earth history geol 2110 midterm 1 preparation/review
Post on 13-Dec-2015
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Style of Questions• Matching term w/ definition, person w/
notable accomplishment
• Short definition of concepts/processes
• Name some of multiple characteristics
REVIEW PowerPoints!!
Understand Figures in Text.
Important People and their Contributions to Geological Concepts
Leonardo Da VinciNicholas Steno Georges L. BuffonA.G. Werner James HuttonCuvier & BrongniartWilliam Smith
LamarckCharles Lyell Charles DarwinGregor MendelLord KelvinHall and DanaAlfred Wegener
Geological Concepts and PrinciplesConcepts• Cosmogony•Neptunism• Plutonism• Catastrophism• Uniformitarianism• Actualism• Evolution by Natural Selection• Continental Drift and Sea-floor Spreading
Principles• Superposition• Original Horizontality• Lateral Continuity• Walther’s Law• Fossil Correlation• Index Fossils
• Based on facts, but not a statement of certainty or truth
• Testable – holds up to repeated testing• Predictive – forward and backward in time• Explains many related natural phenomenon• Deemed by a majority of scientists to have a
high probability of being correct
Know the differences between a hypothesis, theory, and paradigm
Characteristics of a Scientific Theory
On the Origin of Species
Know Darwin’s 5 principle areas of
evidence that support his theory of
Evolution by Natural Selection
Lithostratigraphic (formation) – principle of superposition
Lithodemic (intrusion) – principle of cross-cutting relationships
Biostratigraphic (biozone) – principle of fossil correlation
Magnetopolarity
Pedostratigraphic
Allostratigraphic
Categories of Stratigraphic Units (Fundamental Units) and Relative Time
Absolute Age Dating
Understand the meaning of:• element vs. isotope• radioactive vs. stable isotope• types of radioactive decay• parent vs. daughter isotope• decay rate of a radioactive isotope• half-life of a radioactive isotope
CompositionalLayers
PhysicalLayers
MANTLE
SiO2 – 45%
MgO – 37%
FeO – 8%
Al2O3 – 4%
CaO – 3%
others – 3%
COREFe – 86%S – 10%Ni – 4%
OCEANIC
CONTINENTAL
CRUST CRUST
SiO2 47% 56%
Al2O3 16% 18%
FeO 13% 9%
MgO 10% 3%
CaO 10% 4%
Na2O 2% 5.5%
K2O 0.7% 2.5%
TiO2 1.1% 1.3%
P2O5 0.2% 0.7%
Layers of the Earth
= chondritic meteorites
---MohorovicicDiscontinuity
Continental CrustDistillation of Ocean Crust by Partial Melting Evidence in Solid Solution
Minerals
OCEANIC
CONTINENTAL
CRUST CRUST
SiO2 47% 56%
Al2O3 16% 18%
FeO 13% 9%
MgO 10% 3%
CaO 10% 4%
Na2O 2% 5.5%
K2O 0.7% 2.5%
TiO2 1.1% 1.3%
P2O5 0.2% 0.7%
Present-day Formation of CrustA Double Distillation Process
Melting the Mantle Makes Mafic Magma – ALWAYSMelting Crust Makes Intermediate to Felsic Magma
Evidence of Plate Tectonics Fit of the continents Fossil record indicating former land
bridges Similar geologic structures Similar paleoclimates Apparent polar wandering of continents Topography of the seafloor Magnetic polarity “striping” of seafloor Distribution of volcanoes and mountains Distribution of earthquakes (Benioff zones) Young age of the seafloor Age distribution of volcanic islands
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