffe, elephant, rhino etc.
• Why is it important for the coniferous forest trees to have pine needles instead of leaves?
• Needles prevent water loss and keep trees from getting cold
• What is permafrost?• Permanently frozen soil
• What is an estuary?• Where a river meets the ocean
• Why is an estuary the most productive ecosystem?
• Provides nursery areas for oysters, crabs, fishes, birds, many plant species
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