dynamics of botswana rainwater harvesting
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8/9/2019 Dynamics of Botswana Rainwater Harvesting
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RWH PresentationRWH PresentationDynamics of RainwaterDynamics of Rainwater
Harvesting (RWH) in
Harvesting (RWH) inBotswana:Botswana:
Understanding the Socio
Understanding the Socio--economic Aspects for
economic Aspects forEffective Implementation
Effective Implementation
of Programmes and
of Programmes andPolicies
Policies
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Profile on BotswanaProfile on Botswana
Location: Botswana is located in theLocation: Botswana is located in the
Southern part of Africa; just aboveSouthern part of Africa; just aboveSouth AfricaSouth Africa
Size:Size: 600,370600,370 kmkm²² Population: 1.7 millionPopulation: 1.7 million
Climatic conditions: SemiClimatic conditions: Semi--aridarid Water: only 2.5% of the land isWater: only 2.5% of the land is
covered by surface watercovered by surface water
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Profile on Botswana ContProfile on Botswana Cont’’d;d;
EconomicsEconomics Currency: BWPCurrency: BWP
Total GDP: USTotal GDP: US$18.72 billion$18.72 billion PerPer--Capita GDP: US$11,400Capita GDP: US$11,400
Main revenue export earner:Main revenue export earner:DiamondsDiamonds
Foreign exchange reserves: USForeign exchange reserves: US$7$7
billionbillion Main spender and consumer:Main spender and consumer:
GovernmentGovernment
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Water situation in BotswanaWater situation in Botswana
Water is sourced mainly from theWater is sourced mainly from the
following: dams; wells and boreholesfollowing: dams; wells and boreholes
RainRain--water is only harvested on low scaleswater is only harvested on low scales
The following government institutions andThe following government institutions and
parastalsparastals are tasked with providingare tasked with providingportable water from these sources toportable water from these sources todifferent market segments; Water Utilitiesdifferent market segments; Water Utilities
Corporation (supplies urban areas); WaterCorporation (supplies urban areas); WaterAffairs (supplies rural and major villages);Affairs (supplies rural and major villages);councils (supply settlements).councils (supply settlements).
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Water situation in BotswanaWater situation in Botswana--
ContCont’’dd According to recent governmentAccording to recent government
statistics 97.7% of the population of statistics 97.7% of the population of Botswana have access to safeBotswana have access to safedrinking waterdrinking water
GOB is currently subsidising theGOB is currently subsidising theoperating costs of water delivery byoperating costs of water delivery by
more than 40%more than 40%
Annual water demand for urban andAnnual water demand for urban andmajor villages stands at 77MLmajor villages stands at 77ML
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Examples of some of theExamples of some of the
common water collectioncommon water collectionand reticulating systemsand reticulating systems
used in Botswanaused in Botswana
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Rainfall related issuesRainfall related issues
Botswana is a semiBotswana is a semi--arid countryarid country
Annual rainfall: 250Annual rainfall: 250--650 mm650 mm The Northern part of the countryThe Northern part of the country
experiences more rainfall than theexperiences more rainfall than therest of the countryrest of the country
Evaporation rate: 2000 mmEvaporation rate: 2000 mm
60% of the population uses ground60% of the population uses ground
water sources for water supplywater sources for water supply
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Overview of the paperOverview of the paper
The paper formed a subThe paper formed a sub--set of theset of the
RWH projectRWH project It therefore used primary data thatIt therefore used primary data that
was collected for the RWH Feasibilitywas collected for the RWH FeasibilityProjectProject
Its main focus however was onIts main focus however was on
bringing across the sociobringing across the socio--dynamicsdynamicsof RWH in Botswanaof RWH in Botswana-- a suba sub--set of set of
different disciplines investigateddifferent disciplines investigatedduring the surveyduring the survey
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ObjectivesObjectives
The paper aims to bring to lightThe paper aims to bring to light
aspects regarding the followingaspects regarding the followingparameters;parameters;
Trends in RWH practicesTrends in RWH practices Cost of such systems for those withCost of such systems for those with
systemssystems
Sources used to fund the systemsSources used to fund the systems
Affordability of the systemsAffordability of the systems
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Objectives ContObjectives Cont’’dd
Opinions of those without RWHOpinions of those without RWH
systemssystems General sentiments on practicingGeneral sentiments on practicing
RWH by those with and without theRWH by those with and without the
systemssystems NB. The survey covered the followingNB. The survey covered the following
market segments: Domestic;market segments: Domestic;Agriculture; Commercial/ industrialAgriculture; Commercial/ industrialenterprises and Institutionsenterprises and Institutions
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Sampling MethodSampling Method
The survey adopted the ConvenienceThe survey adopted the Convenience
Sampling MethodSampling Method This was the ideal method given theThis was the ideal method given the
nature of the researchnature of the research The 2001 Population Census of The 2001 Population Census of
Botswana was used to determine theBotswana was used to determine the
sample size for each areasample size for each area
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Questionnaire designingQuestionnaire designing
SNAP software was used forSNAP software was used for
designing the questionnairedesigning the questionnaire The questionnaire contained bothThe questionnaire contained both
openopen--ended and closed questionsended and closed questions The questionnaire was administeredThe questionnaire was administered
by our researchers to that weby our researchers to that we
achieve the highest rate of responseachieve the highest rate of response
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The SNAP software was also used forThe SNAP software was also used for
data processing and analysisdata processing and analysis Tables depicted on the paper areTables depicted on the paper are
derived directly from the SNAPderived directly from the SNAPsoftware programsoftware program
Some of the tables are howeverSome of the tables are however
simplified into graphs for purposes of simplified into graphs for purposes of this presentationthis presentation
Data Analysis ProcessData Analysis Process
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Data DiscussionsData Discussions
It is divided into the followingIt is divided into the following
segments;segments;1.1. Sentiments of respondents withSentiments of respondents with
RWH systems are presented firstlyRWH systems are presented firstly
2.2. Sentiments of respondents withoutSentiments of respondents withoutsuch systems then followsuch systems then follow
3.3. Lastly we look at sentiments of allLastly we look at sentiments of allrespondents irregardless of whetherrespondents irregardless of whetherthey harvest or not.they harvest or not.
