earthquakes. what is an earthquake? used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting...

Earthquakes

What is an earthquake?

• Used to describe both sudden slip on a fault, and the resulting ground shaking and radiated seismic energy caused by the slip

• Caused by sudden stress changes in the earth.• Usually occur at or near plate boundaries• Some are strong and can be felt on the

surface, some are weak and can only be felt by a seismograph

Three Types of Faults

Strike-SlipReverse

Normal

What causes earthquakes?• Tectonic plates move past each other causing

stress. Stress causes the rock to deform– Plastic deformation – does not cause earthquakes– Elastic deformation – rock stretches then reaches

a breaking point, releasing energy.

Elastic Rebound – deformed rock goes back to its original shape

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Focus – point inside the Earth where an earthquake beginsEpicenter – point on Earth’s surface above focus

How Seismographs Work

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

the pendulum remains fixed as the ground moves beneath it

Typical Seismogram

http://isu.indstate.edu/jspeer/Earth&Sky/EarthCh11.ppt

Earthquake VocabularySeismology – The study of earthquakes

Seismograph – An instrument that records vibrations in the ground and determines the location and strength of an earthquake

Seismologist – A person who studies earthquakes

Seismic Wave – A wave of energy that travels through the Earth and away from an earthquake in all directions

Seismogram – a tracing of earthquake motion that is created by a seismograph

Primary Waves (P Waves)

• A type of seismic wave that compresses and expands the ground

• The first wave to arrive at a seismograph

http://daphne.meccahosting.com/~a0000e89/insideearth2.htm

Secondary Waves (S Waves)

• A type of seismic wave that moves the ground up and down or side to side

http://daphne.meccahosting.com/~a0000e89/insideearth2.htm

Comparing Seismic Waves

Surface Waves

• Move along the Earth’s surface• Produces motion in the upper crust

– Motion can be up and down– Motion can be around– Motion can be back and forth

• Travel more slowly than S and P waves• More destructive

How do scientists calculate how far a location is from the epicenter of an earthquake?

• Scientists calculate the difference between arrival times of the P waves and S waves

• The further away an earthquake is, the greater the time between the arrival of the P waves and the S waves

Locating Earthquakes

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Locating Earthquakes

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

Locating Earthquakes

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM

How are Earthquakes Measured? Richter Scale

How are Earthquakes Measured? Mercalli Intensity Scale

Click Link for Interactive Demo http://elearning.niu.edu/simulations/images/S_portfolio/Mercalli/Mercalli_Scale.swf

Earthquake Waves & Earth’s Interior

Seismic Waves in the Earth

http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/EarthSC-102VisualsIndex.HTM