drinkable water filtration/treatment plant

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STARTING WITH THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST GRACIOUS THE MOST MERCIFULL

is water…..

Lemme ask you a General Question First,,,,

When you startup your day,Gets up early in the morning,

The first thing that you feel

Need of __________????

WATER TREATMENT

PLANT(RAWAL LAKE )

PROJECT ADVISOR

MR. M.USMAN RAFIQ

Men gives advice; God gives guidance.

(Leonard Ravenhill)

STUDENTS PROFILED.A.E 07 CIVIL

ALTAF AYAZ (GROUP LEADER)M. ASIMM. SHAFAQATAWAIS NAJEEBM. NOUMANYASIR SHAHSAFI ULLAHALAMZAIBM.ZEESHAN SHAIKHUSMAN MEHBOOB

“Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress. Working together is success.”

SCHEME OF PRESENTATION

GENERAL IMPORATANCE OF WATER.ROLE OF WATER IN HUMAN LIFE.SOURCES OF WATER.DRINKING WATER IN PAKISTAN.HISTORY OF RAWAL LAKE WATER FILTRATION PLANT.PROCESS OF WATER TREATMENT

COAGULAION SEDIMENTATION FILTRATION DISINFECTION

DIAGRAMETICAL SUMMARYDESIGN ASPECTSTESTS RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Importance of water

“Water is life”

Looking at water, you might think that it's the most simple thing around.

Pure water is colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

But it's not at all simple and plain and it is vital for all life on Earth.

Where there is water there is life, and where water is scarce, life has to struggle or just "throw in the towel."

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Water is of major importance to all living things.

More than 60 percent of the human body is Water.

A person can survive for about 3-5 weeks without food but only 3-5 days without water.

Therefore the quality of Water we drink is very important.

The Drinking Water should be totally clean, pure and free of any disease causing MICROBES, and that’s why it should be properly Treated and DISINFECTED before using it for drinking purpose.

ROLE OF WATER IN HUMAN LIFE

8"And God has created every animal from water.(The Noble Quran, 24:45)"Altafayaz2161@gmail.com

Drinking water in Pakistan

Although Pakistan is having safe water supplies i.e

60% people have access to safe drinking water and 40% people don’t but even then

ACCORDING TO THE REPORT OF W.H.O

One childern dies every minute in pakistan due to the lack of safe drinking water.It was found that 45% of infant deaths have been attributed to diarrhea.25-30% of the diseases are gastro-intestinal in nature.

Where does the water come from?Surface waters (lakes, rivers, and reservoirs) Groundwater (wells).

“ We (Allah) send down water from the sky in measure an lodged it in the ground and we certainly are able to withdraw it “ Al Quran (Surah 23, 18-19 Verses) The above verse clarify the complete water cycle i.e., water fall, penetration of water in the soil and evaporation phenomenon.

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Raw WaterStorage

Mixing FlocculationSedimentation

Filtration

Clear Well

Distribution

Surface Water Treatment Plant

Coagulant, pH Adjustment Disinfectant (Cl2, NaOCl)

Water source

HISTORY OF RAWAL LAKE FILTRATION PLANT

LOCATION: PARK ROAD CHAK SHEHZAD ISLAMABAD

EXECUTIVE AGENCY: P.H.E DEPTT GOVT OF PUNJAB

CAPACITY: 28 MGD

INITIAL CONSTRUCTION:1962-1963

INITIAL CAPACITY 14 MGD

1ST EXTENSION BY 7MGD:1975-1979

EXTENDED CAPACITY: 21 MGD

2ND ENTENSION BY 7MGD:2000-2002

EXTENDED CAPACITY: 28 MGD

HISTORY OF RAWAL LAKE FILTRATION PLANT

MAJOR IMPORTANCE: IT WORKS TOTALLY UNDER

GRAVITY WHICH IS THE HUGE SAVE OF ELECTRICITY.

OUTLET STREAM: KORANG RIVER.

SOURCE: RAWAL LAKE

CATCHMENT AREA: 275.2 KM2

SUPLLY TREATEDWATER TO: WHOLE RAWALPINDI

REGION 13

Water Treatment INTRODUCTION:

The act or process of making water more potable or useful, as by purifying, clarifying, softening, or deodorizing it.

