eco tourism final
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ECOTOURISM – MYTH OR REALITY?
Prepared by: Carol ZHANG, Cecilia XIE, Des CONG
OBJECTIVES
Understanding ecotourism basic ideas
Understand and get insights to theoretical and pratical challenges for ecotourism
Able to answer the question that is ecotourism a reality?
OUTLINE
Definitions
Growth and popularity
Image & Impacts
Politics of ecotourism
Policy and strategy
Marketing
Conclusion
WHY ECOTOURISM?
Unsustinable practice of mass tourism
Inceasing attention of environemntal protection and pollution
Ecotourism
Alternative tourism
Sustainabile tourism
Special interest tourism ...
DEFINITIONS
Hard to define
New and the emerging field
Broad, umbrella term
People shape their definitions to meet their own needs (85 publised definitions)
Eco VS Tourism
DEFINITIONS
Demand side definition
traveling to relatively undistributed or uncontaminated natural areas with the specific objective of studying , admiring and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals, as well as any existing cultural manifestation (both past and present) found in these areas. Ceballos-lascurain (1983)
Supply side definition
Undisturbed and under visited areas of immense beauty
Sirakaya et al (1999)
DEFINITIONS
Comprehensive definition with behavior guideline
A form of tourism inspired primarily by the natural history of an area, including its indigenous culture. The ecotourist visits relatively undeveloped areas in he spirit of appreciation, participation and sensitivity. The ecotourist practice a non-consumptive use of wildlife and natural resources and contributes to the visited area through labor or financial means aimed at directly benefiting the conservation of the site and the economic well-being of the local residents.
Ziffer (1989:6)
DEFINITIONS
Well-known definitions
Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people
TIES (1990)
Nature-based tourism that involves education and interpretation of the natural environment and is managed to be ecologically sustainable.
Australian Tourism Department(1994)
CONCEPTUALIZING
All definitions have strengths and weaknesses
All have common elements
What do you think the key elements of ecotourism would be?
2 mins for discussion
Feel free to talk with person next to you
CONCEPTUALIZING
CONCEPTUALIZING
Operational definition (Blamey, 1997)
Natured based
Environmentally educated
Sustainably managed
ECOTOURISM ?
Nature tourism
Nature tourism is travel for the purpose of enjoying undeveloped natural areas and wildlife Goodwin (1996)
ECOTOURISM ?
Adventure tourism
Cultural tourism
Wildlife tourism
POTENTIAL ECOTOURISTS?
WHAT IS ECOTOURIST?
High level of education and income
More environmentally aware and active than other types of travelers
IS CAROL A ECOTOURIST?
Carol visited West Samoa and she is not quite sure whether she was a ecotourist.
IS CAROL A ECOTOURIST?
IS CAROL A ECOTOURIST?
IS CAROL A ECOTOURISTS?
IS CAROL A ECOTORUIST?
But, before Carol arrived in Samoa......
Overall environment impacts always be ignored
IS CAROL A ECOTORUIST?
Even, during ...
Ecotourism experience may only part of one’s journey.
IS CAROL A ECOTOURIST?
IS CAROL A ECOTOURIST?
Adverse impact of feeding animals…
IS CAROL A ECOTOURIST?
Why people take photos of me???
IS CAROL A ECOTORUIST?
What is ecotourism?What is ecotourist?
MASS ECOTOURISM?
Same resource base
Ecotourists discover new, untouched area, but question may rise as normal tourists will soon follow.
Weaver (2001)
MASS ECOTOURISM?
Ecotourism as a mass tourism
Ecotourism is present whenever and enterprise makes every reasonable effort to enure that its operations are sustainable, in line with current best practices. (Weaver, 2001)
True?
MASS ECOTOURISM?
Ecotourism in small-scale
It is not working now but, if we convert more tourists and more of the tourist sector it suddenly will? Admirable intentions, misplaced logic.
(Wheeller, 2007)
Ecotourism initially is in small-scale (Bauer, 2001).
MASS ECOTOURISM?
In the first half year, 2010, Si Chuan get 9.8 billion income from Ecotourism, attracted 53,806,000 tourists. (SCLY,2010)
Jiu Zhai Gou
MASS ECOTOURISM?
MASS ECOTOURISM?
Do you believe?
GROWTH & POPULARITY
1980s-1990s: 60% tourists are nature based.
20-34% growth per year since 1980s.
3 times faster than whole tourism industry (WTO, 2004)
20% of the total tourism revenue globally with 10%-20% growth.
2010: $77 billion globally (Targeted News Service,2010).
8 million adult US travelers have taken an ecotour, and 35 million were likely to take an ecotour in the next three years.
BUT…FIGURES ARE BELIEVABLE?
No universal understanding of ecotourism & ecotourists.
Ecotourists or tourists who visited nature environment?
CASE IN CHINA
REALITIES
Estimation in Cusco, Peru showed that less than 10% of the local trekking companies really fit the “eco” bill (Mastny 2001).
Only about 4% of US outbound travel involves some element of nature based tourism (WTO 2002).
The ecotourism package products represent less than 1% of the German outbound market (WTO 2002).
IMAGES & IMPACTS- PROS
Green, eco-friendly, sustainable, responsible.
Achieve commercial profit, community development and environmental conservation (Buckley, 2003).
Positive impacts on climate change(Simpson et al, 2008).
CLIMATE CHANGE
Public concern
Global warming
CLIMATE CHANGE
In 2005, tourism’s contribution to GHG emissions was estimated to be approximately 5% (UNEP, 2008).
Produce less green house gases.
Educate people to live more eco-friendly.
Rapidly respond to climate change.
The Great Barrier Reef ecosystem
affected by climate change.
IMAGES & IMPACTS-CONS
Rely on protected areas, easy to destroy.
