e v o l u t i o n i s : c h a n g e s i n o r g a n i s m s o v e r t i m e
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Evolution
is:
Changes in
Organisms
Over Time
Age of EarthAge of Earth
Scientist believe that the Earth is 4.6
Billion years old.
•Evidence:
Rock data, environmental changes
“Isn’t Evolution Just A Theory? Clip
How did the theory of Evolution come about?
• James Hutton -1785-Earth is millions of years old.
• Thomas Malthus -1798- populations outgrew their food supplies, causing competition between organisms and a struggle for one species to survive against another
• Jean-Baptiste Lamarck -1809-believed that all life forms evolved and that the driving force of evolution was the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He believed that organisms changed due to the demands of their environment.
•1831: Charles Darwin – voyage to the Galapagos Islands•Lyell -1833- plant and animal species had arisen, developed variations, and then became extinct over time. He also believed that the Earth’s physical landscape changed over a long period of time. •Alfred Russel Wallace -1858-competition for resources is the main force in natural selection •Charles Darwin -1859- Publishes “On the Origin of Species”
Charles Darwin
British Naturalist
1809 -1882
“I have called this principle, by
which each slight variation, if
useful, is preserved, by the
term Natural Selection.”
—Charles Darwin from "The Origin
of Species"
CHARLES DARWIN
*served as a
naturalist on the
HMS Beagle from
1831 to 1836
*found fossils of
extinct animals that
looked like modern
animals
*did most of his
work on the
Galapagos Islands
CLIP
On the Galapagos Islands Darwin noticed many variations among plants and animals of the same general type as those in South America. clip
Finches- noticed different shapes and sizes of beaks which fit the type of food each bird eats
Tortoises- noticed different shaped shells which allowed for different neck movement based on the environment
Natural Selection
•Only the ones that are most suited for the environment will survive and reproduce and pass on their genes.
Video Clip
If an organism reproduces, then the traits of that organism are passed to
the next generation.Traits that are favorable for a
certain environment become more prevalent within that population.
What if the environment What if the environment changes?changes?
The organisms must adapt to the environment.
Those that don’t adapt-die.
This is a very slow process….does not occur over night…many generations must past before any change in the
population can be seen.
Example: Peppered MothExample: Peppered Moth
*Two versions of
the moth-
1.Black
2.Peppere
dDuring the
Industrial
Revolution
pollution
covered
treesPopulation
ofmothschanged
When the trees were normal, the black moths were easily seen by the birds, so there were more peppered moths that survived.
When the trees were black, the peppered moths were easily seen by the birds, so there were more black moths that survived.
Decent with modifications
Overtime natural
selection
produces
organisms
that have
different
structures,
different
niches, or
different
habitats.
Organisms that were once the same have now grown “apart” and have become different organisms.
These changes increase a
species’ fitness in their
environment.
Examples: The largest hog, the cow that gives the most milk, fastest horse, domesticated dogs.
Darwin compared the processes of nature to …Artificial selection –aka- selective breedingHumans select and breed for most desirable traits.
WOLFHUSKY
Crab ClipCrab Clip
Evidence for Change Over Time
1. Fossil Record– Fossils that show how
an organism looked millions of years ago.
2. Geographic Distribution
3. Comparative Anatomy and Embryology
4. Genetics & Molecular Biology
How do we know evolution is happening? Clip
Relative Dating of fossils helps us to know how old organisms are and when they lived…
Homologous
structures
Structures
that have
different
mature
forms in
different
organisms
but have
developed
from the
same type
of tissue.
Embryology-study of
early stages of
development
This may show that organisms
had a common ancestor.
Vestigial organsVestigial organs–Organs or structures Organs or structures that are no longer that are no longer used by an organism. used by an organism.
–They are usually They are usually reduced in size.reduced in size.
Vestigial Organs
c
Sources of Genetic Sources of Genetic
DiversityDiversity
DNA sequences in
organisms are close
Sources of genetic
variation in species:
1.Mutations
2.Gene Shuffling (Ex.immigration
& emigration)
3.Crossing over during
meiosis
Speciation
•the evolution of a new species when the genes in a population changes
•Overtime they can change so much that they become unable to breed as they adapt to their environment.
Speciation Mechanisms• Behavioral Isolation
– Populations are capable of interbreeding, but have different courtship rituals or other type of behavior.
• Geographic Isolation– Separated by bodies of water or mountains.
• Temporal Isolation– Reproduction takes place at different times of the year
Gene Pool•Combined
genetic
information
of a particular
population.
•All the
genes present with
in a population
•Can change!
Changes in allele frequency with in a population
Genetic drift
•Random changes in allele frequency
that occurs in small populations
•Also know as the “founder effect”
•Populations may move into a new area
and the alleles that carry with them will
be passed on to their offspring.
Divergent Evolution•when two or more related species become more and more dissimilar.•The red fox and the kit fox provide and example of two species that have undergone divergent evolution. •As they adapted to different environments, the appearance of the two species diverged.
Example…Adaptive Radiation
Convergent Convergent EvolutionEvolution
•Convergent evolution is when
organisms have similar functions
and appearance but
that evolved through widely different evolutionary paths.
•EX: multiple origins
of wings (bats, birds) and eyes.
Coevolution•Predators and their prey •Parasites and their hosts•One example of coevolution is between plants and the animals that pollinate them.
Coevoluti
on is the
joint
change of
two or
more
species in
close
interactio
n.
Evolution is the ______ in a species over
_____.
REMEMBER!!!!!!!
StructuralAdaptation
• Change in physical structure or anatomy
• EX: wings of a seagull
TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS
PhysiologicalAdaptation
• Change in internal function or chemistry
• EX: having the proper enzyme to digest carbs
BehavioralAdaptation
• Change in behavior that responds to environment
• EX: lay eggs in nests
Rates of Evolution
GradualismGradualism• Very gradually change, over a long time...
• Change is slow, constant, and consistent.
• Small variations that fit an organism slightly better to its environment are selected for: a few more individuals with more of the helpful trait survive, and a few more with less of the helpful trait die.
CLIP
3388
•change comes in spurts.
•There is a period of very little change, and then one or a few huge changes occur, often through mutations in the genes of a few individuals.
Punctuated Punctuated EquilibriumEquilibrium
LABEL each as gradualism or punctuated equilibrium
GRADUALISM PUNCTUATED EQ
PUNCTUATED EQ GRADUALISM
Resistance in Bacteria
3939 Read page p403.
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