dynamics of radio cesium released by fukushima daiichi ... presentations...3 years cs-137 variation...
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Dynamics of Radio Cesium Released by Fukushima Daiichi NPP Accident in Hydrological Cycle of Groundwater,
Surface Water and Spring Water in the Headwater Catchments
Maki TSUJIMURA Yuichi ONDA, Sho IWAGAMI, Yutaka ABE, Manami HADA,
Pun ISHWAR, Masataka NISHINO, Ryohei KONUMA
University of Tsukuba
1
This work was carried out as a commissioned study from the JAEA, as a part of
FY2012 project entitled “The establishment of grasp method of long-term
effects caused by radioactive materials from the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear
Power Plant accident”, financially supported by the Ministry of Education,
Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, the Japanese Government.
137Cs deposition map obtained by aircraft monitoring
2
Fukushima
Daiichi NPP
Study area:
Yamakiya district
10 km
Targets
• To monitor dissolved radio cesium concentration in the rainfall, soil water, groundwater, and stream water in headwater catchments covered by grass, forest and crop located at 30 km west-north from Fukushima NPP.
• To understand hydrological processes during rainfall-runoff events regarding increase of Cs concentration in stream.
3
Behavior of nuclear isotopes with hydrological cycle
地下水観測 井戸 x2セット
土壌水3深度x6地点
三角堰による河川流量観測(左)とオートサンプラーによる河川水自動採水(右)
Sampling of GW using piezometers
Soil water sampling
Soil water Shallow GW Deep GW Runoff
Sampling of discharge water
Paddy field
Cultivated area
Forest
5
Grassland (Iboishi yama/ Recharge area)
Cultivated land (Ishidaira yama)
Farmland (Koutaishi yama/ Discharge area)
Kawamata Cop. (Mizusakai river)
FDNPP
Ib-watershed
Ko-watershed
Forest site
Ib
Ko
Ib watershed-
Grassland-Forest
Ko watershed- Forest
dominant
(10% farmland)
Sampling of soil water Young Forest
Ko watershed Old Forest
Ib watershed
7
Suction lysimeter Soil moisture sensors 0.1 m, 0.3 m, 0.5m
0.1 m, 0.2 m, 0.3 m
0.1 m, 0.3 m, 0.5m
Boreholes installation
8
30 m 15 m 5 m
0 m
10 m
20 m
30 m
20 m 6 m 3 m
Ib site Ko site
Len
gth
of
the
Bo
reh
ole
(m
)
Aaverage
Water level
Scr
een Boreholes at Ib watershed
Boreholes at Ko watershed
0
20
40
60
80
10010
100
1000
10000
降雨量
(mm
/h)
比流量
(l/s・km
²)
10
100
1000
10000
Rain
fall (mm
/h) Sp
ecif
ic d
isch
arge
(L
/s・
km²)
0
20
40
80
100
60
2011 2012
Ko watershed (Discharge area) Ib watershed (Recharge area)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
0 95 185 275
10
100
1000
0.1
1
95 185 275
Dis
char
ge
(mm
/day
) Ko watershed Ib watershed
(Days)
Rainfall
Runoff Characteristics
9
3 years Cs-137 variation in RW, TF, SW, GW, RW in Ib
10
Cs
con
cen
trat
ion
(B
q/L
)
10⁻²
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
10³
10
10⁻¹
10⁻²
10⁻³
10⁻⁴
10
6/12 9/20 12/29 4/7 7/16 10/24 2/1 5/12 2011 2012 2013
Rain, Throughfall, Stream
0.0001
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
10.0000
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
10
1
10⁻²
10⁻³
10⁻⁴
10⁻⁵
G30(m)_Cs137 G15(m)_Cs137 G5(m)_Cs137
G5/G15(m)_Cs137 ND G5(m)_Cs137 ND
G15(m)_Cs137 ND Groundwater
0.0001