Water treatment transforms raw surface and groundwater into safe drinking water.

Water treatment involves two major processes: physical removal of solids and chemical disinfection.

Pure water is the world’s first and foremost medicine. ~Slovakian

Water Treatment PHYSICAL REMOVAL: It includes the initial stages of

water treatment process like coagulation, sedimentation and filtration.

Simply in these steps the suspended particles are removed from water

CHEMICAL REMOVAL:In This Stage The Micro Organisms

Like Pathogenic Bacteria Or Germs Are Removed From Water .

It includes the Disinfection stage only.

Now let us study the whole treatment process step by step….

Physical and Chemical Treatment

Water Treatment

COAGULATION:It is the settling down of suspended particles,

present in water, by using chemicals.

In simple words we can say it is as same as sedimentation stage but just with the addition of a coagulant.

The coagulation is to be adopted when turbidity of water exceeds about 40 P.P.M.

Mostly used coagulant is Alum(Al2 (So4)3,18H2O) because it is cheap, simple in working and better floc former than any other coagulant

It also reduces taste and odor in addition to the turbidity in water.

Water TreatmentCOAGULATION:

WATER TOWARDS

SEDIMENTATION

Coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water. alum and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky particles called “floc” which attract the dirt particles. The combinedweight of the dirt and the alums (floc) becomes heavy enough to sinkto the bottom during sedimentation.

Coagulants may used areo Aluminum sulfate

(Alum),o Ferrous sulfate,o Ferric sulfate o Ferric chloride etc.

Water TreatmentSEDIMENTATION:

Treatment process in which the velocity of the water is lowered below the suspension velocity and the suspended particles settle out of the water due to gravity.

Also known as Settling or Clarification.

Sedimentation may not be necessary in low turbidity water of less than 10 NTU*.PURPOSE OF SETTLING

To remove coagulated and flocculated impurities. To remove precipitated impurities after chemical treatment. To settle the sludge (biomass).

*NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit, A measure of the concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid.

Water TreatmentSEDIMENTATION:

Principle of Settling Suspended solids present in water having specific gravity

greater than that of water tends to settle down by gravity. Basin in which the flow is retarded is called settling tank. Theoretical average time for which the water is detained in

the settling tank is called the detention period. Usually detention time is taken as 1 hour.

Water TreatmentWATER

FROM COAGULATION

WATER TOWARDS FILTRATION

Coagulated particles fall, by gravity, through water in a settling tank and accumulate at the bottom of the tank, clearing the water of much of the solid debris and clear water moves to filtration.

SEDIMENTATION:

Water TreatmentSEDIMENTATION TANK ZONES

SEDIMENTED PARTICLES (LOOKING BROWN)

Water Treatment

FILTRATION:It is a process of allowing water to pass through a thick layer

of sand.It has been noticed from experience that during the process of

filtration the following effects occur on water:

1. The suspended and colloidal impurities which are present in water in a finely divided state are removed to a great extent.

2. The number of bacteria present in water is also considerably reduced.

CLASSIFICATION OF FILTERS Slow sand filter Rapid sand filter

SLOW SAND FILTER

RAPID SAND FILTER

TYPES OF FILTERS

Water TreatmentFILTRATION, DISINFECTION & STORAGE:

FILTRATION: The water passes through filters, some made of layers of sand that helps in removal of smaller particles.

DISINFECTION: A small amount of chlorine is added or some other disinfection method is used to kill microorganisms that may be in the water.

STORAGE: Water is placed in a closed tank or reservoir for disinfection to take pace. The water then flows through pipes to home and business in the community

WATER FROM

SEDIMENTATION

Water DisinfectionDEF:

The filtered water may normally contain some harmful disease producing bacteria in it. These bacteria must be killed in order to make the water safe for drinking. The process of killing these bacteria is known as Disinfection or Sterilization.