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Population dynamicsPopulation dynamics
Sample size consisted of participantsSample size consisted of participants
from rural and urban areas, andfrom rural and urban areas, andsettlementssettlements
Effectively the survey captured viewsEffectively the survey captured views
of individuals and institutions withof individuals and institutions with
different sociodifferent socio--economiceconomic
backgroundsbackgrounds Total sample size stood at 1273Total sample size stood at 1273
Respondents with or without RWHRespondents with or without RWH
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Respondents with or without RWHRespondents with or without RWH
systemssystems 88.3% of the total88.3% of the total
sample did notsample did nothave RWH systemshave RWH systems
11.5% had RWH11.5% had RWH
systems whilesystems while0.2% of the0.2% of the
sample did notsample did not
respond to therespond to thequestionquestion
Number of respondents with or
without RWH systems
0
20
40
60
80
100
Yes No
Responses
P
e
r c
e
n
t a
e
Distribution
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1.1.
Respondents with RWHRespondents with RWHsystemssystems
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Cost of RWH systemsCost of RWH systems
Most respondentsMost respondentswere not aware of thewere not aware of the
cost of their systemscost of their systems Another significantAnother significant
number maintainednumber maintainedthat their systems hadthat their systems hadaa “ “price tagprice tag” ” of P1000of P1000(US$160) to P5000(US$160) to P5000(US$809)(US$809)
Subsequently most of Subsequently most of the respondents feltthe respondents felttheir systems weretheir systems wereaffordableaffordable
Distribution
012
345678
< P 1 0
0 0
P 1 0 0 0 -
P 5 0 0
0
P 5 0 0
0 - P 1 0
0 0 0
> P
1 0 0 0
0
D o n o
t k n o
w
Cost
P e r c e n t a g e
Distribution
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Source of fundingSource of funding
Most of theMost of the
systems weresystems were
funded fromfunded from
governmentgovernment
schemes with aschemes with afew using ownfew using own
savings to setsavings to set--upup
systemsystem
Source of funding
0
20
40
60
80
100
G o v e
r n m
e n t
s c h
e m
e
C o m m
e r c i a l
b a
n k s
O w n
f u n d i n g
Source
P e r c e n t a g e
Distribution
Aff d bili f h
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Affordability of the systemAffordability of the systemAffordability of the system Dis tribution
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Yes No
Response
P e r c e n
t a g e
Affordabil ity of
the systemDistribution
Affordability of the system
0
2040
60
80
100
120
< P 1 0 0 0
P 5 0 0 0 -
P 1 0 0 0 0
D o n o t
k n o w
Cost of the system
P e r c e n t a g e
Affordability of
the systemResponse Yes
Affordability of
the system
Response No
8.3% said their systems were affordable8.3% said their systems were affordable
2.4% said their were not affordable2.4% said their were not affordable
100% of respondents whose system cost below100% of respondents whose system cost below>P1000 said it was affordable>P1000 said it was affordable
50% of respondents with systems costing between50% of respondents with systems costing between
P10 000 said theirs was also affordable and 50%P10 000 said theirs was also affordable and 50%equally said it was not affordableequally said it was not affordable
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22
Respondents without RWHRespondents without RWHsystemssystems
Reasons for not having RWHReasons for not having RWH
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Reasons for not having RWHReasons for not having RWH
systemssystems Most of respondents without RWHMost of respondents without RWH
systems did not have them becausesystems did not have them becausethey could not afford themthey could not afford them
A good number of respondents alsoA good number of respondents also
argued that they were notargued that they were not
knowledgeableknowledgeable
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33
General sentiments aboutGeneral sentiments aboutRWHRWH
All respondentsAll respondents
O i i h t d RWO i i h t d RW
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Opinions on harvested RWOpinions on harvested RW
Most respondentsMost respondents
argued that harvestedargued that harvested
rainwater was cleanrainwater was cleanenough to be usedenough to be used ––
35%35%
A good number of A good number of
respondents alsorespondents also
argued thatargued that
respondents felt that itrespondents felt that it
was tastier thanwas tastier than