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
10.0000
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
1
10⁻³
10⁻⁴
10⁻⁵
SW10(cm)_Cs137 SW30(cm)_Cs137
SW50(cm)_Cs137
SW10/SW30/SW50(cm)_Cs137 ND
Soil Water
1
10²
Cs137 Event1-Cs137 Event2-Cs137 Event3-Cs137
TF_Cs137 RF_Cs137 RF_Cs137 ND
3 years Cs-137 variation in RW, TF, SW, GW, RW in Ko
11
Cs
con
cen
trat
ion
(B
q/L
) 10⁻²
1.0E-04
1.0E-03
1.0E-02
1.0E-01
1.0E+00
1.0E+01
1.0E+02
1.0E+03
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
6/12 9/20 12/29 4/7 7/16 10/24 2/1 5/12 2011 2012 2013
Rain, Throughfall, Stream
0.0001
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
10.0000
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
10
1
10⁻²
10⁻³
10⁻⁴
10⁻⁵
Groundwater
G20(m)_Cs137 G6(m)_Cs137 G3(m)_Cs137
G3/G6(m)_Cs137 ND G3(m)_Cs137 ND
G6(m)_Cs137 ND
Cs137 Event1-Cs137 Event2-Cs137 Event3-Cs137
TF_Cs137 RF_Cs137 RF_Cs137 ND
10³
10
10⁻¹
10⁻³
10⁻⁴
1
10²
10⁻⁵ 0.0001
0.0010
0.0100
0.1000
1.0000
10.0000
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
10
1
10⁻²
10⁻³
10⁻⁴
Soil Water
SW10(cm)_Cs137 SW20(cm)_Cs137 SW30(cm)_Cs137
SW10/SW20/SW30(cm)_Cs137 ND
SW10/SW30(cm)_Cs137 ND SW10(cm)_Cs137 ND
SW30(cm)_Cs137 ND
3H concentration in 2011
12
Stream water Spring water groundwater
5m 15m 30m 3m 6m 20m
Ib (21 Jun) Ko (29 Jul) Ib
St.w St.w Sp.w St.w
Precipitation
Tokyo & Tsukuba
21 May
1 Jun
21 May
Spring water Groundwater Stream water
1.0E-04
1.0E-02
1.0E+00
1.0E+02
1.0E+04
1.0E+06
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
1.0E-04
1.0E-02
1.0E+00
1.0E+02
1.0E+04
1.0E+06
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
1.0E+00
1.0E+02
1.0E+04
1.0E+06
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
1.0E+00
1.0E+02
1.0E+04
1.0E+06
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
1.0E+00
1.0E+02
1.0E+04
1.0E+06
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
1.0E+00
1.0E+02
1.0E+04
1.0E+06
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
Cs 濃度
(Bq
/L)
0
10
20
30
40
501
10
100
1,000
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
雨量
(mm
/h)流
量(L
/s)
0
10
20
30
40
501
10
100
1,000
6/12 8/1 9/20 11/9 12/29 2/17 4/7 5/27 7/16 9/4 10/2412/13 2/1 3/23 5/12 7/1
雨量
(mm
/h)流
量(L
/s)
Cs 137 variation in river, SS, organic material
10
10²
10³
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Dis
char
ge (
L/s)
Rain
fall (mm
/h)
Ib Ko
10
10²
10³
1
Dis
char
ge (
L/s)
0
10
20
30
40
50
Rain
fall (mm
/h)
10⁶
10²
10⁻²
10⁻⁴
Cs
con
cen
trat
ion
(B
q/L
)
Cs
con
cen
trat
ion
(B
q/L
)
6/12 9/20 12/29 4/7 7/16 10/24 2/1 5/12 2011 2012 2013
6/12 9/20 12/29 4/7 7/16 10/24 2/1 5/12 2011 2012 2013
Stream (Dissolved phase)
SS
Organic matter
SS
Organic matter
13
Rainfall Discharge Rainfall Discharge
1
10⁴ Cs137 Event1-Cs137 Event2-Cs137 Event3-Cs137
10⁶
10²
1
10⁴
10⁶
10²
10⁻²
10⁻⁴
1
10⁴
10⁶
10²
1
10⁴
10⁶
10²
1
10⁴
10⁶
10²
1
10⁴
Cs137 Event1-Cs137 Event2-Cs137 Event3-Cs137
Stream (Dissolved phase)
Cs-137 in stream
14
Ib watershed Ko watershed
Cs-137 in Soil Water & Groundwater (Ib watershed)
15
Soil water Groundwater
0.1 m depth 5 m depth
0.3 m depth 15 m depth
0.5 m depth 30 m depth
Cs-137 in Soil Water & Groundwater (Ko watershed)