NECESSITY When water in the filter plant, is still found to contain

some of the impurities. These impurities can be grouped as follows:

1. Bacteria2. Dissolved inorganic salts3. Color , odor and taste4. Iron and manganese

DISINFECTION

Purpose of disinfection: To make Drinking water free of any disease causing bacteria

and microbes.

Methods of disinfection:There are 3 mainly used disinfection methods used at large scale.

CHLORINATIONOZONATIONULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

WATER TREATMENT

CHLORINATIONChlorine is the most common cost-effective means of disinfecting water.

The addition of a small amount of chlorine is highly effective against most bacteria, viruses, and protozoa.

But cysts (durable seed-like stages) formed by parasitic protozoa such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia can survive chlorine.

Chlorine is applied to water in one of three form:i. Elemental chlorine (chlorine gas)ii. Hypochlorite solution or Bleach (NaoCl)iii. Hypochlorite (Clo)

All above three forms produce free chlorine in water

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Rotameter

CHLORINATOR

OZONATION

OZONE is the Strongest oxidant/disinfectant available.

More effective against microbes than chlorination.

But, costly and difficult to monitor and control under different condition.

OZONATION PROCESS:

Ozone (O3) is generated on-site at water treatment facilities by passing dry oxygen or air through a system of high voltage electrodes.

CTTI ISLAMABAD

ALTAF AYAZ CIVIL DEPARTMENT6

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONWhen UV radiation penetrates the cell wall of an organism, it damages genetic material, and prevents the cell from reproducing.

Now a days emerging technology made UV radiation to find a place in both household and large scale drinking water disinfection.

HOW IS UV LIGHT GENERATED?

Ultraviolet light is most typically generated from a low pressure or a medium pressure lamp generating UV light.

UV radiation

AdenineGuanineThymineCytosine

ULTRAVIOLET RADIATOR

DIAGRAMETICAL SUMMARY

COAGULATION

SEDIMENTATION

FILTRATIONDISINFECTION

STORAGE

COMPLETE CYCLE OF WATER TREATMENT:

DESIGN ASPECTS

♦Design Summary of Coagulation Tank:

•No of tanks = 4

•Type of tank = Circular

•Removal of sludge and scum = Mechanical

•Diameter of tank, d = 18 m

•Detention time, t = 2 hours

•Depth of free board = 0.5 m

•Sludge zone accumulation = 1 m

•Total Depth of tank, D = 6.5 mMicrosoft Word

Document

DESIGN ASPECTS

♦Design Summary Of Sedimentaion Tank:

No of tanks = 4 Type of tank = Rectangular Removal of sludge and scum = Mechanical Length of tank(L) = 36.6m Breadth of tank(b) = 10.2m Detention time, t = 2 hours Depth of free board = 0.5 m Sludge zone accumulation = 1 m Total Depth of tank, D = 5.5 m

TEST RESULTS AND ITS COMPARISON WITH W.H.O STANDARDS (WASA)

WATER PARAMETERS

UNITS W.H.O STANDs PAK STADs TREATED WATER

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Appearance --- CLEAR CLEAR CLEAR

Turbidity NTU* 5 NTU 5 NTU 0.22

Temperature ⁰C --- --- 15

P.H --- 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.20

Alkalinity mg/l 500 --- 200

Conductance µS/cm* 2000 --- 722

TESTS RESULTS:In one drop of water are found all the secrets of the oceans.

*NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit, A measure of the concentration of suspended particulates in a liquid.

*µS/cm: MICRO SIEMEN PER CENTIMETER: 1 S/cm = 100 mho/m.Altafayaz2161@gmail.com

TEST RESULTS AND ITS COMPARISON WITH W.H.O STANDARDS (WASA)

WATER PARAMETERS

UNITS W.H.O STANDs PAK STADs TREATED WATER

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS(CONT….)Calcium mg/l 200 --- 58

Hardness as CaCo3

mg/l 500 <500 226

Sulphate mg/l <400 --- ---Magnesium mg/l 150 --- ---

Total dissolved solids

mg/l 1000 1000 394

Chlorides mg/l 200 <250 14Dissolved

Oxygen (DO)mg/l 6 to 10 6 to 10 3.5

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