Off-site impacts, such as airplane fuel.
Result in a sharp drop in number of wild animals.
Negative local community impacts.
WHALE WATCHING
PATA Ecotourism Gold Award 2011---Whale Watch Kaikoura, New Zealand.
Video
WHALE WATCHING
One of the most approved ecotourism programs.
Whale watching is a non-consumptive use of wildlife.
Lectures help to save the whales.
WHALE WATCHING
Do you think it’s ‘eco’?
WHALE WATCHING
WHALE WATCHING
What if you see this after whale watching?
WHALE WATCHING
Do you still think it’s ‘eco’?
GREEN WASHING
Shen Zhen, China
GREEN WASHING
Yun Nan, China
GREEN WASHING
Guang Dong, China
GREEN WASHING
‘eco’ is becoming a new way to attract tourists and get revenue.
Some so called ‘eco’ are not eco at all and environmentally damaging.
Green washing is everywhere!
POLITICS OF ECOTOURISM
Who define sustainability (ecotourism)?
Who benefit?
POLITICS OF ECOTOURISM
Really benefit the local??
POLITICS OF ECOTOURISM
Source: UNWTO 2008
Uneven and unequal development, power and globalization
Leakage & dependency
KEY ELEMENTS FOR STRATEGY
Environmental Protection
Product
Infrastructure
Marketing
Industry Involvement
POLICY LEVEL
POLICY-INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
Merits:
Get more interest parties involved.
More NGO-Community, can be more objective.
Good providers of regulatory information.
Drawbacks:
Lack of enforceability
Member-driven mechanism leads to small scale influence.
POLICY-INTERNATIONAL LEVEL
International ecotourism organization
ECOTOURISM ORGANIZATION
What can they do? So what?
Regulatory policies to influence members?
Environmental knowledge for travelers?
Recommendation for responsible trip?
Certificate programs?
POLICY-NATIONAL & LOCAL LEVEL
Centralized policy-making following top-down process?
Is it good for ecotourism development?
Local government with little resources while more knowledgeable.
Central government would be efficient
CASE STUDY- AUSTRALIA
Indigenous ecotourism ventures
Wildlife ecotourism
PUBLIC POLICY-MAKING
High-level of participation in decision-making
(Various stakeholders, include Native Title holders,)
Policies are also developed by tourism industry and NGO
1. The Wilderness Society
2. The Australian Conservation Foundation
CERTIFICATE PROGRAM IN AUSTRALIA
Nature and Ecotourism Accreditation Program (NEAP)
High criteria to obtain and maintain
Enabled industry, consumers to identify “ecolabel”.
What do you think of Ecolabel? Does it work ?
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
Convention for the protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.(1974)
Partnership with private sectors. Managed by states and territories, while working together with operators, agencies.
MARKETING
Are the nature of tourism changed by ecotourism development?
Or
Just, the way the marketing changed?
MARKETING
100% Pure New Zealand
Video
MARKETING
100% pure?
MARKETING
MARKETING
Segmentation
Geographical
Demographical
Beneficial
Psychographic
Which is more efficient to identify ecotourists?
MARKETING
Tools of marketing
Traditional marketing?
Direct mail
Internet
WOM
NEW ECOTOURISM PRODUCT?
MARKETING
Challenge of ecotourism marketing
Allow the goal of sustainability and profitability to be met simultaneously
Lack of knowledge and resources to provide effective marketing
Demarketing
PROBLEMATIC
A new form of tourism?
Phantom demand?
Assumptions about paticipants that cannot be justified
Who benefit?
Projected image of ecotourists contrasts with reality
Hijacking of concept
Differentiate from mass?
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- DEMAND
Major market: Europe & US
Asia market is increasing (East Aisa)
Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Mainland China (culturally distinct form of ecotourism)
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- SUPPLY
Major destination: Africa , south America, Australia, NZ ...
East Asia – ‘Blossom and Waterfall’(Weaver,2002)
- Vegetation and geology attractions
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- SUPPLY(EXAMPLES)
India (15th Feb, 2011)
- Paithalmala ecotourism project
Dubai - Al Maha Desert Resort and Spa
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- SUPPLY(EXAMPLES)
Malaysia (3rd Feb, 2011)
> 66 maritime ecotourism destinations to attract tourists on cruise ships.
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- SUPPLY(EXAMPLES)
Hong Kong
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- SUPPLY(EXAMPLES)
HK - Lau Fau Shan
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- SUPPLY(EXAMPLES)
HK - Lau Fau Shan
- Greening
- Former Police satiation – Museum ( Oyster farming history)
Lau Fau Shan's Cinderella makeover: Dirty bay to become eco-culture park ( 10 March, 2011)
The Planning Department will need to exercise some developmental wizardry to turn the polluted Lau Fau Shan area into a green leisure destination
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- SUPPLY(EXAMPLES)
Really ecotourism products?
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- MYTH OR REALITY?
Ecotourism is fine in theory but may be useless in reality mainly confront the realities of human behavior. (Wheeller,2005)
Eco-recreation ? Or just, people go travel to nature place?
Eco-friendly tourism will always exist, but sustainability will always be an issue (McKercher, 2010)
FUTURE OF ECOTOURISM- MYTH OR REALITY?
What do you think?
CONCLUSION
Face its reality
Ecotourism influence mass tourism practices
Minimize the negative impacts
Improve environmental legislation
Manage tourist – How ?
Tourist numbers will continue to rise. Currently what we have at best are small-scale, isolated examples of ‘success’- Micro solutions to what patently remains a macro problem. (Wheeller,1992)
CONCLUSION
If ecotourism can keep the trees standing, then it’s probably worth to try. ----------- Belisa (1999)
Q & A
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