conventional waterconventional water ––
22.2%22.2%
An alys is %
R e s p o n d e n t s
Base
M i s s i n g
No r e p ly
V ar iab le V 7
C le a n e n o u g h
It has n o che m icals
It is tas t ie r th an
cu r r e n t s o u r c e
It is natur a l
C onta ins le s s s a lts
It is s o f t
Only s a fe for
irr igat ion andw at e r in g an im a ls
100.0%
37.4%
35.0%
5.3%
22.2%
7.4%
1.9%
1.4%
4.2%
Cl i h t d RWCl i h t d RW
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Cleaning harvested RWCleaning harvested RW
Most respondentsMost respondents
encourage boiling theencourage boiling the
harvested rainwaterharvested rainwater
prior to usingprior to using
First flush isFirst flush issignificant in ensuringsignificant in ensuring
that harvestedthat harvested
rainwater is cleanrainwater is clean
Analysis %
Respondents
Base
Missing
No re ply
Variable V8
Boil be fore us e
Firs t flus h
Filtration
Us e che m icals
It is cle an enough
Cle an tank sregularly
100.0%
65.4%
28.6%
2.8%
1.6%
0.9%
2.4%
2.4%
P f d RWH tPreferred RWH s stems
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Preferred RWH systemsPreferred RWH systems
Given a choiceGiven a choice
between communalbetween communal
and private RWHand private RWH
systems, mostsystems, most
respondentsrespondentspreferred privatepreferred private
RWH systemsRWH systems
This is shown byThis is shown bythe 80.7%the 80.7%
Bas e %
Respondents
Base
Miss ing
No r e ply
Which o f the
fo llow ing s ys te m s
w ould you pre fe r?
C o m m u n a l
rainw ate r harve s t ing
s y s t e m
Private rainw ate r
harvest ing
100.0%
2.6%
18.3%
80.7%
Potential benefits that could accruePotential benefits that could accruet th if RWH ito the economy if RWH is
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to the economy if RWH isto the economy if RWH is
encouragedencouraged The survey shows that people areThe survey shows that people are
quite aware of water scarcity, andquite aware of water scarcity, andwould associate RWH with possibilitywould associate RWH with possibility
of reducing this scarcity.of reducing this scarcity. Equally important are the steadilyEqually important are the steadily
rising costs of reticulated mainsrising costs of reticulated mains
water supplywater supply
Initiatives needed to encourageInitiatives needed to encourage
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gg
RWHRWH Most respondentsMost respondents
arguedargued
governmentgovernment
policies andpolicies and
programmes whichprogrammes whichencouragedencouraged
subsidies shouldsubsidies should
continue to becontinue to beencouraged, aencouraged, a
practice which haspractice which has
been in existencebeen in existencein the pastin the past
B a s e %
R e s p o n d e n t s
B a s e
M i s s i n g
N o r e p l y
W h a t i n i t i a t i v e s
w o u l d y o u l i k e t o
s e e i n p l a c e t oe n c o u r . . .
G o v e r n m e n t
s u b s i d i e s
E a s y a c c e s s t o
f u n d s
H i g h p i p e d w a t e r
b i l l s
M o r e e d u c a t i o n a l
m a t e r i a l s o n R W H
T h e r e a r e e n o u g h
i n i t i a t i v e s
100.0%
2.1%
79.6%
49.9%
14.4%
73.0%
1.0%
Market segments that stand toMarket segments that stand to
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gg
benefit more from RWHbenefit more from RWH Given the rain fed conditions underGiven the rain fed conditions under
which agriculture is usually practicedwhich agriculture is usually practicedin Botswana, it is not alarming toin Botswana, it is not alarming to
observe that 87.2% of respondentsobserve that 87.2% of respondents
would like RWH to be encouragedwould like RWH to be encouragedwithin the agriculture sector, thuswithin the agriculture sector, thus
boosting efficiency of foodboosting efficiency of foodproduction. .production. .
ConclusionsConclusions
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ConclusionsConclusions
The following conclusions can be drawn:The following conclusions can be drawn:
RWH is one initiative that can easily beRWH is one initiative that can easily be
absorbed and practiced by mostabsorbed and practiced by mostBatswanaBatswana..
The issue of affordability is a majorThe issue of affordability is a major
deterrent among those without RWHdeterrent among those without RWHsystems.systems.
Public education and awareness aboutPublic education and awareness about
RWH in general is essential to motivateRWH in general is essential to motivateand encourage efficient utilisation of theand encourage efficient utilisation of theharvested rainwater for greater communalharvested rainwater for greater communalbenefit.benefit.
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