16
Soil water Groundwater
0.1 m depth 3 m depth
0.2 m depth 6 m depth
0.3 m depth 20 m depth
Cs-137 profile of soil water at Ib in July 2011
17
Bq/ Kg Bq/ Kg
Dep
ths
Dep
ths
Dep
ths
Bq/ Kg
Cs-137 distribution at depths in soil taken on 1) Jul 2011, 2)
Jan 2012, 3) Aug 2012, 4) Dec 2012 (Takahashi, Onda, 2014)
9th Jul
15th Jul
23rd Jul
Cs-137 profile of soil water at Ko in Jul & Aug 2011
Bq/ Kg
Dep
ths
18
Bq/ Kg
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Dep
ths
Bq/Kg
9th Jul
16th Jul
16th Aug
Cs-137 profile of soil water at young forest
19
Bq/ Kg
Bq/ Kg
Dep
ths
Dep
ths
N/A
Dep
ths
N/A
N/A
Bq/Kg
16th Jul 23rd Jul
16th Aug
Long Trend of Solute Conc.
20
Ib watershed Ko watershed
Runoff/ Solution Response in an Event
21
Ib watershed Ko watershed
Runoff/ Cs Response in an Event
22
Ib watershed Ko watershed
End Members Mixing Analysis
23
Ib watershed Ko watershed
Hydrological stream water sources evaluation by mass balance model
Runoff Components at Ib
24
Runoff Components at Ko
25
rainfall Cs134 0~0.41 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~0.22 (Bq/L)
snowfall Cs134 0~2.42 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~2.67 (Bq/L)
Stream water Cs134 0~0.46 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~0.58 (Bq/L)
Rainfall Aug~Dec.2011, Apr~Jun.2012 Snowfall Jan~Mar.2012 Stream water Jun.2011~Jun.2012 Ground water Sep.2011~Oct.2012
Spring water Cs134 0~0.34 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~0.36 (Bq/L)
3m Cs134 0~3.6×10-3 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~4.4×10-3 (Bq/L)
6m Cs134 0~3.2×10-3 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~4.2×10-3 (Bq/L)
20m Cs134 8.9×10-4 ~ 3.2×10-2 (Bq/L) Cs137 1.5×10-3 ~ 3.9×10-2 (Bq/L)
(near the point) Kawamori, 2012
: Residence time by CFC-12
21(years)
23(years)
27(years)
Summary of Ib watershed
rainfall Cs134 0~0.28 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~0.93 (Bq/L)
3m Cs134 0~1.1×10-3 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~2.8×10-3 (Bq/L)
6m Cs134 0~1.0×10-3 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~1.2×10-3 (Bq/L)
20m Cs134 6.9×10-4 ~1.1×10-2 (Bq/L) Cs137 8.6×10-4 ~1.3×10-2 (Bq/L)
Stream water Cs134 0~0.24 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~0.31 (Bq/L)
snowfall Cs134 0~0.89 (Bq/L) Cs137 0~2.42 (Bq/L)
Rainfall Aug~Dec.2011, Apr~Jun.2012 Snowfall Jan~Mar.2012 Stream water Jun.2011~Jun.2012 Ground water Sep.2011~Oct.2012
(near the point) Kawamori, 2012
25(years)
26(years)
28(years)
: Residence time by CFC-12
Summary of Ko watershed
Summary • Cs-137 conc. in stream water ranging from 0.12
to 1.18 Bq/L in 2011, decreased to below 0.1 Bq/L after 2012. Cs in groundwater and soil water ranged from 0.001 to 0.039 Bq/L, from 0.12 to 2.48 Bq/L, respectively in 2011, and recently no detected.
• Cs conc. in stream water during rainfall events ranging from 0.07 to 0.52 Bq/L.
• End-member mixing analysis (EMMA) suggesting GW contribution to storm runoff dominant ranging from 64.2 to 88.2%, but cannot represent Cs conc dynamcs.
• Source of Cs increase in runoff seems to be litter?
28
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